This study assessed the preparation and quality characteristics of cookies prepared from Taraxacum coreamm powder (TCP) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%) substituting wheat flour. The pH of the cookie dough significantly decreased with increasing TCP. However the density of the cookie dough was not significantly different among the test groups. The baking loss rate of the groups with TCP was slightly lower, whereas the moisture content was higher than the control group. The spread factor of the cookies decreased significantly with increasing TCP. The hardness of the cookies increased as TCP increased. In Hunter’s color value, the L and a value of the cookies decreased with increasing TCP, while the b value increased. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the cookies significantly increased with increasing TCP. Based on the above results, this study suggested that TCP can be a good ingredient to increase the functionality of cookies.

This study was conducted to find out the bakery processing suitability of maca and to develop rice-based processed foods. We investigated the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of rice cookies prepared with the addition of maca (Lepidium meyenii) powder (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the total materials). We observed an increase in the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, and DPPH-ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of the rice cookies as the proportion of added maca powder increased (p<0.05). The quality characteristics such as the “a” value, “b” value, and the hardness of the cookies increased with an increase in the proportion of maca powder (p<0.05) in the cookie, whereas the moisture content, pH of the dough, spread ratio, loss rate, leavening rate, and “L” values showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation results, consumer acceptability showed a significantly higher value in the 2% maca cookie group (p<0.05), and the characteristic intensity rating (color, flavor, bitterness) increased as the proportion of maca added to the cookie increased (p<0.05). Therefore, this suggests that adding 2% maca powder as the functional ingredient in rice cookies can result in rice bakery products with excellent qualities.

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity and anticancer effect of Coprinus comatus (C. comatus) extracts. Free radical scavenging capacity of the C. comatus extracts was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH assay. C. comatus exhibited the strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. In vitro tests were also performed to examine the anticancer activity of C. comatus against 293 human normal epithelial kidney cells and various human cancer cell lines including AGS, Hela and HCT-15. C. comatus extracts showed the potent cancer cell-selective growth inhibitory activity against AGS, Hela, and HCT-15 cells, but slightly inhibited 293 normal cell growth. We examined several biological activities such as antitumor effects of C. comatus extracts in vivo. Solid tumors were induced by Sarcoma-180 inoculation in the left groin of BALB/c mice and then C. comatus extracts were oral administered. After 5 weeks, all mice were sacrificed and their tumor weights were measured. C. comatus extracts exhibited the most effective antitumor activity, and the tumor growth rate was inhibited by 55% in comparison with control group. Taken together, these results indicate that C. comatus extracts showed high antioxidant activity and possessed powerful antitumor activity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the content of functional components and the antioxidant activity of cooked rice and porridge composed of selected grains. The results of the study showed that brown rice and oat contained considerable amounts of γ-oryzanol (78.099~238.566 mg/100 g). However, cooked rice showed a decreased content of the same. The highest content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed in brown rice from Samgwang. The contents of biotin in all samples also decreased in cooked rice compared to raw cereal grains. The highest content of total polyphenols and flavonoids were observed in Heukjinmi rice, and the highest radical scavenging activity was also found in this variety. The cooking process led to a decrease in the content of functional components including γ-oryzanol, GABA, biotin, polyphenols, and flavonoids versus the corresponding raw cereal grains. These results may be useful in the development and application of home meal replacements using cereal grains.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder after undergoing different extraction solvent processes. The total phenolic content of Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder measured a 14.66 GAE mg/g after undergoing ethanol extraction, and the total flavonoid content measured at 201.23 mg CE/g when undergoing ethanol extraction. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was 160.38~209.53 TEAC umol/g, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 53.99~90.76 TEAC umol/g, which indicated a higher level of antioxidant power in the ethanol extract as opposed to in the water extract. The FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) of Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder was 115.58~194.58 TEAC umol/g, and B. subtilis KCTC 2189 showed greater antimicrobial activity in the ethanol extract (concentration 200 ug/uL) as opposed to the water extract. Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder revealed differences in antioxidant and antimicrobial activity between the different extraction solvents. In particular, ethanol extract had higher antioxidant and antibacterial activity, meaning it is more favorable for usage as a functional food material.

본 연구는 국내에서 재배한 어성초를 각기 다른 조건에서 저장한 후 어성초의 추출액을 이용한 천연 화장품 소재로서의 타당성을 분석하였다. quercetin 의 함량은 건 어성초보다 생 어성초에서 더 높았으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 측정한 결과 건 어성초가 생 어성초에 비해 상대적으로 높은 함량으로 분석되었으나 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성은 생 어성초가 상대적으로 높은 결과를 보였다. ROS 소거능과 산화질소 생성 억제율은 생 어성초에서 높은 억제율을 보였으나 100 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 건 어성초가 산화질소를 더 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 염증성 사이토카인의 감소를 측정한 결과 IL-1β는 건 어성초가 비교적 높은 감소 효과가 나타났고, IL-6와 TNF-α는 생 어성초에서 높은 감소 효과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로부터 생 어성초는 초기 염증 반응에 효과적이며 건 어성초는 염증이 만성 단계로 악화하는 것을 예방하는데 효과적인 것으로 예상된다.

풀버섯(Volvariella volvacea) 균주 4종의 추출물에 대한 항산화 활성, 아질산염 소거능, 베타글루칸 함량 및 아미노산 성분분석을 통한 영양성분 함량을 분석하였다. 풀버섯 4종의 균주 중 Vv 균주(KMCC04386)의 DPPH 라디컬 소거능(23.7%)이 가장 높았으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 Vv-Chi 균주(KMCC04382)가 각각 8.17 mg GAE/g, 3.46 mg QE/g으로 가장 높았으며, 철 환원 항산화능(0.152) 및 환원력(0.094) 역시 Vv-Chi 균주에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 아질산염 소거능은 풀버섯 균주 간 유의적 차이는 없었다(p<0.05). 베타글루칸 함량은 VG-19 균주(KMCC04380)가 17.53% (w/w)로 가장 높았다. 총 아미노산 및 총 필수아미노산 함량은 VG-19 균주가 각각 986.8 mg/kg과 369.3 mg/kg으로 균주들에 비하여 가장 높게 검출되었다. VG-19 균주의 경우, 시스테인(Cys)이 171.0 mg/kg으로 다른 균주들에 비하여 월등히 높게 검출되었으며 그 외에도 아스파르트산(Asp), 세린(Ser), 글루탐산(Glu), 알라닌(Ala), 이소류신(Ile), 류신(Leu) 등의 감칠맛, 단맛을 내는 아미노산 성분과 일부 필수아미노산 성분이 다른 균주에 비하여 높게 검출되었다. 본 연구결과, 풀버섯 4종의 균주 중에서 DPPH 라디 컬소거능을 제회한 항산화 활성은 Vv-Chi 균주가 가장 높았으며, 베타글루칸 함량 및 영양성분 함량은 VG-19 균주가 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 소비도 및 인지도가 높은 식용 버섯인 큰느타리(Pleurotus eryngii), 느타리(Pleurotus ostreatus), 표고(Lentinula edodes), 팽이(Flammulina velutipes)의 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료를 대상으로 상온 (20-25 ̊C) 및 저온저장(4 ̊C) 3개월 후의 시료와 저장 전의 시료와의 항산화능, 아질산염 소거능 및 베타글루칸 성분 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 큰느타리와 표고의 열풍건조 시료를 제외하고 다른 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료의 상온저장 처리가 가장 낮은 소거능을 나타냈다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 큰느타리와 표고 열풍건조 시료를 제외하고 상온저장 시 함량치가 가장 낮았으며, 모든 식용 버섯류의 로스팅 시료에서 저장 전에 비하여 상온 및 저온저장 시에 함량이 감소하였다. 철환원 항산화능은 표고의 로스팅 시료를 제외하고 다른 버섯류의 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료에서 저장 전에 비하여 상온 및 저온저장 시료에서 높아지는 경향이었으며, 환원력은 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료의 상온 및 저온저장 시에 저장 전에 비하여 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 베타글루칸 함량의 경우, 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료의 상온 저장된 시료에서 가장 낮은 함량치를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 식용버섯 가공원료의 상온 또는 저온저장 시에 버섯에 함유되어 있는 항산화, 베타글루칸 등과 같은 유용한 생리활성 성분의 변화 정도를 예측할 수 있는 기초적 자료로서 그 활용도가 높으리라 기대된다.

The oriental plum (Prunus salicina) is one of the most popular fruits in Korea due to its sweet taste and pleasant aroma. The objective of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of a puree made using plums stored at low-temperatures. The quality characteristics were determined by estimating total soluble solids (TSS, °Brix), titratable acidity (TA, % citric acid), TSS/TA ratio, pH, colors, sugar content, and sensory profiles. The antioxidant effects were estimated by total polyphenol and flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the plum puree containing both the flesh and the peel had markedly higher red coloration (a* value) than the puree without the peel, while yellow coloration (b* value) and lightness (L* value) were lower in the puree without the peel than with the peel. The sensory qualities including the plum taste and flavor, texture as well as overall acceptance showed no significant variation between the samples. Meanwhile, the total polyphenol/flavonoid content and radical scavenging activities were significantly improved by the presence of fruit peel and by frozen storage. These findings suggest that frozen plums could be a suitable ingredient for making a puree and concentrate for the food manufacturing industry.

The purpose of this study was to prepare Korean traditional vinegar using ginseng radices (wild simulated ginseng, red ginseng), and to investigate its functional ingredients and functionality. The total amino acid content of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar was 124.36 mg% and 168.37 mg%, respectively, which was confirmed to be higher than the total amino acid content of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (70.71 mg%, 76.29 mg%). In addition, the polyphenol contents of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar were 73.26 mg/g and 82.43 mg/g, respectively, which was confirmed to be higher than that of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (43.42 mg/g, 51.32 mg/g). And also, the DPPH electron donating ability of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar was 893.26 μg/mL, 803.92 μg/mL, which showed that the scavenging ability was better than that of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (1253.21 μg/mL, 1021.01 μg/mL). On the other hand, it was confirmed that red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar contain 0.024% and 0.028% of compound K, a unique component of fermented ginseng, which is not contained in red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng. From these results, it was confirmed that Korean traditional vinegar using ginseng radices is a traditional functional food with functional ingredients and antioxidant activity.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum species) has long been an excellent functional food. Besides, buckwheat sprouts contain various functional substances. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of buckwheat sprouts in the context of cultivars harvested after different cultivation periods (0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, and 15 days after planting). Buckwheat sprouts were cultivated at 25oC for up to 15 days and then extracted with ethanol. Antioxidant components were then extracted from sprouts and leaves using a freeze dryer. The total polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were then analyzed. The total polyphenol content increased from 32.26 mg GA eq/100 g for raw buckwheat to 114.75 mg GA eq/100 g after 7 days of cultivation. Also, the flavonoid content increased from 20.61 mg catechin eq/100 g (0 days) to 56.54 mg/g after 9 days of cultivation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity (concentration of extract at 0.25 mg/mL) increased from 7.89% at day 0 to 53.48% after 9 days of cultivation. Additionally, the ABTS radical scavenging activity increased from 10.26% at day 0 to 32.89% after 7 days of cultivation; of note, the activity decreased afterward. These results suggest that the best buckwheat sprouts with higher biological activities are those cultivated for 7-9 days. For a complete understanding of the potential of buckwheat sprouts as functional foods, we plan to further analyze their antioxidant activity in the future.

This experiment was conducted to assess the high antioxidant activity varieties of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) from the 55 accessions. The antioxidant activity of Chinese cabbage were determined by the TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and chlorophyll, carotenoid contents. The TPC and TFC showed a range of 1.21~4.61 mg GAE/g DW, 0.18~3.09 mg CE/g DW. The DPPH and ABTS assay were in the range of 0.65~4.36 and 1.42~6.91 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE)/g DW, respectively. The UPLC analysis was performed quantitatively to identify chlorophyll and carotenoid in the Chinese cabbage extract. The levels of the total chlorophyll and total carotenoid were 86.60~1,235.91, and 75.86~490.11 μg/g, respectively. The comprehensive differences in the total and individual chlorophyll contents have also been observed among different varieties. These results will be valuable as basic data for the standardization of Chinese cabbage.

당화공정이 간편한 장점이 있는 팽화미의 이용성을 높이기 위하여 팽화미를 당화한 후 항산화 효과가 좋은 레몬밤을 첨가하여 알코올 발효를 하고, 이를 이용하여 제조한 식초의 품질 특성과 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 효소로 당화한 팽화미에 레몬밤 추출물을 농도별로 첨가하여 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11201로 알코올 발효 후 알코올 함량 6% 및 초기 산도 2%로 조절한 다음, Acetobacter aceti KCCM 40229로 30oC, 200 rpm로 15일간 초산 발효를 하여 식초를 제조하였다. 팽화미 식초의 pH 및 알코올 함량은 발효가 진행되면서 전체적으로 감소하였고, 총산은 발효 15일째 5.20±0.01%(레몬밤 2.0%)-5.80±0.01%(레몬밤 0.0%)로 레몬밤 첨가량이 증가할수록 총산이 약간 낮게 나타났다. 팽화미 식초의 유기산 함량은 발효 15일에 5.26%(레몬밤 2.0%)-5.97%(레몬밤 0.0%)이었으며, acetic acid의 함량이 가장 높았다. 팽화미 식초의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량은 레몬밤 첨가량이 많을수록 함량이 높았으며, 발효 15 일에 각각 179.4±4.5 mg/kg(레몬밤 0.0%)-340.8±2.6 mg/kg(레몬밤 2.0%) 및 1.5±0.3 mg/kg(레몬밤 0.0%)-31.7±0.3 mg/ kg(레몬밤 2.0%)이었다. 레몬밤 첨가량이 많을수록 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성, FRAP(환원력) 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 높게 나타나 레몬밤 2.0% 처리구는 발효 15일에 각각 82.99±0.61%, 1.08±0.01 abs.(at 593 nm), 87.67±0.68%를 나타냈다. 본 연구결과 레몬밤을 첨가한 팽화미 식초가 항산화 활성을 갖는 식초로 활용될 수 있는 가능성이 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

Pleurotus djamor var. roseus is an edible mushroom isolated from the wild and cultivated on paddy straw substrates. The present study was carried out to compare the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of P. djamor var. roseus at different growth stages (primordia, basidiomata, and mycelia). The protein content was is in the range of 31.48 to 35.50 g/100g dw. The crude fiber content ranged from 8.0 to 14.60 g, and that of total carbohydrates ranged from 44.75 to 48.90 g. Sodium, magnesium, and calcium reached the maximum levels in basidiomata, and selenium was detected in basidiomata and mycelia (0.47 - 0.22 mg/Kg). The amino acid profile showed that all essential and nonessential amino acids and glycine showed maximum levels in basidiomata and 15.98 ± 0.01 g/100g. The fatty acid profile showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; the unsaturated fatty acid content was maximum in all of the samples, ranging from 76 – 40.41%. The total phenol and flavonoid contents as well as the scavenging (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) activities in the context of methanol and water extracts from primordia, basidiomata, and mycelium were determined. Among them, basidiomata and mycelial methanol extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Overall, these findings show that P. djamor var. roseus can be used as a functional food for daily consumption.

액체종균으로 생육된 표고의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성을 수확 주기에 따라 비교하였다. 수확 주기가 경과 됨에 따라 수분 함량은 유의차가 없었으나, 조지방 및 조단백질 함량은 감소되는 경향이었다. β-Glucan 함량은 1 주기 버섯에서 가장 많았으며, 2 및 3주기 버섯은 1주기 버섯의 68.5% 및 62.3% 수준이었다. 무기물은 버섯의 갓과 대에서 비슷한 함량이었으며, 2주기 버섯의 갓에서 무기물 함량은 가장 많았다. 구성 및 유리아미노산은 수확 주기가 경과됨에 따라 감소되는 경향이었으며, 필수아미 노산 함량은 1주기 버섯에서 가장 많았다. 총 페놀 함량 은 1주기 버섯의 갓에서 31.96 mg/100 g, 대에서 21.10 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았으며, 수확 주기가 경과됨에 따라 감소되는 경향이었다. 플라보노이드 함량은 1주기 버섯의 갓에서 11.13 mg/100 g이었으며 수확 주기가 경과됨에 따라 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 항산화 활성도 1주기 버섯에서 가장 높았으며, 수확 주기가 경과됨에 따라 유의적으로 감소되는 경향이었다. 따라서 액체종균으로 생육된 표고의 3주기 버섯은 품질특성면에서 1주기 버섯에 비해 시장성에 손색이 없을 것으로 생각된다.

목적 : 항산화 기능을 가지는 하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈(Hy)를 제조하기 위해 갈릭산(Gallic acid: GA)을 Hy에 상 분리 없이 도입시키는 방법에 관해 연구하고, 갈릭산이 첨가된 렌즈의 물리적 특성 및 항산화 효과를 살펴보고 자 한다. 방법 : 하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈는 실험실에서 열중합방법으로 제조하였다. 갈릭산과의 결합을 위해 사용된 Chitosan(Cs) 은 100~300 kDa(CL), 600~800 kDa(CH) 분자량을 가진 두 종류를 사용하였으며, Hy에 IPN(Interpenetrating polymer network) 방법으로 첨가하였다. 광 투과율은 300~800 nm 파장 범위에서 측정하였으며, 함수율은 중량 법으로 측정하였다. 키토산과 갈릭산 간의 amide bonding은 FT-IR을 이용하여 확인하였으며, 첨가된 갈릭산의 양 은 298 nm에서 측정한 UV 흡광도 값으로 정량하였다. 렌즈의 항산화 효과는 DPPH radical 소거능 분석 방법을 사용하였다. 결과 : 광 투과율은 Hy에서 95%, Hy-CL-GA와 Hy-CH-GA에서 91%를 보였다. 함수율은 Hy에서 50.5±1.2%, Hy-CL-GA에서 52.4±0.7%, Hy-CH-GA에서 55.6±0.6%로 나타났다. 렌즈에 결합된 갈릭산의 양은 Hy-CLGA와 Hy-CH-GA에서 0.30, 0.37 mmol/cm2로 각각 나타났으며, 항산화 효과는 Hy-CL-GA에서 48.23%, Hy- CH-GA에서는 58.32%로 나타나 갈릭산을 첨가한 두 렌즈에서 매우 높은 항산화 기능을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론 : 키토산과 갈릭산을 활용하여 광 투과율과 함수율이 높고 항산화 효과를 가진 기능성 하이드로겔 콘택트 렌즈를 제조하였다. 렌즈에 결합된 갈릭산의 양이 증가함에 따라 함수율과 항산화 효과가 증가하였다. 콘택트렌즈 에 다당류와 폴리페놀류의 화합물을 첨가하는 방법을 제시함으로써 단백질 억제, 습윤성 향상, 항산화 기능 등을 함유한 다 기능성 렌즈 제조에 기여할 것으로 본다.

The prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), native to Mexico, has grown in popularity and is locally grown and adapted on Jeju Island. The fruits of this cactus species are in particular widely employed as raw materials, which are then processed into various food and medicinal items, including chocolates and vitamins, for purposes of human consumption. Because this crop has been dubbed one of Jeju’s iconic agricultural crops, research studies elucidating the prickly pear cactus’ medicinal properties, including antioxidant activity, of this particular plant and related cultivated species have demonstrated high value to the scientific community. Currently, consumers do not purchase products f or c onsumption a lone, but in a ddition f or t heir added health benef its. The present study in particular honed in on two species of prickly pear cactus that are cultivated on Jeju Island which include: ‘Baeknyeoncho’ (Opuntia ficus-indica) and ‘Cheonnyeoncho’ (Opuntia humifusa). From these species, s pecif ci p lant p arts i ncluding t he f lower, mature and y oung stems, roots, a nd f ruit w ere subjected to further antioxidant analysis, which included the determination of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and anthocyanin levels. These particular antioxidants were determined during two seasons, over the course of the summer and winter. Results revealed that the antioxidant activity for both species was more active during the summer season. Antioxidant levels occurred at the highest rates within t he flowers o f the c actus plants. However, of significant note was that the cactus stem, in both mature and young plants, possessed higher antioxidant activity compared to those of the fruit that is currently employed for commercial purposes.

The extracts of four species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms—Cantharellus cinnabarinus (OK1247), Lactarius parallelus (OK1264), Tricholoma matsutake (OK1282), and Ramaria botrytis (OK1283)—were prepared to determine their antioxidant activities and nutritional properties. R. botrytis extract displayed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (33.8%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.38), reducing power (0.35), total polyphenol (13.83 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid contents (2.56 mg quercetin equivalent/g). L. parallelus extract displayed the highest nitrite scavenging activity. Analysis of amino acid contents revealed that C. cinnabarinus extract had the highest total amino acid (1,046.1 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (404.9 mg/kg) contents, while R. botrytis extract had the lowest total amino acid (708.3 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (247.3 mg/kg) contents. Among the amino acid components detected in the four ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, cysteine was the most abundant, accounting for 14.3~20.7%, followed by phenylalanine, which accounted for 9.5 ~13.4% of all amino acids. In summary, the antioxidant activities were the highest in R. botrytis extract, and the amino acid content was the highest in C. cinnabarinus extract, among the four ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.