A robot usually adopts ANN (artificial neural network)-based object detection and instance segmentation algorithms to recognize objects but creating datasets for these algorithms requires high labeling costs because the dataset should be manually labeled. In order to lower the labeling cost, a new scheme is proposed that can automatically generate a training images and label them for specific objects. This scheme uses an instance segmentation algorithm trained to give the masks of unknown objects, so that they can be obtained in a simple environment. The RGB images of objects can be obtained by using these masks, and it is necessary to label the classes of objects through a human supervision. After obtaining object images, they are synthesized with various background images to create new images. Labeling the synthesized images is performed automatically using the masks and previously input object classes. In addition, human intervention is further reduced by using the robot arm to collect object images. The experiments show that the performance of instance segmentation trained through the proposed method is equivalent to that of the real dataset and that the time required to generate the dataset can be significantly reduced.

For effective human-robot interaction, robots need to understand the current situation context well, but also the robots need to transfer its understanding to the human participant in efficient way. The most convenient way to deliver robot’s understanding to the human participant is that the robot expresses its understanding using voice and natural language. Recently, the artificial intelligence for video understanding and natural language process has been developed very rapidly especially based on deep learning. Thus, this paper proposes robot vision to audio description method using deep learning. The applied deep learning model is a pipeline of two deep learning models for generating natural language sentence from robot vision and generating voice from the generated natural language sentence. Also, we conduct the real robot experiment to show the effectiveness of our method in human-robot interaction.

In this study, we investigated the in vitro anti-biofilm activities of plant extracts of chives (Allium tuberosum), garlic (Allium sativum), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) against environment harmful bacteria (gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and, gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7). In the paper disc assay, garlic extracts exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of all plant extracts was generally higher for gram-negative bacteria than it was for gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to plant extracts. The tetrazolium dye (XTT) assay revealed that, each plant extract exhibited a different anti-biofilm activity at the MIC value depending on the pathogen involved. Among the plant extracts tested, garlic extracts (fresh juice and powder) effectively reduced the metabolic activity of the cells of food-poisoning bacteria in biofilms. These anti-biofilm activities were consistent with the results obtained through light microscopic observation. Though the garlic extract reduced biofilm formation for all pathogens tested, to elucidate whether this reduction was due to antimicrobial effects or anti-biofilm effects, we counted the colony forming units of pathogens in the presence of the garlic extract and a control antimicrobial drug. The garlic extract inhibited the E. coli O157:H7 biofilm effectively compared to the control antimicrobial drug ciprofloxacin; however, it did not inhibit S. aureus biofilm significantly compared to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, garlic extracts could be used as natural food preservatives to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens and elongater the shelf life of processed foods.

세계적으로 지진과 같은 자연재해로 인한 대규모 피해가 증가하고 있다. 다양한 연구를 통하여 건물에 대한 내진성능은 확보되었으나, 비구조요소의 내진성능 확보 미흡으로 인하여 인명 피해 및 경제적 손실이 발생하고 있다. 비구조요소는 구조물에 설치되는 위치가 다양하고, 구조물의 위치에 따라 발생하는 진동특성이 다르므로 구조물의 위치별 응답스펙트럼이 필요하다. 또한 구조물의 형식과 구조물이 설치되는 위치에 따라 구조물에 발생하는 응답스펙트럼이 다르게 발생한다. 따라서 응답스펙트럼의 선정이 중요하므로 비구조요소에 작용하는 응답스펙트럼을 도출할 수 있는 명확한 방법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 응답스펙트럼을 도출하는 방법을 제안하였으며, 제안한 방법으로 국내에서 발생 가능한 지반응답스펙트럼과 구조시스템을 선정하여 구조해석을 수행하였다. 또한, 간단한 수식으로 응답스펙트럼을 도출하는 방법을 제안함으로서, 비구조요소의 내진시험에 필요한 응답스펙트럼을 생성할 수 있도록 하였다.

본고는 학습자 중심의 교육환경을 토대로 창의적이고 생산적인 방향의 교수-학습이 필요하다는 주장의 타당성에 대해 비고츠키와 브루너의 이론에서 실마리를 찾고자 하였다. 비고츠키와 브루너는 모두 교육장면에서 학습자의 능동성과 주체성, 이에 대한 믿음을 바탕으로 한 표현과 생성 능력을 중시하였고, 이 과정에서 이루어지는 언어사용의 효용성과 가능성에 주목하고 있다. 비고츠키는 내면화와 관련하여 외면화의 교육적 중요성과 방법에 대해 실질적인 시사점을 제공하고 있으며, 브루너는 내러티브 사고를 바탕으로 한 내러티브의 생성 능력을 강조하고 있다. 우리 교육은 수용중심 수업환경에서 생산중심으로, 듣기․ 읽기 교육에서 말하기․ 쓰기 교육으로의 변화와 연계가 필요하다. 학습자가 주체적으로 사고하고 재구성하여 생성해 낸 지식과 삶의 이야기는 말하기와 쓰기 등의 표현활동을 통하여 교육적으로는 물론 문 화사회적으로도 그 타당성을 얻을 수 있고, 가시적으로 확인이 가능하며, 이에 대한 평가 와 피드백이 온전하게 이루어질 수 있다. 향후 학교교육(schooling)은 이러한 관점을 적극 수용하여 모든 수업장면에서 학습자의 능동적인 지식 재구성과 생성 활동에 대한 교수학적 고려와 학급장면에서의 실제적인 운용이 필요할 것이다.

The emission of nitrogen oxides has a great environmental impact. It leads to Los Angeles type smog, and it recently has attracted attention as a source of ultrafine dust. The main sources of nitrogen oxides are internal combustion engines and industrial boilers. These emission sources are processes that are essential for human industrial activities, so the regulation of original use is impossible. Therefore, special control methods should be applied to reduce NOx emissions into the atmosphere. In this study, we investigated how the supply of ER and urea influences the removal of nitrogen oxides from SRF combustion boilers. Experimental results show that the removal efficiency of nitrogen oxides can be up to 80% under the conditions of ER 2.0 and a urea feed of 0.5 LPM.

Background : Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae), a perennial plant, has been used as a low caloric sweetener and therapeutic agent for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial, and antimicrobial infections. It has been commonly used leaves and stems because of their high anti-oxidative potential. The present research was carried out to explore anti-oxidative and anti-melanogenic effects of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni flos in B16F10 cells. Methods and Results : Anti-oxidant activity of Stevia flos extract (SFE) was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method, and reducing power method. The results showed that the total phenolic content of SFE was 63.154 ± 0.0002 ㎍·QE/100㎎ and the total flavonoid was 8.64 1 ± 0.002 ㎍·GAE/100㎎. SFE exhibited a big significant effect on NO radical scavenging activity (IC50: 179.6 ㎍/㎖) comparing with standard ascorbic acid (IC50: 368.6 ㎍/㎖), and showed concentration dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50: 131.8 ㎍/㎖). Anti-melanogenic effect of SFE was also examined with B16F10 melanocytes. The amount of melanin synthesis followed by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone on B16F10 cells were significantly reduced in the presence of SFE treatment (p < 0.05). SFE also suppressed the tyrosinase activity (p < 0.05) and α-glucosidase activity (p < 0.05). Conclusion : These results provide evidence Stevia rebaudiana flos has an antioxidant potency and can be used as an anti-melanogenic agent.

Background : In ancient, roots of Rumex crispus, called wooi-daehwang, were used for various symptoms and diseases like cough, phlegm, bronchitis and hepatitis, caused inflammatory. As a part of ongoing research to elucidate and characterize anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals, solvent-partitioned fractions from R. crispus root were tested for their ability to suppress inflammation. In this study, NO synthesis inhibitory activity of solvent-partitioned fractions from R. crispus root on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages was evaluated. Methods and Results : The EtOH extracts were suspended in water. The aqueous layer was further partitioned in diethylether, ethylacetate and n-butanol, sequentially. RAW264.7 cells were seeded onto 96-well plates, and cells were allowed to adhere for 6 h and then were pretreated with the R. crispus root extracts for 24 h. Cellular nitric oxide (NO) production was stimulated by adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Absorbance was measured at 520 ㎚ by microplate reader. NO synthesis inhibitory activity potential of these fractions was evaluated by assessing NO production by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in the presence and absence of the solvent-partitioned R. crispus root fractions. NO synthesis inhibitory activity of diethylether fraction diluted in 50 ㎍/㎖, 25 ㎍/㎖, 12.5 ㎍/㎖, 6.25 ㎍/㎖, 3.125 ㎍/㎖ was 79.2%, 70.9%, 59.5%, 16.1%, and 11.8%, respectively. And NO synthesis inhibitory activity range of another fractions, EtOAc, n-BuOH and aqueous layer, were 0 - 30.2%, 0 - 20.1% and 3.8 - 22.4%, respectively. Conclusion : From the above results, it showed that diethylether fraction have strong NO synthesis inhibitory activity, it was suggested that R. crispus root have NO synthesis inhibitory effects. R. crispus root possesses anthraquinones, such as chrysophanol, parietin, and anthrones etc. According to previous studies, R. crispus semen extract has analgesic and hepatoprotective effect as anti-inflammatory, and extract of R. napalensis has cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and free radical scavenging effect. Our present study has shown that R. crispus root extracts anti-inflammatory effects probably by suppressing iNOS expressions, and resulting in the inhibition of NO synthesis.

Background : Korean ginseng require 3 - 4 years to produce mature seeds from their mother plants. Therfore, it takes over 20 years to genetic fixation by artificial crossing of 8 generation. Anther culture is a useful method for obtaining homozygotes in only one generation. However, there is not much research on ginseng yet. In this study, we investigated the callus induction of anther depending on the type and concentration of the plant growth regulators in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Methods and Results : Flower buds of P. ginseng were cold pretreated at 2 days before the anthers were plated on the induction medium. The flower buds were immersed in 70% ethanol for 30 sec min, washed two times with sterile distilled water, surface-sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 min, then rinsed five times with sterile distilled water. The anthers were placed on Petri dishes containting fifteen different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-D, NAA, BAP and KT. Callus induction was significantly influenced by the type and combination of plant growth regulators. The highest callus induction rate was observed in GR5 medium at 79.2%. The 2,4-D mediums had significantly higher callus induction than the NAA medium, and 2,4-D 1 ㎎/ℓ have a higher callus induction rate than the other concentrations. The increase of callus induction rate was not observed by the addition of cytokinin, but the callus induction rate was gradually decreased as the BAP concentration was increased. There was no difference in callus induction rate between BAP and KT. Conclusion : The important factor for inducing callus of ginseng anther was the addition of 2,4-D, and no effect of cytokinin addition could be found.

최근 다수의 분야에서 딥 러닝을 통한 연구 성과들이 사람의 판단력에 근접하는 결과를 보여주고 있다. 그리고 게임 산업에서는 온라인 커뮤니티, SNS의 활성화가 게임 흥행 여부를 결정할 정도로 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 딥 러닝을 이용해 온라인 커뮤니티, SNS에서 활동할 수 있는 시스템을 구성하고, 온라인 공간에서 사람들이 작성한 텍스트를 읽고 그에 대한 반응을 생성하고 스케쥴에 따라 트위터에 올리는 것을 목표로 한다. 순환 신경망(Recurrent Neural Network)을 이용해 텍스트를 생성하고 글 작성 스케쥴을 생성하는 모델들을 구성했고, 생성한 시각에 맞춰 모델들에 뉴스 제목을 입력해 댓글을 출력 받고 트위터에 작성하는 프로그램을 구현했다. 본 연구 결과는 온라인 게임 커뮤니티 활성화, Q&A 서비스 등에 적용이 가능할 것으로 예상된다.

Backgound : Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders that are characterized by intestinal epithelial inflammation and injury. Currently, the most employed therapies are antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs; however, the side effects limit long-term effectiveness. Methods and Results : We evaluated the impact of glucose-lysine Maillard reaction products (Glc-Lys MRPs) on colitis, induced in rats by an administration of 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. Glc-Lys MRPs ameliorate DSS-induced colitis, as determined by a decrease in disease. index activity, colon weight/length ratio, nitric oxide levels in serum, recovery of body weight loss, colon length and serum lysozyme levels. Furthermore, Glc-Lys MRPs increase the glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and inhibit lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity in colon tissues. In particular, Glc-Lys MRPs suppress the mRNA level of the inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-κB in colon tissues. Conclusion : This study suggests the potential of Glc-Lys MRPs in preventing or treating IBDs.

천연물 유래 단일 성분의 지방세포로의 분화 및 지방축적 억제효과에 대한 잠재성을 탐색하기 위해 본 연구에서는 화살나무의 껍질에서 분리 정제한 FG가 3T3-L1 지방전구세포에 있어서 지방세포로의 분화 및 지방구 축적에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하고, 관련 메카니즘에 대해 검토하였다. FG는 분화용 배지에 포함된 분화 촉진인자들의 자극에 의한 지방생성에 있어 주요한 전사인자인 PPARγ와 그 표적 단백질인 FABP4의 발현을 억제함으로써 지방세포 분화 및 지방구 축적을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 FG가 비만이나 비만과 관련된 당뇨병 등을 예방, 개선하는데 유용한 물질로 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

To develope a microbial weed control agent, HCN-producing bacteria were isolated, and their characteristics were investigated. A selected strain of WA15 was identified as Pseudomonas koreensis by morphological, cultural, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analyses. The conditions for HCN production was investigated by a One-Variable-at-a-Time (OVT) method. The optimal HCN production conditions were tryptone 1%, glycine 0.06%, NaCl 1% , and an initial pH and temperature of 5.0 and 30℃, respectively. The major component for HCN production was glycine. Under optimal conditions, HCN production was about 3 times higher than that of the basal medium. The WA15 strain had physiological activities, such as indoleacetic acid that was associated with the elongation of plant roots and siderophore and ammonification inhibiting fungal growth, and produced hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulase, pectinase and lipase. The strain was able to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, by the synergistic action of volatile HCN and diffusible antimicrobial compounds. A microscopic observation of R. solani that was teated with the WA15 strain showed morphological abnormalities of fungal mycelia, which could explain the role of the antimicrobial metabolites that were produced by the WA15 strain. The volatile HCN produced by the WA15 strain was also found to have insecticidal activity against termites. Our results indicate that Pseudomonas koreensis WA15 can be applied as a microbial agent for weed control and also as a termite repellent. Furthermore, it could be applied as a microbial termiticidal agent to replace synthetic insecticides.

만성적인 염증은 낭포성 섬유증, 암, 치매, 아토피성 질환, 비만 등과 같은 염증성 질환의 원인이 된다. 또한 염증의 발생단계에 관여하는 일부 신호물질은 피부조직의 손상과 노화에도 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있기 때문에 염증발생 매커니즘을 조절하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 최근에는 염증반응을 억제하거나 예방하기 위해, 몇몇 식물로부터 항염증 소재를 개발하려는 연구들이 이루어지고 있다. 특히 Stevia rebaudiana는 특유의 풍미를 가지는 천연감미료 스테비올배당체(steviol glycoside, SG)를 생성하는데, 일부 SG 에 대한 연구를 통해 염증억제 활성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존연구를 통해 항염증 효능이 있는 것으로 확인된 스테비오사이드, 리버디오사이드 A, 스테비올 이외에도 항염증 소재로 활용될 가능성이 있는 SG가 더 존재할 것으로 예상하였다. 이를 확인하기 위하여 우리는 S. rebaudiana에서 얻은 SG의 nitric oxide (NO) 생성억제활성을 RAW 264.7 세포주를 대상으로 스크리닝 하였다. 그 결과 steviol β-glucopyranosyl ester (SGE)가 동일한 농도 조건의 SG 중에서 가장 높은 억제활성을 보여주었다. 또한, interleukin-1α (IL-1 α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 같은 염증관련 인자의 mRNA 발현량 또한 농도의존적으로 감소시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 SGE는 마우스 대식세포인 RAW 264.7 세포에서 항염증 활성 및 NO 생성 억제 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 SGE가 항염증 소재로 활용될 잠재성이 있음을 확인하였다.

Many chemically active species such as ·H, ·OH, O3, H2O2, hydrated e-, as well as ultraviolet rays, are produced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma in water and are widely use to remove non-biodegradable materials and deactivate microorganisms. As the plasma gas containing chemically active species that is generated from the plasma reaction has a short lifetime and low solubility in water, increasing the dissolution rate of this gas is an important challenge. To this end, the plasma gas and water within reactor were mixed using the air-automizing nozzle, and then, water-gas mixture was injected into water. The dissolving effect of plasma gas was indirectly confirmed by measuring the RNO (N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline, indicator of the formation of OH radical) solution. The plasma system consisted of an oxygen generator, a high-voltage power supply, a plasma generator and a liquid-gas mixing reactor. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of location of air-automizing nozzle, flow rate of plasma gas, water circulation rate, and high-voltage on RNO degradation. The experimental results showed that the RNO removal efficiency of the air-automizing nozzle is 29.8% higher than the conventional diffuser. The nozzle position from water surface was not considered to be a major factor in the design and operation of the plasma reactor. The plasma gas flow rate and water circulation rate with the highest RNO removal rate were 3.5 L/min and 1.5 L/min, respectively. The ratio of the plasma gas flow rate to the water circulation rate for obtaining an RNO removal rate of over 95% was 1.67 ~ 4.00.

본 연구의 목적은 미술작품 생성과정에서 일어나는 경험의 의미를 이해하기 위한 하나의 방법으로, 미술교육자인 연구자의 미술적 사고를 심층적으로 탐구하는 것이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 연구자의 성찰일기를 중심으로 자전적 내러티브 탐구를 수행하였다. 첫째, 미술작품이 생성되기 전에 일어나는 사고의 과정을 살펴볼 것이다. 둘째, 미술작품이 생성되는 동안 일어나는 사고의 과정을 살펴볼 것이다. 마지막으로 미술작품이 생성된 뒤에 일어나는 사고의 과정을 살펴봄으로써 미술작품 생성의 경험에 내재한 미술적 사고의 양상을 분석, 해석, 이해하고 이것이 미술교육에 주는 시사점에 대해 논의해볼 것이다.

게임 캐릭터의 성장은 능력 수치의 가감으로 표현되는데, 이때 능력 요소는 게임에 따라 다양하게 정의되고, 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 캐릭터의 능력 요소가 어떻게 정의되고 사용되는지 알아보고, 캐릭터의 생성할 때, 능력 수치를 부여하는 방식에 대해 제안하고자 한다. 본 방식은 캐릭터의 성장을 시간이라는 요소와 연결하여 시간의 변화에 맞추어 캐릭터가 적합한능력 수치를 가지고 생성되도록 유전 알고리즘을 활용하여 디자인한다. 시간의 변화에 맞춘실험을 통해 제안한 방식의 유효성을 검증한다.

Weather is the most influential factor for crop cultivation. Weather information for cultivated areas is necessary for growth and production forecasting of agricultural crops. However, there are limitations in the meteorological observations in cultivated areas because weather equipment is not installed. This study tested methods of predicting the daily mean temperature in onion fields using geostatistical models. Three models were considered: inverse distance weight method, generalized additive model, and Bayesian spatial linear model. Data were collected from the AWS (automatic weather system), ASOS (automated synoptic observing system), and an agricultural weather station between 2013 and 2016. To evaluate the prediction performance, data from AWS and ASOS were used as the modeling data, and data from the agricultural weather station were used as the validation data. It was found that the Bayesian spatial linear regression performed better than other models. Consequently, high-resolution maps of the daily mean temperature of Jeonnam were generated using all observed weather information.

A comprehensive water budget analysis considering the water consumed for landfill gas formation was performed for Sudokwon Landfill Site 2 (LS2) from October 2000 through December 2016. The weighted average mole ratios of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) of the total disposed waste were 30.4%, 48.8%, and 20.8% respectively. The total emitted H and O as CO2 and CH4 from landfill gas was 2,812×103 Mg, of which 28.6% (803×103 Mg) was supplied from water. The total emitted water quantity consisted of landfill gas at 8.4%, leachate at 90.2%, and vapor in landfill gas at 1.4%. The total supplied water quantity to LS2 was 22.0×106 Mg, and the quantity supplied from water included in disposed waste was 62.9%. Considering the supplied and emitted water quantity, the retained quantity in LS2 was estimated to be 12×106 Mg, and the emitted and retained quantities were 43.3% and 56.7%, respectively. Considering the retained quantity, the water content in LS2 was estimated to be 26.0%, far below the optimum level for landfill site stabilization.

전라남도 화순군에 위치한 백아산 아천동굴은 전남지역에서 발견된 유일한 석회동굴이다. 이 연구에서는 백아산 아천동굴 내부에서 채취한 동굴생성물(동굴산호, 붕암)과 주변 점토 퇴적물의 광물학적 특성을 확인하고, 생성물 내에 존재하는 호기성 미생물을 농화배양하여 탄산염광물을 형성하는 생광물화작용에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구를 위한 시료는 동굴 내 세 지점에서 점토, 동굴산호, 붕암을 채취하였다. XRD 분석결과, 동굴산호와 붕암은 주로 탄산염광물인 Mg가 풍부한 방해석 (Mg-rich calcite)으로 이루어져 있었고, 점토는 석영, 백운모, 질석으로 구성되어 있었다. 탄산염광물 형성 미생물의 농화배양을 위하여 각각 소량의 동굴생성물을 D-1 배지에 넣고 상온의 호기 조건에서 미생물을 배양하였다. 그리고 미생물들의 탄산염광물 형성능을 확인하고자 요소가 포함된 D-1 배지에 칼슘이온(Ca-acetate, Ca-lactate)을 주입한 후 각 시료로부터 농화배양된 미생물 배양액을 1% (v/v)씩 주입하였다. 그 결과 모든 조건에서 흰색의 침전물이 형성되었으며, XRD 분석결과 침전물이 방해석과 바테라이트(vaterite)로 구성된 것을 확인하였다. SEM-EDS 분석 결과 Ca, C, O를 주성분으로 하는 능면체, 구형, 주상형의 탄산칼슘이 관찰되었다. 따라서 백아산 아천동굴 내 영구암대에 분포하는 임의의 동굴생성물로부터 확인된 미생물들은 동굴생성물 형성에 관여하고 탄소와 칼슘의 지화학적 순환에 기여했을 것으로 추정된다.