Texts and icons are used to deliver the safety and health information on pesticide labels. This study surveyed the standards or guidelines regarding the presentation formats of texts and icons used in pesticides. Also, the text and icon formats being used in the 50 pesticide products in Korea were investigated in the aspects of size, font (texts only), color. From the guideline survey, it was found that while the guidelines for the text fonts and colors in pesticides were suggested, there was no detailed guidelines about the text size. For the icon presentation, it was regulated that the icon size for the pesticides should be larger than 7mm×7mm, and this size was equivalent to the size when the reading distance of 28 ㎝ was applied to other two guidelines. From the sample survey of the 50 pesticides, it was found that the small text size being used in the 50 pesticides was 1mm (3pt), and this size was considered to be very difficult to be read, particularly by old people. The minimum size of the texts for the toxicity of the pesticide, the very important safety information, was found to be 1.5 mm, which is considered to be very uncomfortable to be read. The size of icons were varied from 2 to 12 mm, and the total average size was 4.6 mm. The 149 icons from a total 187 icons (80%) were smaller than the icon presentation guideline (7mm×7mm), and the reason for the small icon size might be the small area of the label of the pesticides. Thus, more detailed guidelines for the text size and more practical guidelines for the size of icons are required.

In this study, we have developed the database of safety and health information for pesticide active ingredients used in Korea. There were 1,283 pesticide items among which 296 were found to be out of use in current. A total of 349 pesticide ingredients were being used in Korea. The database consists of 32 types of information including chemical characteristics, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity (carcinogenic and reproductive toxicity), specific symptoms by exposure route and first aid. When pesticide ingredients were assessed in terms of key properties such as color, odor, acute toxicity, carcinogenic and reproductive toxicity, they were white, colorless and odorless, in general. When ingredients were classified by category of acute toxicity, 'Non-hazardous' represented 29%, followed by 'Slightly hazardous' at 16%, 'Moderately hazardous' at 14%, 'Highly hazardous' at 5%, and 'Extremely hazardous' at 2%. 85 out of 349, or 24% of ingredients were found to be possibly carcinogenic to human. This database is expected to provide an easy access for farmers, agriculture supervisors, researchers and consumers, and it can ultimately be used as basic data on farmer's safety and health.

This research progresses wellness service for preschool children’s health promotion. The actual preschool children’s health is in progress for a service to consider some special people, and as children’s care service a service for children’s location recognized is inn progress. However, children’s heal custom gives influence upon them till they are adult, and children’s health development state is very important. This research, aiming at this point, provided preschool children with wellness concept youth health service for children’s health promotion, and which as a result of its service performance satisfied their parents, and made a diagnosis in advance for hyperactive children about their mental health.

Domestic studies for identification of causality between children exposure to toxic chemicals, such as arsenic (As) and resulted hazardous effects were not implemented. This study was conducted to probabilistically estimate dietary As intake and health risk assessment for young children and all age-specific populations from the consumption of As-contaminated rice of Korea. Arsenic intakes for young children (1 to 6 years old) from As-contaminated rice were higher than other age-specific groups, based on a dose-per-body weight basis. Based on the current EPA cancer slope factor for As, estimated cancer risks (to the skin cancer) associated with dietary intake of As-contaminated rice for 1 to 2 years old group and 3 to years old group are 1.76 per 10,000 and 3.16 per 10,000, respectively, at the 50th percentile. Based on possible reference levels (0.005 mg/kg/day) for children, mean and 95th percentile value of HQ from rice for young children are very below 1.0, which is a regulatory limit of non-carcinogenic risks for human.

The purpose of this study was to compare the awareness of dietary patterns and health of full-time and employed housewives. The investigation gathered information on general characteristics, dietary lifestyle, nutritional status, and health by questionnaire as well as anthropometric measurements. The subjects included housewives living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province (86 full-time and 127 working housewives) during November 2009 to January 2010. The average age, height, and weight of the housewives were 45.8±7.6 yr, 161.0±8.4 cm, and 55.7±6.3 kg, respectively. The average monthly income of the households was 3 million to 5 million won (31.4% full-time and 37.0% working housewives), and their average food expense was 200,000 to 500,000 won (46.5% full-time and 48.1% working housewives). More than 90% of the studied homes were nuclear families and the most common number of children was 2 to 3 (79.1% full-time and 76.4% working housewives). The ratio of employed housewives who ate regular meals was 35.4%, but that of the full-time housewives was 48.2% (p〈0.05). Of the working housewives, 7.1% never ate breakfast and the primary reason for skipping breakfast was 'busy in the morning' (61.1%). The type of food that the housewives preferred when eating out was Korean food, both for the full-time and employed housewives (76.0%). All the housewives overate calories and the full-time housewives ate more protein, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, and cholesterol than the employed housewives (p〈0.05). Both the full-time and employed housewives were more satisfied with supper than with other meals. About 30.6% of the full-time and 33.9% of the working housewives had no interest in health, but answered that regular exercise was very important for health (33.3% full-time and 39.7% working housewives). In conclusion, working housewives have poor dietary habits and nutrient intakes, thus substantial measures to improve these problems are urgently needed.

This study was performed to investigate the concentration of indoor aldehydes in children’s facilities. The samples were collected from various children's facilities (40 playrooms, 42 day-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor playgrounds) in summer (Jul~Sep, 2007), winter (Jan~Feb, 2008) and spring (Mar~Apr, 2008). The ratio of Indoor and outdoor (I/O) of aldehydes exceeds 1.0 and the formaldehyde levels in each child-care facilities were significantly different. We evaluated the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of young children due to indoor aldehyde exposure. We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the hazard quotients (HQs) of non-carcinogens (benzaldehyde and formaldehyde). Formaldehyde was evaluated for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. The average ECRs of formaldehyde for young children were 1×10^-4~1×10^-5 level in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities.

노인인구 증가 및 만성퇴행성 질환의 증가 추세 속에서 장기요양보호 대상에 대한 간병서비스의 필요성은 증가하는데 반해 가족에 의한 노인간병과 보호의 기능은 점점 어려워지고 있는 현실을 감안할 때, 앞으로 간병인에 대한 사회적 요구는 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 시점에서 본 연구는 노인전문병원에서 건강상의 문제를 지닌 노인환자를 가족들을 대신해 보수를 받고 돌봐주는 간병인을 대상으로 노인에 대한 태도와 업무만족을 알아보고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 간병인들의 노인에 대한 태도와 업무만족 수준을 알아보고, 실제로 노인의 태도가 업무만족에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지의 관계규명을 통해 앞으로 노인에 대한 바람직한 이해 및 긍정적인 인식과 태도 전환을 통해 서비스의 질은 물론 업무만족을 높이는 방안을 모색해 보고자 하였다.

We surveyed 848 university students, 21.4±2.5 years of age, attending university in Seoul, Kongju, Chongyang-Gun in the Chungnam province of Korea, for their use of health functional foods (HFF) and for significant variables in this use, namely demographic characteristics, health related variables, dietary variables and nutritional beliefs. The prevalence of the use of HFF was 33.6%. Among all types of HFF, nutritional supplements were taken most frequently, followed by (in order) red ginseng products, apricot extract products and ginseng products. HFF use was higher in females (p<.05), in subjects living in a dormitory (p<.05) and those from families with a relative high socioeconomic status (p<.001). Self-health concern (p<.05) and usage ratio of HFF by family (p<.001) was higher in users than in nonusers of HFF. The total score of dietary assessment was higher in users than in nonusers of HFF (p<.001), and users had a more positive point of view concerning the potential health benefits of HFF than did nonusers (p<.001). Most users took HFF when they were healthy (37.2%) or when they were sick (27.4%). They did not feel special effects through the HFF use (49.8%). Most users got the information about the specifics of HFF from family and/or relatives (55.8%). Most of users confirmed nutrition facts when they purchased the HFF (70.9%), but a considerable number of users could not understand these nutrition facts (48.1%). Users preferred vitamin C- and Ca-supplements most among vitamin · mineral supplements belonged to HFF. These results show that the use of HFF is common among university students. As well, the use of HFF by students is affected by various variables. Supplementary nutritional education should be undertaken among university students, in order to give them a reasonable guideline for the use of HFF, based upon influencing factors and usage behaviors that we learned from this survey.

Ramyen and Korean noodles (guksu) are popular foods in Korea and around the world. Since 1998, rice consumption in Korea has gradually decreased, whereas consumption of noodles has continuously increased. The purpose of this study is to assess the consumption of ramyen and Korean noodles of Koreans, using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) of 2007. Korean adults (>20) were selected to examine the associations between noodle consumption and food and nutrient intake and health status. SAS 9.1 and SUDAAN 9.1 were used for the data analysis. 10.3% of Korean adults consumed ramyen, and 15.4% consumed Korean noodles. The consumption of ramyen and Korean noodles were higher in men than in women, in lunch than in other meals, and in the lowest income quartile than the highest quartile. Ramyen and Korean noodle consumer groups consumed more grain products, seasonings, and oils than the nonconsumer group. The noodle group showed significantly lower systolic blood pressure than the non-consumer group. The noodle groups showed lower rates of hypertension and metabolic syndrome than the non-consumer group. From these results, we conclude that ramyen and Korean noodles may have positive health effects. More studies on the association between noodles and the health of Koreans and those in other countries should be done in the future.

본 연구는 성인남성 수형자 208명과 가정폭력사범 103명을 대상으로 성장기 의 지역사회폭력과 가정폭력의 피해경험, 고위험 환경이 정신건강과 범죄행위 에 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 수형자와 폭력남편들의 정신건강 부 적응 양상을 비교하고, 정신건강 부적응 수준에 과거의 어떤 형태의 외상이 영 향을 주는지 조사하였다. 또 수형자 집단을 대상으로 소년범죄력 유무에 따라 정신건강과 성장기 외상경험이 어떻게 다른지 확인해 보았다. 나아가 수형자와 가정폭력 행위자의 재범행위와 관련된 요인은 무엇인지 찾아보았다. 끝으로 지 역사회폭력 노출의 예측요인을 탐색하였다. 수형자들의 정신건강 부적응에 영 향을 주는 요인은 고위험 환경인 것으로 나타났다. 반면 폭력남편들에게는 지 역사회폭력의 피해경험이 정신건강에 역기능적으로 작용하고 있었다. 소년범죄 경력이 있는 수형자들과 없는 수형자들은 성격특질에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 소년사건에 연루되었던 수형자들은 상대집단에 비해 반사회성, 건강염려증, 분 열증, 강박증, 히스테리, 우울증이 높았고, 성장과정에서 겪은 외상도 더 심각하 였다. 지역사회나 가정에서의 폭력노출은 수형자들의 실형재범에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 대신 소년범죄력이 실형재범과 밀접하게 관련되어 있었 다. 가정폭력사범들 경우, 지역사회폭력 피해경험이 폭력범죄를 되풀이하게 하 는데 기여하고 있었다. 지역사회폭력 피해의 예측변수는 자녀폭력 피해경험으 로 조사되었다. 수형자 집단에서는 고위험 환경이 또 다른 예측변수로 발견되었 다. 지역사회폭력 목격을 예견하는 요인은 수형자, 가정폭력 행위자 모두에게서 고위험 환경인 것으로 확인되었다.

This study surveyed the reading discomforts and the reasons for discomfortable reading of the safety and health information (texts and icons) presented on the agricultural vehicles/machines, pesticides, fertilizers, and feeds. Eighty seven people residing in rural area participated in the survey interview. Questionnaire survey showed that the most discomfortable product in reading the texts was pesticides. Forty three (49%) among participants had very-discomfortable or discomfortable in reading the texts used in the label of pesticides, and the main reason for the discomfort was small text size. The reading discomforts in reading the texts (varied from 4 point to 19 point and presented in 50 cm reading distance) showed different pattern according to the age groups. Three age groups (50s, 60s and older than 70s) showed a similar discomfort pattern, but different from the group of 30s and 40s. Forty four people (51%) had a problem in understanding the meaning of the icons and the main reasons were the small size and the difficulty in inferring the meaning of the icons. Thus, the more detailed and practical guidelines for the presentation format, particularly about the text heights and the size of icons, are required. Also, more comprehensive research is needed to investigate the readability and legibility of texts and icons.

Understanding awareness and wearing behavior of functional textiles for silver generation is expected to contribute to clothing products development to improve and maintain their health and marketing strategy fit for user characteristics. For empirical research, a survey was developed and the aged 50 and above were 332 respondents. The results of the study are as follows. First, the level of awareness for both comfort-oriented and health/safetyoriented functional fabrics in high health-conscious group was much higher than that in low health-conscious group. In number of wearing times, health body and high-conscious group wear comfort-oriented fabrics more frequently, while weak body group wear health/safety-oriented fabrics more often. The health-consciousness significantly influenced the possession of active sportswear with various functions. Second, the awareness of functional fabrics in exercise activities groups was much higher than that in exercise-conscious groups. High exercise activities group know more about the wet sensation-related fabrics and clothing materials for outdoor activities. Low exerciseconscious group put on health/comfort-oriented fabrics for casuals more frequent than functional fabrics for sportswear. High exercise activities group preferred to wear sportswear suitable for outdoor activities. The aged people have a lot of health/comfort-oriented functional casual wear appropriate for indoor activities regardless of exerciseconsciousness. However, the more they enjoy exercise activities the more they are interested in functional sportswear. Even though they were unconcerned with exercise, older people are interested in functional casual clothes. As a conclusion, the high interest in health and exuberant activities in silver generation arose the necessity of new multi-functional clothing products.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 ICF(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)의 능력(capacity)과 수행(performance) 평가치의 신뢰도와 FIM(Functional Independence Measure)과 MBI(Modified Barthel Index)와의 기준관련타당도를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 국립재활원에 입원한 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자 55명을 대상으로 실시하였다. ICF에 경험이 있는 2명의 의사가 FIM과 MBI에 해당하는 항목을 ICF 항목과 연결시켜 10개 항목 중 3개의 범주인 이동, 보행, 자기 관리 항목을 추출하였으며, 모든 평가는 물리치료사, 작업치료사에 의해 수행되었다. ICF의 수행과 능력 평가치의 측정자간 신뢰도(Inter-rater reliability)는 급간내상관계수인 ICC(2.1)을 절대적 신뢰도는 SEM(Standard Error Measurement)과 SRD(Small Reference Difference)를 FIM과 MBI, ICF와의 상관관계는 Pearson 상관계수를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : ICF 능력과 수행 평가치의 측정자간 신뢰도는 각각 .92(.95, .97), .98(.97, .99), SEM은 1.03, 1.09이었으며, SRD는 2.85, 3.02로 매우 높은 신뢰도를 보였다. ICF 능력 평가치는 FIM(r=-.97), MBI(r=-.90)와 높은 음의 상관관계가 있었고, ICF 수행 평가치는 FIM(r=-.73), MBI(r=-.69)와 중간 정도의 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 결론 : ICF는 FIM과 MBI의 기준 관련 타당도에서 음의 상관관계가 있었으며, 신뢰할만한 기능 평가 도구로서 뇌졸중 환자의 기능적 상태를 평가하는데 임상 연구나 실험에서 유용한 평가 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다.

Global warming has serious implications for all aspects of human life, including elevated sea levels, crop failure and famine, changes in global rainfall patterns, changes to plant and animal populations, and serious health effects. Especially Infectious diseases are global entities that depend dynamically on the interaction between the population and the existing regional climate. The global warming requires a basic understanding of the greenhouse effect. In nature, the greenhouse effect is responsible for elevating the Earth’s temperature, making it possible for life to thrive. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, per fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. Population size and global warming are related because human activities increase production of greenhouse gases. This effect culminates in global warming and ecosystem. Severe weather events may result in injuries and fatalities, and heat waves can cause direct effects such as dehydration heat asthenia, hear exhaustion, heat stroke, and respiratory disease. Earth system changes increasing climate variability, increased rainfall in some areas and drought in others, and more frequent severe weather events, have considerable potential to affect human health. Impact of Climate change on Public Health is difficult to quantify the exact risk. Particularly, about infectious diseases, the impact depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent. Important human factors include crowding, food scarcity, poverty, and local environmental decline. Some health effects of climate change may result from indirect impacts on natural ecosystems Ecosystem changes can increase the rage, seasonality, and infectivity of some vector borne disease. For example, altered climatic conditions can change the habitats of vectors such as mosquitoes or rats and affect the parasites they carry. Changing the abundance and geographic range of carriers and parasites could shift the seasonal occurrence of many infectious diseases and cause them to spread. Heavy rain falls and related factors are associated with water borne disease outbreaks, and these may increase the risk of food borne illness. Higher levels of carbon dioxide and heat may promote production of allergens by such plants as ragweed, and warmer weather may promote the formation of groundlevel ozone. Humidity combined with heat facilitates fungal growth and transmission The World Health Organization estimated, in its "World Health Report 2002", that climate change was estimated to be responsible in 2000 for approximately 2.4% of worldwide diarrhoea, and 6% of malaria in some middle-income countries . However, small changes, against a noisy background of ongoing changes in other causal factors, are hard to identify. Clearly, global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The ability of mankind to react or adapt is dependent upon the magnitude and speed of the change. The outcome will also depend on our ability to recognize epidemics early, to contain them effectively, to provide appropriate treatment, and to commit resources to prevention and research This article will introduce the concepts of global warming, focus on the impact of climate changes on human health and infectious disease, and present future strategy in KCDC

Safety is totally established through not only legal regulations and system but the establishment of safety culture. As a foundation of safety culture, safety and health communication is the essential condition. Therefore, in the case of researching safety culture the communication network of a organization is a crucial factor. This study has analysed the structure of occupational safety and health communication between domestic and foreign corporations comparatively by the statistical analysis. The occupational safety and health communication is composed of four sub-dimensions: general communication in working site, using safety information communication, communication with the board of directors, and communication with labor union. The nationality of corporations influences the safety communication significantly except for communication with labor union. Consequently it is possible to infer that the nationality of corporations is a significant factor for safety communication network.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of quality of life and related factors among the elderly in Korea. In particular, we focused on factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in long term care. We used the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2005. We sampled a total of 3,571 (10.5%) elderly from the national survey. We compared the mean of quality of life to socioeconomic status, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), health behavior, and disease variables. We used EuroQol-5D among KNHANES to assess the quality of life. In this study, the mean score of the quality of life among the elderly was 2.57. Logistic regression showed that the elderly who were male, with spouses, with health insurance, and with good ADL levels enjoyed higher quality of life scores and odds ratios than those who were female, divorced, uninsured, and with low ADL levels (p<.05). The quality of life of the elderly was affected by socioeconomic, ADL, health behavior and disease variables. To improve long term care and the quality of life among the elderly, we need detailed research to clarify the effects of these factors.

The aim of this study was to compare the dietary patterns and behaviors of female university students according to their type of residence. The subjects consisted of 369 female students from the Gyeongju area. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The SPSS 14.0 statistical package was used for the data analysis. The results are as follows: the height and weight means were 162.7±4.6 cm and 53.9±6.7 kg respectively. For BMI, 44.2% of the subjects were with in the normal (18.5-23) and 49.1% were underweight and 6.2% were overweight. In terms of alcohol consumption, 78.9% of the subjects consumed alcoholic beverages, and there was no significant difference by the type of residence However, for drink proportion and the preferred type of alcoholic drink there were significant differences by the type of residence (p〈0.001). Third, for smoking status and the intention of quitting smoking there were significant differences by the type of residence (p〈0.000, p〈0.05 respectively). Also, for exercise regularity and preference as well as food preference and taste, there were again significant differences by the type of residence (p〈0.001). Finally, in terms of breakfast intake and kinds of foods eaten at breakfast significant differences were found by the type of residence (p〈0.01).

Research on alfalfa root morphology and health is very important in development of technology for efficient improvement and production of alfalfa. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root morphology and health of two alfalfa varieties, Algonquin and Golden Queen, to determine relationships among root morphology traits and root health. Results from these analyses indicated t㏊t yield was 6.77-43.93 t/h㎡, total root length ranged from 215.17-708.89 ㎜, root surface area ranged from 93.61-717.06 ㎠, volume ranged from 3.24-57.72㎤. Results from these analyses indicated t㏊t root infestation score was the lowest averaged over age of alfalfa stand in Algonquin. Yield in 2-yr old stands was greater in Golden Queen compared to Algonquin.