산업화에 의해 발생되어진 여러 가지 오염물질 가운데 중금속인 니켈, 코발트, 수은은 연안 해역으로 유입 시 극히 미량일지라도 생체 내 축적되어 해양생물의 생리 및 발생에 장애를 일으키는 것으로 알려져 있으며 먹이연쇄 (food chain)를 통해 생물확대 (biomagnification)됨으로써, 해양생태계 전반에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구는 유용 수산생물로써 조간대 암반 지역에 서식하는 말똥성게 (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)를 이용하여 니켈, 코발트, 수은의 생태 위해성을 조사하고자 한다. 성숙한 말똥성게 (H. pulcherrimus)에 0.5 M KCl를 주입하여 방란 및 방정을 유도한 후, 수집한 정자 및 난자를 니켈 (10, 25, 50, 100, 500 ppb), 코발트 (10, 100, 500, 1000, 2500 ppb) 그리고 수은 (10, 25, 50, 100, 500 ppb) 농도에서 10분간 인공수정 한 후, 수정 및 배아발생을 관찰하였다. 실험결과 수정률은 노출 된 각각의 니켈과 코발트 농도에 유의적인 영향을 받지 않았다. 수은은 농도가 증가할수록 농도 의존적으 로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 배아 발생률은 니켈, 코발트 및 수은 농도가 증가 할수록 농도 의존적으 로 유의적인 감소를 나타내었다. 말똥성게 (H. pulcherrimus)의 배아 발생률에 대한 니켈, 코발트 및 수은 의 영향을 독성치로 나타냈을 때, 무영향농도 (NOEC)는 10 ppb로 모두 같은 값으로 나타났고, 최소영향 농도 (LOEC)는 각각 25 ppb, 10 ppb, 10 ppb로 나타났으며, 반수영향농도 (EC50)는 각각 34.19 ppb, 71.84 ppb, 144.66 ppb로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, H. pulcherrimus의 배아 발생률을 이용한 생태독성 평가시, 니켈>코발트>수은 순으로 독성이 강한 것으로 나타났으며, 이들 중금속이 연안해역에 유입되어 10 ppb를 초과할 경우 연안 생태계 내에 서식하는 생물의 재생산에 유해한 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, the Comet assay (evaluation of DNA damage) used the fish hepatocellular carinoma cell, PLHC-1, was tried to the sediment extract obtained from freshwater to understand its applicability as a tool for monitoring sediment toxicity. In paralle

해양구조물 수중부의 해양생물 부착을 방지하는 효과적인 방법으로 방오도료를 사용하고 있다. 트리부틸틴(Tributyltin, TBT) 화합물은 우수한 방오성능을 가져 지금까지 광범위하게 사용해 되어 왔으나, 유해물질 사용금지에 따라 새로운 기술을 적용한 방오도료 개발이 진행되고 있다. 신규 방오도료는 낮은 독성을 가지면서도 우수한 방오성능을 가져야 한다. 본 논문에서는 상용 TBT-free 방오도료 3종(아산화동 함유 자기마모형 도료(Cu SPC AF), 아산화동을 함유하지 않는 자기마모형 도료(Cu-Free SPC AF), Foul-release 실리콘 도료(Foul release AF)의 용출수가 가지는 환경영향성을 조피볼락과 알테미아를 사용하여 평가하였다. 용출수에 대한 급성독성을 조사한 결과 방오도료 용출수의 농도와 생물종의 생존율은 반비례하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 자가마모형 도료가 Foul-release 실리콘 도료보다 상대적으로 높은 급성독성을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

해양생태 독성시험법의 중요성이 인식되면서 새로운 시험법의 개발과 더불어 유용수산생물을 이용하고자 하는 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있으나, 대부분의 시험법은 유해물질에 대한 급성독성을 평가하고 있다. 해양생태계 내에서 오랫동안 아치사 농도로써 생물에게 영향을 미치는 유해물질을 평가하기 위한, 만성독성 평가기법은 그 수가 대단히 한정되어 있다. 유용수산생물 자원인 미역(U ndar ia pinnatifida )은 생산자로서 해양생태계 내에서 중요한 위 치를 차지하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 유주자 방출, 발아, 수정 및 아포체 성장의 초기생활사 동안 실내배양이 가능하다. 실내 배양기간 동안 아포체 성장을 이용한 만성적 독성영향을 파악할 수 있어, 향후 해양생태 독성시험과 환경변화 등에 의해 발생하는 갯녹음 원인 구명에도 적절하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 성숙한 U . pinnatifida의 포자 엽으로부터 방출된 유주자를 6개 중금속(Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As)에 노출시켜 21일간 배양한 후에 아포체 성장률을 측정하였고, 이들 결과를 바탕으로 무영향농도(NOEC), 최소영향농도(LOEC)를 나타내는 독성평가를 실시하였다. 중 금속에 노출된 U . pinnatifida의 아포체 성장률은 중금속 농도가 증가할수록 급격히 감소하는 농도 의존성을 나타냈 다. 중금속이 아포체 성장에 미치는 영향의 정도를 살펴보면, 대부분이 0.1ppb 미만의 낮은 농도에서 NOEC가 관찰 되었고 LOEC의 경우도 Cd, Cu 및 Pb는 0.1ppb에서, Zn, Cr 및 As는 1ppb 정도의 매우 낮은 농도를 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Toxicity of seven environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), which have been used in the domestic market were evaluated on honeybee (Apis mellifera) and asian multicolored ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis). Three EFAMs made from plant extract agents (Wangjoongwang Eco, Bogum Eco and Bestop Eco) and four EFAMs made from microbial utilizing agents (Worldstar Eco, Goodmorning, Bluechip and Cameleon) were investigated as EFAMs. In evaluation of toxicity on honeybee, the RT25 values of 3 EFAMs made from plant extract agents ranged from 1 to 3 days. Therefore, honeybee should be released 1-3 days after application of these EFAMs. Meanwhile, the four agricultural materials made from microbial utilizing agents did not show any mortality against honeybee. In evaluating the toxicity to adult and larva ladybird beetles, all seven EFAMs made from plant extract agents and microbial utilizing agents to show any mortality.

원예용 오이방제 약제로 등록된 51종 살균제에 대하여 진디혹파리(Aphidoletes aphidimyza) 알에 대한 독성을 조사하였다. 농약보조제에 대한 독성평가는 실시하지 않았다. ethaboxam+Famoxadone, Copper oxychoride+dithianon, dimethomorph+ dithianon 에서 각각 21.5%, 18.6%, 16.4%의 살충독성을 보였을 뿐, 실험에 사용된 모든 약제는 30% 이하의 낮은 살충독성을 나타내었다. 10% 이상의 독성을 보인 약제는 5종 뿐이었으며 나머지 46종의 약제는 10% 이하의 독성을 보였다. Flucioxonile과 Kresoxim-methyl의 경우 콜레마니진디벌 성충에 대하여 각각 90.6%와 53.1%의 살충률을 보이나 진디혹파리 알에 대하여는 각각 3.1%와 9.7%의 낮은 살충률을 보였다.

시설채소 재배농가에서 생물적 방제와 상호보완적으로 사용할 수 있는 저독성약제에 대한 정보 요구가 증가되고 있어 착색단고추 및 딸기재배지의 주요 해충인 점박이응애의 포식성 천적인 사막이리응애에 대해 착색단고추와 딸기에 방제약제로 등록되어 있는 주요 살충제 50종을 저독성 및 잔효독성을 평가하였다. 원예용 농약을 추천농도로 희석하여 사막이리응애 성충에 분무처리한 결과 IOBC기준으로 저독성(사충율, 30% 이하)인 살충제는 아세타미프리드(수), 인독 사카브(수), 피메트로진(수), 루페루론(유), 플로니카미드(입상), 플루벤디아마이드 (액상), 노발루론(액상), 메톡시페노자이드(액상), 아세퀴노실(액상), 플루페녹수론 (분산성액제), 에톡싸졸(액상), 헥시티아족스(수) 등 12종이었다. 착색단고추에서 약제 살포 1일후 보정사충율이 30%이하인 살충제는 스피노사드(액상), 인독사카브(액상), 클로티아니딘(수), 클로티아니딘(액상), 티아클로프리드(액상), 티오디카브(수), 피리다벤(수), 피리프록시펜(유), 스피네토람(입상) 등 9종으로 평가되었다.

This study examined the biostability and drug delivery efficiency of g-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles (GMNs) by cytotoxicity tests using various tumor cell lines and normal cell lines. The GMNs, approximately 20 nm in diameter, were prepared using a chemical coprecipitation technique, and coated with two surfactants to obtain a water-based product. The particle size of the GMNs loaded on hangamdan drugs (HGMNs) measured 20-50 nm in diameter. The characteristics of the particles were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-TEM) and Raman spectrometer. The Raman spectrum of the GMNs showed three broad bands at 274, 612 and 771 cm1. A 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the GMNs were non-toxic against human brain cancer cells (SH-SY5Y, T98), human cervical cancer cells (Hela, Siha), human liver cancer cells (HepG2), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), colon cancer cells (CaCO2), human neural stem cells (F3), adult mencenchymal stem cells (B10), human kidney stem cells (HEK293 cell), human prostate cancer (Du 145, PC3) and normal human fibroblasts (HS 68) tested. However, HGMNs were cytotoxic at 69.99% against the DU145 prostate cancer cell, and at 34.37% in the Hela cell. These results indicate that the GMNs were biostable and the HGMNs served as effective drug delivery vehicles.

The purpose of this study was to introduce the toxicological study review to evaluate the safety of PDMS on the 69th JECFA meeting. Polydimethylsiloxane is a polymer and its ADI was established at 23rd JECFA meeting in 1979. The ADI was maintained although the specification was expanded at its 26th, 29 th, 37 th meetings. Recently, it was reported that PDMS with low molecular weight and viscosity has high absorption rate and different toxicity, so it was submitted at 69th meeting. Toxicological studies of PDMS were submitted from the sponsor and additional information is collected from a document searching. The toxicological studies were reviewed in accordance with the 'Guidelines for the preparation of toxicological working papers for the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives'. In the available acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies on PDMS, dose-related increases in incidence and severity of ocular lesions(corneal crystal, inflammation of the corneal epithelium etc.) were consistently observed after oral dosing. It seems to be a local irritant effect, but the mechanism by which the ocular lesions arose is unclear, although the lack of absorption of PDMS indicates that it is unlikely to be a direct systemic effect. Consequently, the relevance of the ocular lesions for food use of PDMS could not be determined. The ADI of PDMS was re-established from 0-1.5 mg/kg bw/day to 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day by applying additional safety factor 2 based on its ocular toxicity. The result of 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day is a temporary ADI until further data are provided to 2010.

KNI3126 which is the eco-friendly material made by plant extracts - neem and matrine - have been evaluated for efficacies against 6 main pests and toxicity on natural enemies. Insecticidal efficacies of KNI3126 against plant hopper were above 95% at 5 days after treatment (DAT), whereas pesticidal effects against the cotton aphid were above 95% at 3 DAT and slightly decreased at 5 DAT. Insecticidal efficacy against the palm thrips resulted in lower control value as 68.1% than that of chemical insecticides. KNI3126 showed more than 95% control value against diamond back moth, suggesting that it could suppress the population of pest hard to control as eco-friendly material. Mortalities against two-spotted spider mite were about 80% at 1 DAT and over 90% at 5 DAT, respectively. For evaluation of the toxicity on natural enemies, effect against predatory natural enemy was classified as moderate selective toxicity based on the criterion of International Organization of Bio-Control (IOBC), whereas against parasitic natural enemies was found to be relatively safe. Repellent effect was weak against plant hopper, but strong against two-spotted spider mite. In the toxicity test for safety, KNI3126 was classified as the lowest level at acute oral, acute dermal and fish toxicity test and did not induce the irritancy at skin irritation test and eye irritation test.

본 연구는 영산강유역 농공폐수처리장 방류수중의 유기오염물질 분포를 관찰하였다. 시료채취 지점은 영산강 유역에 존재하는 4지점의 농공단지 폐수처리장을 선정하였다. 본 연구에서 GC-Ion trap MS로 300종의 일반적인 화학물질을 ppt수준에서 검출할 수 있는 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 농공폐수처리방류수에서 검출된 주요 유기오염물질은 농약류, CH구조의 방향족, CHO구조의 프탈레이트류, 그리고 CHO(N) 구조의 아로메틱 아민류였다. 또한 diethylphthalate를 포함한 17종의 내분비계장애물질이 검출되었다. XTT assay를 이용한 세포독성 결과는 TV로 나타냈으며, 그들의 세포독성은 A지점에서 27.2, D지점에서 24.4로 가장 높게 나타났다. 한편 화학적 분석 결과와 생물학적 독성도와는 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

Toxicity of 10 registered insecticides and 6 fertilizers were tested against 3<SUP>rd</SUP> larva and adults of Korean firefly, Luciola lateralis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). All experiments were tested at the recommended concentration of each inescticides by producer. MEP, PAP, Acephate, Fenthion, and Diazinon, which were organophates, a mixtures combined with Burofezin fenobucarb, Cartap ･･ buprofezin, and Thiamethoxam (Neonicotinoids), Fipronil (Phenylpyrazoles) showed more 80.0% mortality on larva and adults of L. lateralis. However, tebufenozide (I.G.R) showed low mortality of 33.3%. LC₅₀ (ppm) value of Assit, Cartapㆍbuprofezin, Fenthion and PAP were showed 1.03 ppm, 1.90 ppm, 10.26 ppm, 0.98 ppm, respectively, against 3<SUP>rd</SUP> larva of L. lateralis. Effects against eggs showed very high toxicity. Otherwise, tebufenozide (I.G.R) was showed hatchability of 100%. Toxicity of Urea fertilizer, Ammonium sulfate, Potassium chloride, Fused phosphate, Complex fertilizer and Silicate fertilizer were showed the mortality with 27.3%, 56.7%, 73.3%, 0.0%, 0.0%, 0.0%, respectively, when exposed 72 hrs after treatment.

This study was carried out to evaluate the genotoxicity of the gamma-irradiated (0, 5 and 10 kGy) milk and ice cream. The Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay was performed using S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 as tester strains. The number of revertant colonies were not increased in both milk and ice cream, compared with negative controls with or without metabolic activation. There were no significant differences among the irradiation doses. These results indicate that the gamma-irradiated milk and ice cream do not show any genotoxic effect under these experimental conditions, and that they may be safe genotoxically.

For the development of integrated pest management system by harmonizing biological and chemical control, some experiments were carried out to select low toxic pesticides and to evaluate residual toxicity to natural enemies. Leaf dipping method and body dipping method were set up for evaluating toxicity to minute pirate bug, Orius strigicollis adult. We had tested 52 kinds of pesticides (33 insecticides, 19 fungicides) commonly used to control greenhouse insects, mites, and disease pests to natural enemies at the recommended concentration. Fourteen insecticides by body dipping method, 12 insecticides by leaf dipping method and 19 fungicides were selected as low toxic pesticides to O. strigicollis adult. After insecticide spraying at recommending dose on the sweet pepper plant, we examined residual effect of insecticides by introducing natural enemies on different days. Safety interval for introduction of O. strigicollis adult was established according to residual toxicity of pesticides. Safety insecticides at one day after treatment were pyraclofos, methomyl, thiodicarb, esfenvalerate bifenthrin, alpha-cypermethrin, etofenprox, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, indoxacarb. However, residual toxicity of neo-nicotinoids last up to 21 days to O. strigicollis adults.

As the results achieved by the evaluation of toxicities on an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius colemani by 79 pesticides registered as horticultural pesticide and 4 adjuvants for pest control, 6 insecticides including a-cypermethrin, 13 fungicides including metalaxyl-M+mancozeb and 4 acaricides including bifenazate showed low toxicity against A. colemani adult. Low toxicity was showed in all the 4 adjuvants as well. In residual toxicity test from 40 pesticides which showed toxicity more than 50%, A. colemani was safe from 11 pesticides from the 3th day after treatment, 7 pesticides from the 5th day after treatment and 14 pesticides from the 7th day after treatment, respectively. But, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diflubenzuron+chlorpyrifos, etofenprox+diazinone and imidachloprid+chlorpyrifos showed high toxicities reaching 100%, 97.7%, 100% and 100% respectively, even from the 7th day after treatment. To evaluate the control effect by A. colemani against Myzus persicae in a greenhouse, A. colemani was released at parasitoid versus aphids rates of 1:50 and 1:100 when the population of M. persicae was 50 per plant. After release, aphids population remained steady for 20 days after release at the level of around 60 aphids per plant During the investigation, insecticides for thrips control and fungicides for powdery mildew control were treated, but didn"t affect the mummy forming of A. colemani. It may be suggested from these results that the selected insecticides, fungicides, acaricides and adjuvent could be incorporated into the integrated M. persicae management system with A. colemani on greenhouse cultivation.