Living organisms are based on the mass flux that induces various biological reactions using nanosized asymmetric ion channels as highly selectivity. However, it is the aggressive challenge to use these channels for artificial membranes because these are fragile and susceptible to deterioration under pH, temperature, mechanical stress, etc. This study, for the first time, synthesized a virus nanochannel-embedded thin film composite membrane. This membrane shows the extremely high ion selectively as well as low resistance. This property can be used to extract various multi-energies, for example, external pressure, water dropping, temperature difference, etc. This electricity results from the entropy gradient between membrane like electric eels.

This study examined differences in South Korean students’ motivation to learn English as a foreign (EFL) from elementary to high school, and investigated the impact of private education experience on their English learning. A questionnaire was administrated to 7,957 students in elementary through high school. This crosssectional survey results revealed that EFL students’ motivation to learn English presented different levels of medians depending on their school grades and levels; it showed lowering trends from the elementary to high school levels. However, during the same period, students’ perceptions of the importance of learning English was not in a downward trend. Students with private education experience tended to have a higher level of motivation than did those without private education experience, especially with respect to instrumental, intrinsic, and integrative motivations. Socioeducational factors in South Korea, such as excessive pressure from the College Scholastic Ability Test and hakbul orientation, are discussed.

This present study deals with the microstructure and tensile properties of 600 MPa-grade high strength and seismic resistant reinforcing steels. The high strength reinforcing steel (SD 600) was fabricated by Tempcore processing, while the seismic resistant reinforcing steel (SD 600S) was air-cooled after hot-rolling treatment. The microstructure analysis results showed that the SD 600 steel specimen consisted of a tempered martensite and ferrite-pearlite structure after Tempcore processing, while the SD 600S steel specimen had a fully ferrite-pearlite structure. The room-temperature tensile test results indicate that, because of the enhanced solid solution and precipitation strengthening caused by relatively higher contents of C, Mn, Si and V in the SD 600S steel specimen, this specimen, with fully ferrite-pearlite structure, had yield and tensile strengths higher than those of the SD 600 specimen. On the other hand, the hardness of the SD 600 and SD 600S steel specimens changed in different ways according to location, dependent on the microstructure, ferrite grain size, and volume fraction.

The objective of this study was to increase the efficiency of starch extraction from potato sludge by different concentration of food-grade hemicellulase. The potato sludge, which is a by-product of potato processing industry, was treated with food-grade hemicellulase. Starch extraction efficiency displayed no significant difference in hemicellulase concentration. The purities of potato starch increased from 83.40 to 95.91, 97.44, 95.58, and 97.79%, with treated 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5% hemicellulase, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the starches, such as granule structure, particle size, pasting, and thermal transition, were not affected by the concentration of hemicellulase. These results indicate that food-grade hemicellulase treatment is an efficient method for starch extraction from potato sludge.

This study analyzed the effect on weight and average daily gain, carcass grade, and blood characteristics and immunity in case of dietary addition of pegmatite to Hanwoo steers. Relative to Hanwoo steers, initial body weight was 257.3±11.74 kg (8-months old after birth). Forty-eight Hanwoo steers were fed for 24 months using random arrangement (4 treatment plots×4 heads×3 repeat). The treatment plot (498.75~500.82 kg) had higher weight during the early fattening stage compared with that of the control plot (474.37 kg) (p<0.05). Regarding total cholesterol of the blood, the value was similar to one during initiation of testing, but the value increased gradually based on the progress of fattening. In addition, the triglyceride was considerably low in T2~T3 plots with high addition of pegmatite during the late fattening stage compared with other treatment plots (p<0.05). This study revealed a tendency in the IgG content that represented immunity as the addition of pegmatite became higher (p>0.05). This study found that the treatment plot (441.55~452.10 kg) had higher carcass weight compared with the control plot (436.30 kg). However, this study revealed that the treatment plot (2.30~2.55 points) had higher carcass quantity grade compared with the control plot (2.11 points). This study found that the control plot (3.55 points) had higher carcass quality grade compared with the treatment plot (2.67~3.09 points) (p>0.05). With studies combined, it was determined that dietary addition of pegmatite to the feed as clay minerals in fattening Hanwoo steers would improve feed intake, body weight gain and carcass quantity grade.

In January 2016, Korea began rice exporting to China from six domestic Rice Processing Complexes (RPC). The appearance characteristics and quality of medium-short grain milled rice between the exported Korean rice was compared with Wuchang rice, which is known as high quality in Heilongjiang province in China, and the imported rice from Japan and Taiwan in Chinese circulating marketing. The 1000-grain weight of exported rice is 22.4g, which is similar to that of Chinese Wuchang rice, but it tended to be heavier than that of Japanese and Taiwanese. The rice type is round in exporting Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese rice while Chinese Wuchang rice is thin and long with 2.5. The head rice rate of export rice was 93.3 ~ 98.4%, which was 95.8% on average, which was higher than that of Chinese Wuchang rice, and similar to that of Japanese, and Taiwanese. The protein content of the export rice was 5.2 ~ 6.2%, which was 5.8% on average, similar to that of Chinese Wuchang rice, Japanese and Taiwanese. Amylose content was 18.5% of the exported rice, which was lower than that of Chinese Wuchang rice and slightly higher than that of Japanese and Taiwanese. The whiteness of the exported Korean rice was 35.6 on the average, lower than 41.8 of Chinese Wuchang rice, and lower than that of Japanese and Taiwanese. The purity of rice variety being exported ranged from 87.5 to 100.0%, which was 96.5% on average. This was much higher than that of Chinese Wuchang rice, while the Japanese and Taiwan rices were similar. The sensory test of rice by the experts, cooked rice of the exported was evaluated to be good for all items such as taste, sticky glutinous, and texture compared to Chinese Wuchang rice.

This study is a development of measuring instrument capable of measuring the temperature measurement at a temperature of between 0 ℃ and 1600 ℃ at a high temperature of the high temperature. This development technique develops a measuring device capable of measuring two different temperature measurements by combining two different temperature measurements ranging from one measurement module to the hot temperature to the high temperature. Also, it develops in a vacuum or high pressure state.

본 연구에서는 합성가스 CO를 생산하기 위해 저급 석탄-CO2 촉매 가스화 실험을 수행하였 다. 제조된 CO가스 특성은 키데코 탄과 신화 탄에 KOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 촉매들의 화학적 활성화 방 법을 이용하여 조사되었다. CO 제조공정은 석탄과 화학약품 활성화 비율, 가스 유량, CO2 전환 반응온 도와 같은 실험 변수 분석을 통해 최적화되었다. 제조된 합성 가스는 가스 크로마토그래피(GC)에 의해 분석 되었다. 실험조건 T = 950 °C, CO2 유량 100 cc/min에서, 20 wt% Na2CO3가 혼합된 키데코 탄 에 대해 98.6%, 20 wt% KOH가 혼합된 신화탄에 대한 98.9% CO2 전환율을 얻었다. 또한, 저급 석탄-촉매 가스화 반응은 동일한 공급 비와 반응 조건에서 97.8%, 98.8%의 CO 선택도를 얻었다.

This study explores the morphological awareness of different graders with different vocabulary levels. A total of 275 elementary students (148 5th graders and 127 6th graders) across small, midium and large cities are selected to test their morphological awareness. First, they were divided into 30%, 40% and 30% of students according to their vocabulary levels. Second, they were tested on the recognition tests, the production tests and the distributional tests of English derivational morphemes divided by the prefixes and the suffixes appeared in the English textbooks. The results are: The recognition and production tests show significant differences for both vocabulary levels and different English levels across different grades. However, the distributional test shows no clear difference like the other two tests. Based on the results, the study draws the conclusion that morphological awareness is developing in the order of recognition, production and distribution of morphologized words in sentences. In other words, recognition of forms precedes the production of forms, and the production is followed by the functional awareness of morphologized words.

In this study, the texture, nucleotide-related compounds, and sensory characteristics of dry-aged beef, made from third quality grade Hanwoo beef (Korean native cattle), were investigated according to aging periods. Loin cuts obtained from three different Hanwoos were dry-aged under the specific conditions (controlled temperatures, humidity, and air flow) during 0-7 weeks. With increasing aging periods, textures were significantly decreased after 5 weeks (hardness: from 13,264±2,033 to 7,112±1,743 g; chewiness: from 4,107±1,467 to 2,334±780) and four sensory characteristics were significantly increased after 3 weeks (texture: from 2.2±1.0 to 6.2±1.1; flavor: from 3.9±0.7 to 6.2±1.5; whole preference: from 2.5±0.8 to 6.3±1.3; purchase intention: from 3.7±1.4 to 6.0±1.5) except for color (p<0.05). On the other hand, the concentrations of IMP which is related to the umami flavor of beef were significantly decreased with increasing aging periods (from 40.44±5.97 at 0-week to 7.44±2.43 μg/ mg at 7-week) (p<0.05). These results obtained in this study could provide an useful data base for the quality control of dry-aging.

본 연구는 2009 개정 수학 교과서가 이전의 2007 개정 수학 교과서와 비교하여 스토리텔링의 요소가 어떻게 얼마나 반영되었는지를 분석하는 것을 목표로, 2007 개정 교육과정에 따른 두 출판사의 교과서 와 익힘책을 동일한 출판사의 2009 개정 교육과정에 따른 교과서와의 문항을 비교 분석하였다. 구체적 으로 두 교과서는 전체적인 교과서 구조 측면에서, 그리고 실생활연계, 수학적 흥미, 창의성과 의사소통 이라는 세가지 스토리텔링형 유형 측면에서 분석되었다. 연구 분석 결과, 새로 개정된 2009 A와 2009 B에서 다음과 같은 공통적인 특징을 발견할 수 있다. 첫 째, 스토리텔링을 반영한 전체적인 문제의 수나 스토리텔링적 요소에서는 2009 개정 교과서와 이전 교 과서간에 큰 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 둘째, 2009 개정 교과서는 학생들의 참여를 유도하는 활동이 증 가하였다. 셋째, 2009 개정 교과서는 자기주도적 학습의 요소가 증가하였다. 이상에서 분석한 결과를 토대로, 2009 개정 교육과정과 「수학 교육 선진화 방안」이 추구하는 스토리 텔링이 잘 구현된 수학 교과서 개발을 위해 첫째, 개정 교육과정에서 강조하는 스토리텔링이 무엇인지, 현재의 교과서가 어떤 점에서 변화되었는지를 명확히 한 후 이에 대한 연수가 필요하며 둘째, 수학 교 과 내용과 일상생활과의 연계를 위한 다양한 소재를 발굴할 필요가 있으며 셋째, 이야기적 요소를 보충 하고 넷째, 다양한 활동을 이끌고 다섯째, 공학적 도구를 다양하게 사용하는 기회가 주어져야 함을 제 안하였다.

The microstructural evolution of Grade 91 tempered martensite ferritic steels heat treated at 760~1000 oC for two hours was investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM); a microhardness tester was also employed, with a focus on the grain and precipitate evolution process as well as on the main hardening element. It was found that an evolution of tempered martensite to ferrite(760~850 oC), and to fresh martensite(900~1000 oC), occurred with the increase of temperature. Simultaneously, the parabolic evolution characteristics of the low angle grain boundary(LAGB) increased with the increase of the heating temperature(highest fraction of LAGB at 925 oC), indicating grain recovery upon intercritical heating. The main precipitate, M23C6, was found to be coarsened slightly at 760~850 oC; it then dissolved at 850~1000 oC. Besides this, M3C cementite was formed at 900~1000 oC. Finally, the experimental results show that the hardness of the steel depended largely on the matrix structure, rather than on the precipitates, with the fresh martensite showing the highest hardness value.

The purpose of this study is to investigate 5th grade elementary school girls’ effort to recognize and use nutritional labels on processed foods and restaurant meals to encourage dietary behavior. The subjects (n=976) were divided into three groups (effort group, n=711; normal group, n=193; and no-effort group, n=72) depending on level of effort for the healthy dietary behavior such as eating balanced meals, eating three meals regularly, and eating meals slowly. In the effort group, the frequency of food intake for breads, ramen, noodles and fast foods was significantly lower, while frequency of food intake for fruits and vegetables and salad was significantly higher than in the other two groups. In the effort group, the ratio of the respondents that perception of nutrition labeling on processed foods and restaurant meals was 80.5% and 31.4% and the ratio of girls who checked the nutrition labeling at their point of purchase was 71.1% and 24.7%, respectively. Reasons given for not reading nutrition labeling for restaurant meals were ‘not interested’ for 34.6% of the effort group, and 52.2% of the no-effort group. Therefore, it is necessary to create an educational program on healthy dietary behavior, including how to read nutrition labeling and establishment of proper body image perception for elementary school girls.

This study investigated the effects of LactoPlanta® (Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), 2.0 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/kg) on reduction of noxious gas emission in pig houses as well as improvement of carcass weight and quality in finishing pigs. A total of 850 finishing pigs were assigned to four treatment groups: control (CON, basal diet) (n=190), LP-0.1, 0.1% LactoPlanta® (n=210), LP-0.2, 0.2% LactoPlanta® (n=230), and LP-0.4, 0.4% LactoPlanta® (n=220). Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to CON. Mercaptan contents and carcass weights of LP-0.2 and LP-0.4 were significantly decreased compared to CON, whereas there were no significant differences between LP-0.1 and CON. Carcass weight of LP-0.1 was slightly higher than that of CON, but there was no significant difference. However, carcass weights of LP-0.2 and LP-0.4 were significantly higher than that of CON (P<0.05). The prevalence of grade A carcasses in groups administered with L. plantarum (46.7~63.3%) was higher than that in CON (43.3%) and increased in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the results of this study, L. plantarum could be an effective candidate to reduce noxious gas emissions in finishing pig houses as well as improve carcass weight and quality in finishing pigs.

This study investigated the quality change of strip loin from hanwoo with quality grade 2 produced by dry aging, and compared the quality of dry-aged strip loin with that of strip loin from hanwoo with quality grade 1+. Hanwoo strip loins with quality grade 1+ (SL1) and 2 (SL2) after a day of slaughter and dry-aged strip loin (DSL2) aged for 21 days at 2℃ with 85% humidity were obtained from local markets. The proximate composition, pH, cooking loss, lipid oxidation, instrumental color (CIE L*, a* and b* value) and sensory properties of the strip loins were measured. DSL2 contained low moisture and high protein contents compared with SL2, and low fat, high protein, and high ash contents compared with SL1 (p<0.05). The pH and cooking loss were higher and lower, respectively, in DSL2 compared to SL2 (p<0.05). SL1 had a higher pH than DSL2 (p<0.05). However, the cooking loss was not different between SL1 and DSL2. The TBARS value was the highest in DSL2 and the lowest in SL2 (p<0.05). DSL2 had higher L* and b* value compared with SL2 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences of L*, a* and b* values between DSL2 and SL1. Sensory properties such as the color, flavor, taste, texture, and acceptability of DSL2 were higher than those of SL2 (p<0.05). There was no significant different in all sensory properties between DSL2 and SL1. According to the results, dry aging can improve the nutritional and sensorial quality of strip loin with quality grade 2 to quality comparable to quality grade 1+.

중국 고대 한자교육인 “識寫分流, 先認後寫”의 전통에 따라 “三, 百, 千”등 중 국 전통 교재의 편찬 경험을 흡수하고 중국 현대 어문교육 연구의 성과를 병합하 여 소학 1, 2학년 어문 교재는 아래와 같은 이념을 가지고 있다. (1)많이 알고 적 게 씀으로써 아동들이 조기에 독립적으로 독해를 할 수 있는 길을 열어주어 인식 하고, 쓰고, 말하는 분별화된 교육이 하나로 합일되게 함으로써 서로 간섭되고 영 향을 미치는 관계를 통해 최대한 상호 작용을 하도록 한다. (2)한자교육 교재는 최대한 아동들의 일상 언어 생활의 실제에 부합하도록 하여 아동들의 인지 발달 에 가장 가깝도록 함으로써, 아동들의 언어 발전을 돕도록 한다. (3)일정한 양의 기본 한자를 인식한 후 병음을 학습함으로써 학생들이 한자에 대한 흥미를 만족 시키고 조절함으로써 한자 병음의 어려움을 경감시키도록 한다. (4)여러 한자 학 습 방법을 채용한다. 각 한자교수학습 방법은 각기 그 응용의 장점과 한계가 있으므로, 서로 보충함을써 그 효과를 높일 수 있도록 한다. 이상의 한자교육의 이념을 사용하여, 교육 중에 일어날 수 있는 여러 가지 효과 반응을 살핌으로써 (1)아동의 한자 교육에 대한 흥미를 배가 시키고, (2)아동이 독립적으로 한자를 습득하는 능력을 증가시켜 식자량을 증대시키고, (3)아동이 여 러 한자 교육 방법을 습득하여 계속 사용할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 본문은 이와 관련된 여러 연구 성과들을보고 하고 더 나아가 중국 소학 어문 교재의 “識字寫字”의 개선점과 관련된 여러 생각과 전략을 구성해 보았다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of interpersonal relationships with snack preference and the intake frequency of snacks with a primary focus on obesity index and snack preparations in upper grade (5~6th) elementary school students. A total of 719 students in Gyeongsangnam-do province were recruited and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. Data were analyzed using the SPSS V18.0. The results were as follows : A total score of interpersonal relationships was 94.5 (full marks 125), and the scores of 7 factors consisting interpersonal relationships were over 3.50(full marks 5.00). Overweight group had the lowest score in interpersonal relationships (p<0.01) and purchase group by oneself had a low score than the other groups in snacks preparation (p<0.001). Most favorite snacks were ice cream. Additionally, the snack purchase group showed higher scores than the cook group by family in 8 types of snack and a total score of preference (p<0.05~p<0.001). Milk and dairy products had the highest score in frequency of snack intake. And purchase group by oneself or family was a higher than cook group by family (p<0.01). Interpersonal relationships showed a positive effect on preference and intake frequency of milk and dairy products but their explanation powers (R2) were very low. The findings of this study provide fundamental information impact factor in snack preference and frequency of snack intake.

The present study sought to examine the continuity of the English textbooks of the elementary school 6th grade and the middle school 1st grade by analyzing the readability and vocabulary difficulty of their reading passages. It investigated the continuity between textbooks of the two grades and among chapters of each textbook. For the analysis, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index was used to measure the readability of reading passages, whereas vocabulary difficulty was measured in terms of TTR (type-token ratio) and frequency by using VocabProfile. The results showed that the readability of middle school textbooks was one point higher than that of elementary school textbooks. Given that the readability index is based on the American school system, the increase in readability index between grades can be seen as large gap. In terms of vocabulary difficulty, the total amount of vocabulary in the middle school textbooks was three times as much as that of the elementary school textbooks. Second, readability index fluctuated across the chapters of each textbook, while the TTR was found to be higher in the former chapters than in the latter chapters in elementary school textbooks. All these could lead to learning difficulties for students. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

PURPOSES : This study aims to evaluate the road safety of the super-elevation transition section of a left turn curve and suggest the minimum longitudinal grade of a super-elevation transition section to be used before and after a left curved section. METHODS: We evaluated the road condition by means of the safety-criterion-evaluation method involving side friction factors, and then solve the problem by introducing the minimum longitudinal grade criterion based on conditions described in the hydraulics literature. RESULTS : It was calculated that when a road satisfies hydroplaning conditions, the difference between side friction assumed and side friction demanded is less than - 0.04. In this case, the safety criterion for the condition is unsatisfied. Conversely, when a road is in a normal state under either wet or dry conditions, it was calculated that the difference between side friction assumed and side friction demanded is more than 0.01. Thus, the safety criterion for this condition is found to be satisfied. After adjusting the minimum longitudinal grade applied to a super-elevation transition section, the hydroplaning condition can be eliminated and the safety criterion can be met for all sections. CONCLUSIONS : It is suggested that a minimum longitudinal grade should be provided on super-elevation transition sections in order to prevent hydroplaning.

목 적: 안경광학과 재학생의 학과 선택과 관련된 요인들(학과 정보습득경로, 학과 선택 이유, 학과 선택시기)이 성적과 전공만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 학생을 이해하고 학생지도에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방 법: 경기, 충북, 대전, 전북, 경남에 위치한 안경광학과 재학생 319명을 대상으로 질문지를 배포하고 수집하여 분석하였다. 결 과: 안경광학과 학생의 학과 선택은 정보습득경로에서 가족소개 41.0%, 학과 선택 이유에서 취업률고려 33.5%, 학과 선택 시기에서 대입원서접수기간 54.8%로 가장 높았다. 성적은 정보습득경로에서 본인(3.05±0.75), 선택 이유에서 전문직(3.08±0.76), 선택 시기에서 타과 재학 중 또는 대졸 후(3.13±0.80) 입학한 학생의 성적이 가장 높게 나타났다. 전공만족도는 정보습득경로에서 전체의 22.6%를 차지하는 본인(3.10±0.54)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 41.0%의 가장 높은 비율인 가족 소개는(2.92±0.50)로 약간 높게 나타났다. 선택 이유에서 5.8%를 차지하는 전문직(3.11±0.47)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 성적에 맞추어 입학한 14.2%의 만족도는(2.64±0.57)로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 선택 시기에서 고등학생 이전에 선택한 1.0%의 학생(3.00±1.73)으로 가장 높았으나, 54.8%의 가장 높은 비율을 차지한 원서접수기간의 만족도는(2.81±0.58)로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 성적과 전공만족도는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p