This study was designed to determine whether low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from egg yolk and taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose as antioxidant in extender improve the freezability and fertility of Korean Jeju Black Bull semen. The semen was cryopreserved with tris egg yolk extenders containing 7% glycerol and treated 4% LDL, 20 mM taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated motility, viability, membrane, and acrosome integrity and sperm penetration ability. The results were compared to semen cryopreserved in tris egg yolk extender only as control. Frozen-thawed semen evaluation cleary indicated that the addition of LDL and LDL-antioxidants (taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose) combination were significantly improved (p<0.05) the viability (%; with staining test using eosin-Y) compared to control spermatozoa. Also, in membrane integrity (%; with supravital hypo-osmotic swelling test), not only LDL-antioxiants combination but also LDL were significantly increased (p<0.05) the swelled sperm using HOST compared to control. Sperm acrosome integrity state was classified by CTC (chlortetracycline) staining test. F pattern was significantly increased in LDL-antioxidant combination than control (p<0.05) and B pattern was not significantly differences among all treatments and control. However, AR pattern was significantly decreased in LDL-antioxidants combination than control (p<0.05). Pronucleus formation and sperm penetration index (SFI) were significantly increased in LDL and LDL-antioxidants combination than control (p<0.05). Especially, LDL-taurine significantly improved pronucleus fomation and SFI than LDL (p<0.05). It was concluded that LDL and LDL-antioxidants in extender improved the freezability and fertility of Korean Jeju Black bull spermatozoa.

본 연구는 피복물질로 말토덱스트린을 이용하여 미세캡슐화 공정을 코치닐색소와 녹차추출물에 적용하였을 때 각각의 기능성으로서 색도 및 DPPH radical 소거활성의 향상정도를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 코치닐색소와 녹차추출물의 미세캡슐화 전과 후의 입자크기를 비교하여보면 평균 직경은 각각 127.50에서 45.5 μm, 274.90에서 5.48 μm로 작아졌으며 비표면적은 0.068에서 0.850 m2/g, 0.025에서 1.226 m2/g으로 증가하였다. 코치닐색소의 a값은 미세캡슐화 전의 27.76에서 후에는 48.96으로 증가하였으며 b값 또한 13.78에서 27.92로 크게 증가하였다. 녹차추출물의 미세캡슐화 전과 후의 DPPH radical 소거활성을 비교하여보면 23.59에서 31.03%로 증가하였으며 5%내에서 유의성차이를 보였다.

This study was conducted to examine the optimal concentration and treatment time of antioxidants for inhibition of the ROS generation in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Bovine oocytes were activated parthenogenetically, during which oocytes were treated with various antioxidants to determine the optimal concentrations and kind of antioxidants. Determined antioxidants were applied to oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) and/or SCNT procedures. Finally, antioxidant-treated SCNT embryos were compared with in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. H2O2 levels were analyzed in embryos at 20 h of activation, fusion or insemination by staining of embryos in 10 μM 2'7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) dye, followed by fluorescence microscopy. H2O2 levels of parthenogenetic embryos were significantly lower in 25 μM β- mercaptoethanol (β-ME), 50 μM L-ascorbic acid (Vit. C), and 50 μM L-glutathione (GSH) treatment groups than each control group (24.0±1.5 vs 39.0±1.1, 29.7±1.0 vs 37.0±1.2, and 32.9±0.8 vs 36.3±0.8 pixels/embryo, p<0.05). There were no differences among above concentration of antioxidants in direct comparison (33.6±0.9～35.2±1.1 pixels/embryo). Thus, an antioxidant of 50 μM Vit. C was selected for SCNT. H2O2 levels of bovine SCNT embryos were significantly lower in embryos treated with Vit. C during only SCNT procedure (26.4±1.1 pixels/embryo, p<0.05) than the treatment group during IVM (29.9±1.1 pixels/embryo) and non-treated control (34.3±1.0 pixels/embryo). Moreover, H2O2 level of SCNT embryos treated with Vit. C during SCNT procedure was similar to that of IVF embryos. These results suggest that the antioxidant treatment during SCNT procedures can reduce the ROS generation level of SCNT bovine embryos.

Linuron is a pesticide with a weak anti-androgenic property, which impacts male reproductive organs. In this study, to clarify whether linuron affects the cellular antioxidant system of ventral prostate, gene expression patterns of the representative antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), selenoprotein P (SePP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in the rat ventral prostates exposed to linuron using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Sprague-Dawley rats castrated at 6 weeks old were treated with linuron (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg per oral) daily for 10 days after testosterone propionate administration (0.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously. As compared to normal control animals, mRNA levels of phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPx), SePP, and Mn SOD significantly increased in the prostates exposed to linuron (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). However, cytosolic GPx (100 mg/kg) and Cu/Zn SOD (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) mRNA levels significantly decreased in the ventral prostates. These results indicate that linuron upregulates the expressions of PHGPx, SePP, and Mn SOD mRNAs, but down-regulates the expressions of cytosolic GPx and Cu/Zn SOD in rat prostates, suggesting that linuron may have dual effects in the cellular antioxidant system of prostate.

Wild grass is edible, and it grows in the mountains or field areas. Wild grass has diverse biological effects, such as antiobesity, anti-cancer, antioxidant activities and immune stimulation. Currently, many studies are aimed at enhancing the efficacy of medicinal foods on biological activity using a bioconversion technology, including the fermentation process. In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidative activity of the fermented wild grass was investigated. The antioxidant activity of fermented wild grass was assessed by various radical scavenging assays using DPPH(2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP(ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), reducing power, and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). Moisture contents of the fermented wild grass is 49.6±0.06%. Contents of crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat were 0.65±0.01, 0.65±0.04, and 3.3±0.59%, respectively. Moreover, fermented wild grass showed that the hunter's color values were 80.36(lightnees), 11.47(redness), and 44.53(yellowness), respectively. Total phenolic contents of the fermented wild grass was 1, 185±159 ㎍ GAE(gallic acid equivalent)/g. The antioxidative activities of the fermented wild grass were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner. In addition, fermented wild grass did not show any cytotoxicity up to 500 ㎍/㎖. However, the anti-adipogenic effect of the fermented wild grass extract was barely detectable. This antioxidant potential is partly due to the phenolic compounds that are present in the fermented wild grass extracts.

To evaluate the antioxidant and potential of Humulus japonicus, total polyphenol and flavonoid content, radical scavenging activities, and antitumor activities were measured. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the methanol extracts from Humulus japonicus were 30.13±1.13 and 13.61±0.49 ㎎ gallic acid equivalent/g extract, respectively. DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of methanol extracts of Humulus japonicus were 60% and 35%, respectively. The Humulus japonicus higher activities of anticancer activities on liver cancer cell lines compared to other cancer cell lines.

After a mixed carbohydrate diet, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase involved in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates can significantly decrease the postprandial increase of blood glucose level. In the course of screening these useful enzyme inhibitors, we selected five kinds of bean, using an in-vitro enzyme inhibition assay method. To evaluate the effect of germination process on the functionality of the bean, we investigated the inhibitory activities of the water extracts of non-germinated bean and germinated bean against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, relevant to postprandial hyperglycemia. We also investigated the oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC), total phenolics content, and postprandial blood glucose lowering effect in rats(Sprague-Dawley rat model). Most germinated beans showed significantly higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, compared with non-germinated beans. Among germinated beans, Glycine max had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity(53.3%). The water extract of germinated Phaseolus vulgaris L. had the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity(95.1%), followed by Glycine max(58.7%), and Glycine max L. Merr(54.1%). Furthermore, the five germinated beans also showed high antioxidant activities in ORAC assay. Results suggested that the germination process may improve and enhance the anti-hyperglycemia potential and antioxidant activity of the bean.

The inhibitory activities of a water extract of Sanghwang mushroom(Phellinus linteusau)(SWE) against α-glucosidases were evaluated in this study. Inhibiting these enzymes involved in the absorption of disaccharides significantly decreases the postprandial increase in blood glucose level after a mixed carbohydrate diet. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl scavenging activities of the SWE were evaluated to investigate the antioxidant activity of the SWE associated with complications of long-term diabetes. Furthermore, the postprandial blood glucose lowering effect of SWE was compared to a known type 2 diabetes drug(Acarbose®) in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. SWE significantly reduced the blood glucose increase after sucrose loading. These results suggest that SWE, which has high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and high antioxidant activities, has the potential to contribute to a useful dietary strategy for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chestnut inner shell powder on antioxidant activity and the quality characteristics of cookies. Cookies were prepared with different amounts of chestnut inner shell powder(in ratios of 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% to the flour quantity). The antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and the total phenol content in chestnut inner shell powder and cookies. For analyzing quality characteristics, bulk density and pH of the dough, spread factor, loss rate, leavening rate, color, texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluations were measured. The spread ratio, a values, total phenol contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of cookies significantly increased with increasing chestnut inner shell powder(p<0.001), while the pH of the dough, L values and b values of the cookies significantly decreased with increasing chestnut inner shell powder content(p<0.001). The consumer acceptability score for the 3% chestnut inner shell cookie groups ranked significantly higher(p<0.01) than those of the other groups in overall preference, flavor, taste and color. From these results, we suggest that chestnut inner shell is a good ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and the functionality of cookies.

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the somatic cell transfer nuclear (SCNT) procedures may cause the mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage, which may result in restricts the reprogramming of SCNT embryos and play a key direct role in apoptosis. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of antioxidant treatment during the SCNT procedures on the inhibition of mitochondria and DNA damages in bovine SCNT embryos. The reconstituted oocytes were treated with antioxidants of 25 μM β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) or 50 μM vitamin C (Vit. C) during the SCNT procedures. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed for controls. Mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential (ΔΨ) were evaluated by staining the embryos with MitoTracker Red or JC-1. Apoptosis was analyzed by Caspase-3 activity assay and TUNEL assay, and DNA fragmentation was measured by comet assay at the zygote stage. Mitochondrial morphology of non-treated SCNT embryos was diffused within cytoplasm without forming clumps, while the IVF embryos and antioxidant treated SCNT embryos were formed clumps. The ΔΨ of β-ME (1.3±0.1, red/green) and Vit. C-treated (1.4±0.2, red/green) SCNT embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of non-treated SCNT embryos (0.9±0.1, red/ green), which similar to that of IVF embryos (1.3±0.1, red/green). Caspase-3 activity was not difference among the groups. TUNEL assay also revealed that little apoptosis was occurred in SCNT embryos as well as IVF embryos regardless of antioxidant treatment. Comet tail lengths of β-ME and Vit. C-treated SCNT embryos (337.8±23.5 μm and 318.7 ±27.0 μm, respectively) were shorter than that of non-treated SCNT embryos (397.4± 21.4 μm) and similar to IVF embryos (323.3±10.6 μm). These results suggest that antioxidant treatment during SCNT procedures can inhibit the mitochondrial and DNA damages of bovine SCNT embryos.

Antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of aqueous extract from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf tea (LLTE) were investigated. The 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging effect, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and malondialdehyde inhibition of LLTE were increased in a dose dependent manner. Intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation resulting from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment was significantly reduced when LLTE were present in the media compared to PC12 cells treated with H2O2 only. In neuronal cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl- tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), LLTE showed protective effect against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase release into medium was also inhibited by LLTE (7.13-43.89%). Total phenolics of LLTE were 33.16 mg/g and a quercetin was identified as major phenolics (105.93 mg/100g). Therefore, above these data suggest that LLTE including quercetin may be useful in the natural antioxidant substance, and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disease.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of acorn (Quercus autissima carruther) powder on the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of cookies. Cookies were prepared with different amounts of acorn powder (at ratios of 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% to total flour quantity). Antioxidant activity was estimated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenol content in acorn powder and cookies. To analyze quality characteristics, bulk density, pH of the dough, spread factor, loss rate, leavening rate, color, texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluations were measured. Loss rate, a values, total polyphenol contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of cookies significantly increased with increasing acorn powder content (p〈0.01), whereas pH of the dough, L values and b values of the cookies significantly decreased with increasing acorn powder content (p〈0.01). The results of sensory evaluation (appearance, taste, flavor, texture and overall preference) demonstrate that the 3% acorn cookie group showed the highest degree of preference among all items of added acorn powder. From these results, we suggest that acorn is a good ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and functionality of cookies.

시판되는 남해산 흑마늘 4제품(A, B, C 및 D)을 이용하여 항산화 활성, 아질산염 소거 및 nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) 생성억제 활성을 비교하였다. 마늘 중 total pyruvate와 thiosulfate 함량은 생마늘보다 흑마늘에서 높았으며, B제품에서 가장 높은 함량이었다. 흑마늘의 물 및 에탄올 추출물에서 총 페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 물 추출물에서 높았으며, 흑마늘은 생마늘 추출물보다 높은 함량으로 A제품에서 다소 높게 정량되었다. 항산화 활성으로 DPPH, ABTs, hydroxyl 및 nitric oxide 라디칼 소거활성을 비교한 결과, 흑마늘이 생마늘보다 높았으며, 물 추출물이 에탄올 추출물보다 높은 소거활성을 보였고, A와 B제품간의 항산화 활성은 비슷한 경향이었다. 아질산염 소거활성과 NDMA 생성억제 활성은 항산화 활성과 동일한 경향이었으며, A제품의 활성이 유의적으로 높았다. 따라서 흑마늘의 NDMA 생성억제 활성이 항산화 활성과 유사한 패턴을 보이고 있는 바, 흑마늘은 생체 내 암 발생의 억제에도 영향을 줄 것으로 예상되었다.

This study compared the quality and antioxidant characteristics of commercial and traditional Doenjangs from various regions of Korea. The pH, salinity, and brix degree of the samples tested ranged from 4.61～6.36, 0.90～1.00% and 0.97～1.10 °Bx, respectively. The pH was highest for Doenjang made in the Jeonnam region. No significant differences in the salinity or brix degree of Doenjang from different regions of Korea were found(p>0.05). The L, a, and b-values for color of the Doenjang samples ranged from 52.92～55.00, 0.03～0.62 and －0.74～2.70, respectively. The total polyphenol content(TPC) ranged from 18.71～25.78 ㎎ GAE/㎖, and the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS) radical scavenging activities ranged from 6.43～14.38 and 2.46～7.08 ㎎ AE/㎖, respectively. The TPC was highest for Doenjang from Gyeongnam, while that from Gyeongbuk had the lowest content. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest for Doenjang from Jeonnam and lowest for Doenjang from Gangwon. The ABTS radical scavenging activities for Doenjang from Gyeonggi and Gyeongbuk were lower in comparison to samples from other regions. Consequently these results should provide better information for standardizing and improving the quality and functional activity of commercial Doenjang in Korea.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract from Chrysanthemum cornarium L. var. spatiosum(CSE) against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells, HIT-T15. In this study, the antidiabetic effect of CSE was examined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliu bromide(MTT) cell proliferation assay, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release assay, NAD+/NADH ratio and insulin secretion. To further investigate whether CSE is involved in the antioxidant activity of alloxan-damaged HIT-T15 cells, its antioxidant effect against alloxan-induced oxidative stress was measured in HIT-T15 cells by determining the levels of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione S-transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx). The results of this analysis showed that alloxan significantly decreased cell viability, increased LDH leakage, and lowered NAD+/NADH ratio and insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells. However, CSE significantly increased the viability of alloxan-treated cells and lowered LDH leakage. The intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and insulin secretion were also significantly increased by 1.7-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, after treatment with 100 ㎍/㎖ CSE. The HIT-T15 cells treated with alloxan showed significant decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, while CSE significantly elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes. These findings suggest that CSE could have a protective effect against cytotoxicity and dysfunction of pancreatic cells in the presence of alloxan-induced oxidative stress.

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effects of 4 citrus fruits including Hallabong,Cheonhyehyang, Cheonggyeon, and Jinjihyang. In this study the citrus fruits were separated in three parts of peel, pulp segment membrane (PSM), and pulp and extracted with methanol, then concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Total polyphenol contents ranged 23.497~42.341 mg/g in peel, 13.285~21.872 mg/g in PSM and 6.333~11.627 mg/g in pulp of the citrus fruits. The total polyphenol contents were highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. 1,1-diphenyl-2picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. 2,2’-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities were also highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. Reducing powers were highest in the peel of Cheonggyeon, in the PSM of Jinjihyang,and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. There were significant correlations in between total polyphenol contents and the radical scavenging activities, and reducing power each other. These results indicate that the 4 citrus fruits (Hallabong, Cheonhyehyang, Cheonggyeon, and Jinjihyang) evidently have antioxidant capacities and their peel parts have the highest antioxidant activities.

In vitro 항산화 활성을 갖는 율피 추출물의 향장 소재 특성을 조사하였다. 율피로부터의 다양한 추출물 중 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 60% 메탄올 추출물 및 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 각각 164.82 및 191.14 mg/g으로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 상기 두 분획물에 의한 in vitro 항산화 활성(DPPH radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation 저해)은 농도 의존적으로 증가한다는 것을 확인하였다. 상기 두 분획물은 UV-B(290-320 nm) 영역에서 강한 UV 흡수도를 보여주었다. 특히, 율피 유래 두 분획물은 1000 μg/mL에서 42.88 및 33.02%의 elastase 저해 활성을 나타내어 우수한 주름 개선 특성을 가지는 것을 보여주었다. 아울러, 율피로부터의 60% 메탄올 추출물 및 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 피부 상재균에 대하 여서도 항균 활성을 지니는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 율피에서 추출될 수 있는 물질이 향장 산업 소재로서 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하는 것으로 판단된다.