This article defines the characteristics of Korean vegetarianism by tracing the changes in the core motives revealed in the historical development of the vegetarian movement that started in the West. We further explore and compare the limitations of the vegetarian movement conceived in the West with the essential values, ‘How can Korean vegetarian culture gain the upper hand?’. Our results indicate that the sequential changes of the motives inherent to the flow of the modern vegetarian movement were <religious-philosophy>, <political-society>, and <healthy-nutrition>. This settled the transition from ‘vegetarianism as an ideological form’ to ‘vegetarianism as a lifestyle’, making it a more becoming way of life. However, along with the spread of ‘vegetarian lifestyle as a form of life’, commercial vegetarianism, which overshadows the essential value of vegetarianism, continued to flourish due to the modern capitalist industrial system. To curb commercialization, the necessity arose to establish a new vegetarian diet with a propensity towards an ‘ecological-environmental point of view’. Thus, in order to establish the term and concept of a vegetarian diet for Korean vegetarian characteristics, we propose the formation of a vegetarian term and concept suitable for the Korean vegetarian culture.

본 연구는 여학교 설립을 통한 중국 근대 여성교육의 변화를 고찰하였다. 특히, 기존의 자료 중심 연구를 토대로 여학교의 설립과 이를 통한 여성교육 의 변화가 갖는 의미와 가치를 파악하는 데 주안점을 두었다. 먼저 여학교 설 립 과정에서 국내적 요인과 국외적 요인으로 구분하여 고찰하였다. 태평천국 운동, 양무운동과 같은 국내적 요인과 선교사들의 선교활동을 위한 국외적 요 인의 상호작용과 영향 속에 여학교가 설립되고, 여성교육이 경전중심의 전통 교육에서 서구학문 중심의 근대교육으로 변화했음을 알 수 있었다. 여기에는 교육 외에도 정치, 종교, 국제관계 등이 다양하게 얽혀 있다. 여성교육의 변화 에서는 여성교육의 확대와 여성지위의 변화를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 여성 인 재 배출, 여성 능력의 향상, 해외 유학과 여성 교육, 남녀공학의 탄생에 주목 했다. 또한 여학교가 여성의 사회적 지위 향상에 구심점이 된 점, 여성 문제 를 공유하고 개선하며 신문물과 새로운 인식의 확산에 기여한 점, 국가 발전과 여성교육을 연계하여 여성교육의 발전을 재촉한 점 등에 주목하였다. 근대 여성교육의 의미에서는 여학교 설립과 여성교육의 변화가 외부의 영향에 의 한 변화였고, 그럼에도 새로운 변화를 창출하지 못하고 있음을 지적하였다. 나아가 중국 근대 여성교육은 중국 스스로의 노력 발굴, 전통교육에서는 여성 교육의 긍정적 요소 발굴과 계승을 제안하였다.

본 연구 목적은 북한의 사회복지제도화 초기 단계의 역사적 동학을 추적하여 북한사회복지의 태동 배경과 요인을 규명하는 것이다. 본 연구의 분석범위는 해 방 이전 일제강점기부터 해방 이후 북조선임시인민위원회의 활동기간을 중심으 로 한다. 본 연구방법은 역사서술적 접근을 통한 문헌연구방법을 통해 분석하였 다. 분석결과, 첫째, 각 독립운동 단체와 단체, 계열과 계열 사이의 연결성에 이 은 상호성과 인과성은 비교적 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 일제강점기 동안 각 독립운동 단체들은 독립운동과 사회복지에 대한 관심이 공존했다. 둘째, 마지막 으로 북한의 경우 사회주의계열의 복지정책을 이어받아 이를 적용하고 노력한 흔적이 확연히 나타났다. 북한은 정권 초창기부터 사상적 배경을 기반으로, 사회 복지정책을 도입하고 적용하고자 노력했고 이는 무엇보다 사회주의계열의 복지 정책을 기반으로 한 것이었다.

A large spectrum of possible stakeholders and important factors for safety improvement during decommissioning of nuclear facilities should be identified. Decommissioning includes additional aspects which are of interest to a wider range of stakeholders. The way in which local communities, the public in general, and a wide range of other parties are engaged in dialogue about decommissioning of nuclear facilities is likely to become an increasingly important issue as the scale of the activity grows. Timely stakeholder involvement may enhance safety and can encourage public confidence. Stakeholder engagement may result in attention to issues that otherwise might escape scrutiny. Public confidence is improved if issues that are raised by the public are taken seriously and are carefully and openly evaluated. Experience in many countries has shown that transparency can be an extremely effective tool to enhance safety performance. It sets out the development and implementation of an effective two-way process between the organization and stakeholders. Meaningful engagement is characterized through a flow of communication, opinions and proposals in both directions and the use of collaborative approaches to influence and explain decisions. The process is one in which an organization learns and improves its ability to perform meaningful stakeholder engagement while developing relationships of mutual respect, in place of one-off consultations. The evolving nature of this process is particularly relevant to pipeline projects, which will have differing stakeholder engagement requirements at each phase of the project lifecycle. Activity undertaken at all stages of the process should be documented to ensure engagement success can be reviewed and improved and to ensure historical decisions or engagements are captured in case stakeholders change during the progression of time and previous consultation records are required.

By Foreign Trade Act and the relevant laws, any organization which intends to export strategic items shall be classified whether the products, S/W, or technology are strategic items and obtain an export license from the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) in case those are nuclearrelated strategic items. The NSSC and KINAC conduct outreach activities to enhance the recognition and implementation of nuclear export and import control. However, ensuring that all target organizations identify and comply with relevant legislation and laws is difficult. Therefore, the government and regulators should continuously make efforts to reduce blind spots for nuclear export and import control. KINAC established the National Nuclear Technology Information Collection and Analysis System (NNTICAS) to find nuclear-related companies through online website information of various companies and to list organizations that handle nuclear-related strategic items. Based on the NICE corporate information website, NNTICAS finds related companies using dynamic collection methods through interactions such as search word input, search button input, check box click, and collected text from each company website using static collection methods through URL address access and HTML source code extraction. After that, the text contained on the company website is analyzed to check whether the predefined normalized word is included, and if the normalized word appears at a certain number or higher, it is judged as a potential target company dealing with nuclearrelated strategic items. Information on the potential target company is compared with the export controlled item list and finally classified as a target company dealing with nuclear-related strategic items. According to the comparison a manually analyzed result of potential target companies and finally selected target companies NNTICAS, it is confirmed that predefined normalized words need to be more detailed, and a controlled item list such as axes (0B001.b.2) needs to be additionally processed. In addition, if the collection is repeated without completing the previous classification of the collected corporate information, it is also possible to collect companies in cosmetics, semiconductors, and displays. Although it was confirmed that some supplementation is needed to use this system to select target companies for the outreach activity, it is also confirmed that target companies for outreach activity can be expanded through this system and is expected to increase the implementation rate and reduce the blind spot for nuclear export and import control.

Korea Institute of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Control (KINAC) Safeguards division and Export control division operate regulation management system each other according to their work scope and characteristics. Korea Safeguards Information System (KSIS) of Safeguards division handles information for nuclear material accounting and control. Especially, accounting and declaration reports submitted to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are important information in this system. And Nuclear Import and Export Control System (NEPS) of Export control division deals with import and export information of nuclear materials and nuclear weapon trigger list items. Establishing and operating the integrated database as sharing information between KSIS and NEPS derive merits as follows. First, the full cycle of nuclear material transfer records can be managed by collecting information on the nuclear materials from import to export or disposal. In addition, regulatory body can verify inconsistency between transfer records and account records in date, location, element, mass etc. Especially, small quantity nuclear materials are major loop hole in nuclear material accountancy system. The accumulated material transfer data will give an evidence to catch loss nuclear material. Second, sharing the information on nuclear fuel cycle related research and development activities in both divisions can utilize the information to outreach on facility subject to nuclear technology transfer for Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and additional protocol declaration for Safeguards Agreement with IAEA. Third, regulatory body is easily able to manage entire import and IAEA report procedure for items subject to the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA). In present, KINAC regulation on NCA is divided to Export control and Safeguards. Export control division conducts classification imported items subject to NCA and acquires prior consent or notifies to other country. And Safeguards division report inventory list for each NCA country to the ROK government once a year. Imported NCA inventory list will be generated automatically by merging database. Then, it can be easily verified without any additional process by both divisions.

When we think about an idea of United Nations Tolerance Program UNTP, it is important for us to share memory with world citizens that we had 2314 veterans from 11 countries in the Busan U.N. Forces Cemetery since January of 1951. Recently, we had 13 veterans, who got buried coming from 4 Americans, 3 Hollanders, 2 Frenchmen, 2 Germans, 2 Englishmen, 1 Canadian and 1 headband after they died in their countries. (Joongang daily newspaper June 19, 2022). "I believe that creating a fifth office of the UNTP in Republic of Korea (Seoul, Busan, Kyunggi or Jeju Island), as a twin organization of the UNEP in Nairobi, Kenya, would provide a geopolitical balance to the international organization and a useful base for peace island studies in the conflict laden region of East Asia. Establishing this office in S. Korea(Seoul, Busan, Kyunggi or Jeju Island), with its unique geographical location as a hub for peace talks and environmental negotiations between Russia, North Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan, would contribute to peace and development in the region." (Yates. 2022).

‘한자고고학’은 “한자에 남겨진 흔적을 통해 그 배후의 말 없는 문화사를 발굴, 해 석하는 학문”이라 정의할 수 있다. 이는 한자를 대상으로, 특히 한자의 어원을 통해 이에 반영된 문화성을 밝히는 학문으로, 이의 증명에 언어문자학, 문헌학, 고고학, 인 류학 등의 자료들이 동원될 수 있다. 여기서는 ‘한자고고학’의 개념 정립을 비롯해 그 실천적 사례로 ‘일(壹)’자의 어원과 상징 분석을 통해 ‘한자고고학’의 방법론적 구 축 가능성을 검토했다. 이를 위해 (1)문자학적 측면에서 일(壹)의 어원과 상징, (2)고 고학적 측면에서의 호(壺)와 인면호(人面壺)의 상징, (3)인류학적 측면에서의 호리병 박 숭배 전통, (4)출토문헌에서의 관련 자료들, (5)확장적 연구로서의 여러 유사 자료 들도 함께 논의했다. 이를 통해 기존의 한자학을 문화연구로 그 영역을 확장시키고, 인접학문과의 접속 속에서 그간의 한자 내부에 한정되었던 시선을 밖으로 확장함으 로써, 새로운 해석과 관련 영역을 개척할 수 있는 이론적 틀을 마련하고자 하였다.

AZ31 magnesium alloy was used to manufacture a thin plate using a melt drag method. The effects of roll speed, molten metal temperature, and molten metal height, which are the basic factors of the melt drag method, on the surface shape, the thickness of the thin plate, Vickers hardness, and microstructure of the thin plate were investigated. It was possible to manufacture AZ31 magnesium alloy thin plate at the roll speed range of 1 to 90 m/min. The thickness of the thin plate, manufactured while changing only the roll speed, was about 1.8 to 8.8 mm. The shape of the solidified roll surface was affected by two conditions, the roll speed and the molten metal height, and the Vickers hardness of the manufactured magnesium alloy thin plate value ranged from Hv38~Hv60. The microstructure of the thin plate produced by this process was an equiaxed crystal and showed a uniform grain size distribution. The grain size was greatly affected by the contact state between the molten metal and the solidification roll, and the amount of reactive solids and liquids scraped at the same time as the thin plate. The average grain size of the thin plate fabricated in the range of these experimental conditions changed to about 50-300 μm.

This study investigated chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) residues in milk of intramuscularly dosed dairy cows and established the withdrawal time (WT) of CPM in milk. Sixteen healthy Holstein cows were injected with 10 (CPM-1) and 20 mL (CPM-2) of the drug containing 4 mg/mL of CPM, respectively. After administration of CPM, milk samples were collected from all cows at 12 hour intervals for 5 days. CPM residue concentrations in milk were determined using LC-MS/MS. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9956, and the limits of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 98.5-115.0%, and coefficient of variations were less than 10.96%. After treatment, CPM in CPM-1 and CPM-2 was detected below the LOQ in all milk samples at 12 hours. According to the European Medicines Agency’s guideline on determination of withdrawal periods for milk, withdrawal periods of both CPM-1 and CPM-2 in milk were established to 12 hours. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is sensitive and reliable for detection of CPM in milk, and the estimated WT of CPM in bovine milk will contribute to ensuring the safety of milk.

For this study, we established a system for the CPU cooling performance evaluation and conducted performance tests on air-cooling and water-cooling to understand the effect of the CPU cooling method on performance. For the performance evaluation, the test chamber and water-cooling system were set up, the workload S/W was selected, and a case file was created. In the case of the air-cooling, the CPU temperature is sensitively affected by the outside air temperature, the direction of the board installation, and the influence of the airflow formed around it, and may cause a lot of fluctuations in the CPU temperature. When the water-cooling system was applied, the CPU temperature decreased from 75℃℃ to 37℃ compared to the air-cooled type under the test conditions of 28.5℃ and 3LPM cooling water supply temperature and flow rate. As the CPU clock speed increased due to the decrease in temperature, it was found that the job execution time was reduced by 15~23%. In the future, it is expected that using this performance evaluation environment established through this study will enable us to easily conduct test evaluations for various processors, cooling methods, and changes in operating conditions.

Recently, in Korea, if a very large forest fire occurs due to the people’s carelessness, it is of great interest because it spreads into a large forest fire. If a wildfire spreads and becomes large, it will inflict great damage (appointment and property), and the damage is irreversible. The best way to extinguish a wildfire is to prevent it before it occurs. If a forest fire occurs due to a failure in prevention, the early firefighting activities to prevent the progress of the forest fire by promptly dispatching it by reporting it and approaching the site as soon as possible should now be managed with a systematic integrated management system. To do so, it is necessary to prepare a preventive system, such as issuing warnings for each weather condition by the Korea Forest Service, consisting of cooperation (support) activities for forest fire prevention by related organizations, etc. In order to minimize the loss of precious lives and forests, measures have been taken to establish a system, to establish a prompt and accurate situation reporting system, and to establish an integrated command system (ICS) for on-site commanders.

The smart factory is an important system that can reduce defects, maximize productivity, and respond to customer needs, from the labor-intensive era of traditional small and medium-sized manufacturing companies through the automation era to CPS using ICT. However, small and medium-sized manufacturers often fall short of the basic stage due to economic and environmental constraints, and there are many companies that do not even recognize the concept of a smart factory. In this situation, to expand the smart factory of small and medium-sized enterprises, the project to support the establishment of a smart factory for the win-win between large and small enterprises. The win-win smart factory construction support project provides a customized differentiation program support project according to the size and level of the company for all domestic manufacturing SMEs regardless of whether or not they are dealing with Samsung. In this study, we analyze the construction status and introduction performance of companies participating in the win-win smart factory support project to find out whether they have been helpful in management and to find efficient ways to improve support policies, and to suggest the direction of continuous support projects to improve the manufacturing competitiveness of SMEs in the future.

본 연구는 새로운 충청권역의 정치·행정환경변화를 개관하면서 자치분권 과 지역균형발전의 논리 하에서 충청권역(대전, 세종, 충남, 충북)의 공동 발전패러다임으로서 추구해야 하는 특별지방자치단체 활용방안으로의 자 치단체간 협력방안은 무엇인지 제안하고자 한다. 충청권은 지역적 특색을 적극 반영·활용하여 지방정부(대전, 세종, 충남, 충북)가 주도하고 국가(중 앙정부)가 지원·협력하는 자치분권형 지역균형발전모델을 정립하여 이를 근거로 광역경제권역, 메가리전(Mega-Region)으로서의 지위를 준비해야 할 것이다. 충청권 기존의 대도시는 지역중추거점도시로서, 중소도시는 저출산고령화, 지방소멸에 대응한 생활밀착형 도시로, 특히 농어촌 지방 정부는 정주 및 생활 여건 등을 개선하여 발전전략을 도모해야 한다. 이 와 함께 충청권 지역간 연계·협력 강화와 중앙-충청권간의 협업체계가 효 율적으로 작동될 수 있도록 해야 한다. 그런 배경에서 국가와 충청권역과 의 관계설정, 메가리전으로서의 충청권역의 대도시간의 정치·행정적 연계 협력체제 구축, 연계협력사업의 자치단체간 조합 활용 등을 통해 지방자 치단체간의 협력네트워크 구축 등이 작동되어야 할 것이다.