The transcription factor, early growth response protein 1 (EGR1), act as immediate early response genes to control various cellular and reproductive events. Egr1-deficient female mice show infertility by anovulation resulting from luteinizing hormone-β (LH-β) subunit deficiency. While ovulation, fertilization and embryo development normally occur in Egr1-deficient mice treated with a superovulation regime to rescue LH deficiency, embryo implantation was completely failed. The morphology and ultrastructure of uterine tissues were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy during the peri-implantation period in Egr1-deficient mice. To examine alterations in cellular organelles, the uterine horns were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide in PBS. After dehydration and infiltration, the samples were embedded in Epon 812. Semi-thin sections 0.5 μm thick were cut with an ultramicrotome and stained with toluidine blue for light microscopy. Thin sections were cut with a diamond knife of the ultramicrotome and placed on copper grids. The sections were double stained and examined under a transmission electron microscope. The height of luminal epithelial cells was decreased and the polarity was poorly differentiated in the Egr1-deficient comparing to the wild mice. The abundant mucinous materials were observed in the surface of luminal epithelial cells of the Egr1-deficient. It was confirmed the microarray and real time qPCR data. The luminal epithelial cells of wild mice had many dense lipophilic granules and healthy mitochondria, but not in the Egr1-deficient. It may related to production and secretion of steroid hormones and prostaglandins in the luminal epithelial cells for successful implantation. These results show that Egr1 is a critical transcription factor to fine-tune subcellular morphological and functional changes for the receptive phase of peri-implantation period of uterine tissue in mice.

The histological changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. The retinas size of both species increased in the 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (P<0.05). In the just-hatched Ussurian bullhead, the retina already consisted of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane layer, and rod and cone layer. The Korean bullhead had the same components. At 50 DPH, the thickness of the retina was 538.0±7.19 μm in the Ussurian bullhead and 558.9±9.44 μm in the Korean bullhead. The relative thickness of each layer of the retina did not differ significantly in the two species. Although the growth of the Korean bullhead’s retina was faster, the relative thickness of each layer in the retina did not change during early development. After hatching, some parts of the tissue gradually became denser. Immediately after hatching, the kidney and midgut epithelium of the Ussurian bullhead and Korean bullhead were already formed and grew gradually thereafter. From 0 DPH to 30 DPH, the nuclear height in the midgut epithelium did not differ significantly between the two species, but at 50 DPH, it was 11.4±2.45 μm in the Korean bullhead and 9.9±2.13 μm in the Ussurian bullhead. During the experimental period, the major axes, minor axes, surface areas, and volumes of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney did not differ significantly between the two species. Thus, the early histological development of the Ussurian bullhead is similar to that of the Korean bullhead.

Barnyard grasses are dominant weed that are not eliminated easily in the direct water seeding cultivation. So, deep water treatment can reduce their growth at the early growing stage of submerged paddy. This study was carried out to investigate the reducing growth of the barnyard grasses through flooding at seedling stages of rice plant in the green house. Under the normal condition, the plant height of rice variety, Samgwangbyeo, and 3 species of barnyard grass, E. caudata, E. pratocola and E. utilis were not showed the difference up to 10 days after seeding while the plant height of 3 barnyard grass species, especially E. utilis, was more elongated than the rice at 25 days after seeding. Plant height of the 3 barnyard grasses were not elongated largely during 3, 5 and 7 days of flooding treatment at 10 days after seeding. Interestingly, the rice seedlings was grown over 20 cm, and the flooding tolerance of rice seedling was higher than the 3 barnyard grass varieties. However, after flooding treatment for 3, 5 and 7 days, the elongation of plant height of 3 barnyard grasses, especially E. utilis was more speedy compared to rice seedlings as 6 to 9 days passes. And the protein spots from barnyard grasses were also reduced and eliminated more than the spots of rice seedling after flooding treatment.

PGA 함량 정보가 없는 유전자원을 활용한 다양한 용도의 감자 품종 개발은 괴경 내 PGA 함량을 높이는 비의도적 결과를 초래할 가능성이 있다. 이러한 배경에서 신품종에 대한 정밀한 PGA 함량 분석은 감자의 식품안전성 제고와 PGA 저 함유 품종 개발을 위한 교배 모부본 확보차원에서 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 도입품종인 대서, 수미와 최근 개발된 하령, 고운, 홍영, 자영 4품종을 대상으로 괴경 부위, 저장기간별 PGA 함량변화를 분석하였다. 그 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.

본 연구는 배 개화기에 염소계 살균제인 NaDCC(sodium dichloroisocyanurate)의 사용에 따른 배검은별무늬병의 방제 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 수행하였다. 건전한 배나무에 배검은별무늬병원균인 Venturia nashicola의 분생포자를 접종하고 NaDCC를 농도별로 살포한 결과, 무처리에서 51.6% 발생한 반면에 NaDCC 처리시 750mg/L에서는 23.8%, 1,000mg/L에서는 26.2%로 발병억제 효과가 있었다. 원황 등 6개 품종을 대상으로 만개기에 NaDCC를 살포하여도 배꽃의 화분발아에는 피해가 없었다. 신고 배 포장에서 개화초기와 만개기로 구분하여 NaDCC를 살포한 결과 개화초기에 NaDCC를 단독 살포 처리시 98% 이상의 높은 수정율을 나타내어 가장 효과적인 살포시기로 판단되었다. 또한 신고 배 재배포장에서 NaDCC를 배검은별무늬병 방제 적기에 4회를 살포한 결과 NaDCC 750mg/L 이상의 농도로 처리시 발병과율은 0%이었다.

필리핀에서 기독교는 스페인의 식민지배와 함께 시작되었다. 교황청이 하사한 ‘선교보호권’ 아래 남미를 정복한 스페인은 1565년에 필리핀의 일부 지역에서 통치권을 행사하기 시작하였고 어거스틴 수도회를 비롯한 수도회 소속의 선교사들은 일찍이 17세기가 시작될 때까지는 산간 및 남부 지역을 제외한 지역에서 대부분의 필리핀인들을 개종시키기에 이른다. 스페인이 필리핀을 지배한 300년이 훨씬 넘는 기간 동안에 교회와 국가의 관계는 양편이 가지고 있는 목표 즉 기독교선교와 식민통치의 확장을 위하여 서로 유착관계를 추구한 것으로 드러난다. 식민지배 초기에 스페인은 식민통치에 대한 정당성을 확보하기 위해 ‘토착민의 자발적 동의’를 추구하였으나, 통치의 현장에서 수행된 수도회 선교사들의 관찰은 스페인 식민세력에 의한 강제적인 통치를 입증할 뿐이었다. 마닐라 종교회의 (1582)는 스페인이 필리핀에서 정치적 권리를 본질적으로 소유하지 않은 한편, 기독교 선교의 환경을 확보하기 위하여 수단적으로 그 권리를 소유하고 있다고 보아, 식민통치를 용인하고 ‘교회의 도구로서의 국가’ 개념을 표방하였다. 한편 스페인 식민당국은 수도회 선교사들을 중앙과 지방에서의 식민통치에 적극적으로 활용하였는데 특별히 지방에서 그들의 공무대행은 식민통치에 필수불가결한 것이었으며, ‘국가의 도구로서의 교회’의 모습을 여실히 드러내주는 현상이었다. 나아가, 식민당국과 교회는 큰 맥락의 인종-정치적 차별주의로부터 필리핀 토착 사제들에 대하여 차별정책을 시행하였는데 이는 식민통치를 영구화하려는 수단이었다. 결국, 스페인 통치시기 가톨릭 교회, 특히 수도회 선교사들은 부동산 축적, 소작농의 억압, 인종차별 등의 심각한 문제를 드러내며 사회로부터 신망을 크게 잃게 되었으며, 19세기 후반에 봇물처럼 터진 필리핀 독립운동의 과정에서 성직자의 식민통치에의 참여를 비판하는 ‘반교권주의’ (Anti-clericalism)는 가장 강력한 투쟁의 목표 가운데 하나로 등장하게 된다.

본 연구에서는 초과확률 또는 비초과확률이 시간에 따라 변화한다는 비정상성을 가정하여 재현기간 산정에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 비정상성을 고려한 2가지 재현기간 산정 방법에 대해 검토하고 비정상성 Gumbel 모형을 이용한 빈도해석을 수행하여 초과확률 및 비초과확률을 구한 뒤 비정상성을 고려한 재현기간 정의에 따른 우리나라 재현기간의 변화에 대해서 살펴보았다. 적용 대상으로는 자료기간 30년 이상을 보유하면서 일 강우 자료의 경향성이 나타나는 서귀포, 인제, 제천, 구미, 문경, 거창 등 6개 지점을 선정하였다. 적용결과 비정상성을 고려한 재현기간 산정 시 기존의 재현기간 산정 방법과는 재현기간이 다르게 산정됨을 알 수 있었고, 재현기간이 커질수록 정상성 가정하의 재현기간과 비정상성 가정하의 재현기간 값의 차이가 더 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 비정상성을 고려한 재현기간의 2가지 정의 중 기대 대기시간(expected waiting time) 정의에 의한 방법이 기대 초과사상 수(expected number of exceedance event) 정의에 의한 방법 보다 작은 재현기간이 산정 되었다.

전통 재래식 간장에 표고버섯 및 천마를 첨가하여 일정기간 숙성시킨 후 분리하여 이화학적 성질 등의 변화를 측정하였다. NaCl의 함량은 대조구에 비해 실험구가 높게 나타났으며, 다른 재래식 방법으로 제조한 간장에 비해 전체적으로 염도가 낮았다. pH의 변화는 숙성이 될 수록 감소 하였으며 총당과 환원당의 함량 또한 대조구에 비해 실험군이 높은 값을 보였는데 표고버섯이나 천마로부터 유래된 당의 영향으로 인해 높아진 것으로 판단된다. Protease 활성은 실험구가 6~8배 이상 높은 값을 보였고 항산화 활성에서는 천마간장이 총 폴레페놀 함량 90.23 mg/mL, 총 플라보노이드 함량 404.44 mg/mL로 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 전자공여능 측정에서 버섯 간장이 72.71%를 나타냈다.

본 연구는 참외수확이 끝날 무렵에 버려지는 참외를 피클가공용으로 활용하고자 미숙과, 완숙과 등 수정 후 성장기간에 따라 수확하여 염지 및 숙성 중 이화학적 변화를 조사하였다. 참외는 수정 후 24일까지는 크기가 점점 커졌으며, 수정 후 21일이 경과한 후에는 노란색이 짙어지면서 24일경에는 완전히 노란색으로 변하여 완숙과의 모습을 나타내었다. 수정 후 21일 이상 경과한 후 수확한 참외의 무게는 침지 5일까지 감소하였으나 그 이후는 무게의 변화가 거의 없었다. 수정 후 27일과 30일차에 수확한 완숙 참외는 침지 및 숙성일수의 경과에 따라 b값의 변화는 거의없었다. 수정 후 24, 27일에 수확한 참외는 침지 5일 후 일정한 hardness를 유지하여 참외피클의 조직감을 유지하였다. 따라서 수정 후 15일과 27일 사이에 수확한 참외는 참외피클로 사용가능하였으며, 노란색을 띠고 식감이 우수한 상품의 참외피클을 가공하기 위해서는 수정 후 27일에 수확한 참외를 15일간 염수에 침지 및 숙성하는 것이 가장 적당하였다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the relation between predominant period of earthquake and acceleration characteristics of domestic high-rise buildings. First, we gathered and classified the real earthquake waves through response spectrum method. Second, we performed seismic response analysis and analyzed the result. The conclusion is as follows. In the case of predominant period range from 1.0 to 4.0 which has relatively less probability, the damage can be concentrated on buildings from 20 to 60 story.

We investigated the process of yolk absorption in Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii, and determined the changes in its morphometric characteristics. The R. uyekii from 1 days post hatching (DPH) to 21 DPH, the eye diameter (ED) was 5.4 at 5 DPH. Thereafter, the ED/total length (TL) ratio increased to 10.7 at 21 DPH (p<0.05). The yolk length (YL) decreased from 95.4 to 1.1 by 21 DPH, and this rate of decrease was greater than that for any other dimension (p<0.05). 12 morphometric dimensions/TL for the R. uyekii were measured at each sampling day from 21 DPH to 170 DPH. At just hatching, the average TL and BW were 6.1±0.09 mm and 4.9±0.07 mg, respectively. At 53 DPH, the average TL was 12.9±0.28 mm and the average BW was 14.7±0.72 mg; the total length growth equation was TL=5.507e0.038t (R²=0.916). Further, the body weight growth equation was BW=3.3647e0.0296t (R²=0.9354). The dimensions with regard to body depth showed the greatest growth rates in the external characteristics of the fish (p<0.05). The patterns of the morphometric characteristics measured in this study can be classified in three ways. The patterns were shown to be increased (y=0.0992x+ 12.07, R²=0.8333), decreased (y=–0.0569x+42.029, R²=0.8395) or maintained (y=0.005x+18.263, R²=0.3678) from 21 DPH to 170. These results will provide useful indices for the successful rearing of the R. uyekii.

Asian dust (or yellow sand) occurring mainly in spring in East Asia is affected by the distribution of weather systems. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of suspended particulate for Asian dust at Busan, Korea in 20 March 2010, which was one of the extreme case for the last 10 years. There was used the data of weather chart, satellite, automatic weather system (AWS), PM10, laser particle counter (LPC), and backward trajectories model. In synoptically, the high pressure was located in the northwestern part and low pressure was located in the northeastern part of Korea. The strong westerly winds from surface to upper layer makes it possible to move air masses rapidly. Air masses passing through Gobi Desert in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia plateau covered the entire Korean peninsula. As the results of aerosol analysis, PM10 concentration at Gudeok mountain in Busan was recorded 2,344 ㎍/m3 in 2300 LST 20 March 2010 and their concentration was markedly increased at coarse mode particle. In surface condition, westerly wind about 3 ∼ 5 m/s was dominant and small particles of 0.3 ∼ 0.5 ㎛ were distributed on the whole. In heavy metal components analysis, the elements from the land was predominated.

In mammals, puberty is a process of acquiring reproductive competence, triggering by activation of hypothalamic kisspeptin (KiSS)-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal circuit. During peripubertal period, not only the external genitalia but the internal reproductive organs have to be matured in response to the hormonal signals from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (H-P-G) axis. In the present study, we evaluated the maturation of male rat accessory sex organs during the peripubertal period using tissue weight measurement, histological analysis and RT-PCR assay. Male rats were sacrificed at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 70 postnatal days (PND). The rat accessory sex organs exhibited differential growth patterns compared to those of non-reproductive organs. The growth rate of the accessory sex organs were much higher than the those of non-reproductive organs. Also, the growth spurts occurred differentially even among the accessory sex organs; the order of prepubertal organ growth spurts is testis = epididymis > seminal vesicle = prostate. Histological study revealed that the presence of sperms in seminiferous tubules and epididymal ducts at day 50, indicating the puberty onset. The number of duct and the volume of duct in epididymis and prostate were inversely correlated during the experimental period. Our RT-PCR revealed that the levels of hypothalamic GnRH transcript were increased significantly on PND 40, suggesting the activation of hypothalamic GnRH pulse-generator before puberty onset. Studies on the peripubertal male accessory sex organs will provide useful references on the growth regulation mechanism which is differentially regulated during the period in androgen-sensitive organs. The detailed references will render easier development of endocrine disruption assay.

The histological changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. The retinas size of both species increased in the 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (p<0.05). In the just-hatched Ussurian bullhead, the retina already consisted of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane layer, and rod and cone layer. The Korean bullhead had the same components. At 50 DPH, the thickness of the retina was 538.0±7.19 μm in the Ussurian bullhead and 558.9±9.44 μm in the Korean bullhead. The relative thickness of each layer of the retina did not differ significantly in the two species. Although the growth of the Korean bullhead’s retina was faster, the relative thickness of each layer in the retina did not change during early development. After hatching, some parts of the tissue gradually became denser. Immediately after hatching, the kidney and midgut epithelium of the Ussurian bullhead and Korean bullhead were already formed and grew gradually thereafter. From 0 DPH to 30 DPH, the nuclear height in the midgut epithelium did not differ significantly between the two species, but at 50 DPH, it was 11.4±2.45 μm in the Korean bullhead and 9.9± 2.13 μm in the Ussurian bullhead. During the experimental period, the major axes, minor axes, surface areas, and volumes of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney did not differ significantly between the two species. Thus, the early histological development of the Ussurian bullhead is similar to that of the Korean bullhead.

Seismic isolation offers an attractive approach for reducing seismic loads in the building and in its components. This paper deals with the seismic isolation effects due to variation in period ratio between superstructure and isolation layer of the building. Seismic isolation effects of the moment-resisting frames with the various period ratio were studied by nonlinear time history analysis. It is recommended that the isolation period should be greater than 2.0 times of that of the superstructure for the effective seismic isolation.