I selected a hypermarket as a research target by investigating energy consumption and total area of each 11 hypermarkets and suggested energy saving key elements by analyzing the cooling and heating loads. I completed a calibrated simulation model by searching literature, site survey and dynamic simulation tool. I separated the energy-saving elements into architectural and facility sections by searching domestic standards as well as theses, and applied those elements to the calibrated simulation to calculate the energy consumption. Then I suggested energy saving elements that suitable for the hypermarkets by comparing each energy consumption of architectural and facility sections.

In this technology, To improves the performance of deflection of the slab reduces floor impact noise in downstairs without structural work in vulnerable to floor impact noise in Aged Apartment Houses. The finite element analysis results showed the performance improvement of slab when compared with the existing technologies and Predict the result of the excellent affordability and constructability.

This study is the research appling the representative Displacement-Based Design which is the basic concept of Direct Displacement Based Design proposed by Chopra and Goel to original Reinforced Concrete moment frame and determining the thickness of retrofit Steel Jacket about the Maximum design ground acceleration, and developing the more improved Algorithm as well as program by the Retrofit Design method and Nonlinear analysis by the Performance design method before and after reinforcement appling the determined retrofit thickness. It also shows the result of the seismic performance improvement which is the ratio of seismic performance appreciation result yield displacement 19%, yield strength ratio 24%, displace ductility ratio the maximum 27% comparing Multi degree of freedom, column member of Reinforced Concrete with the performance improvement column member considering the thickness of the determined Steel Jacket. The developed Algorithm and program are easy to apply seismic design and application to the original Reinforced Concrete building, at the same time, it applicate to display well the design result of Target displacement performance level about nonlinear behavior.

Welded Unreinforced Flange-Welded Web (WUF-W) connection is one of Special Moment Frame (SMF) specified in ANSI/AISC-358. From the experimental test of WUF-W connection specimens conducted by the previous study, fracture occurred in the beam flange before achieving total inter-story drift angle of 0.04radian required for Special Moment Frames (SMF) system even though the specimens satisfied the design and detailing requirement specified in ANSI/AISC-358. These results are estimated as problem of the access hole geometry. In this study, a full-scale WUF-W connection specimen was made with a modified access hole geometry, and tested with the same test setting and loading as the previous test. From test results, the deformation capacity of the tested WUF-W connection specimen exceeded 4%, which is required for connections in SMF system. Comparing with the WUF-W specimens of the previous study, the strain demand of the beam flange in the tested specimen was decreased and energy dissipation capacity of the specimen was improved.

In this study, a rapid immuno-chromatographic assay was developed to detect Salmonella Typhimurium. This assay was based on the lateral flow immunoassay. Two different anti-Salmonella polyclonal antibody (Pab) are used in this strip assay for the double antibody sandwich immunoassay method. The strip sensor was composed of sample pad, conjugation pad, membrane, and absorbent pad. For the optimal conjugation between nano-gold and anti-Salmonella Pab, the pH value of colloidal gold solution was determined to 8.4. To prevent non-specific binding between nano gold and anti-Salmonella Pab, sample pad and membrane was treated with PBS buffer, included 2% BSA and 10% sucrose. The control and detection zones were visually detected according to antigen-antibody binding. The detection limit of the developed strip assay was 105 CFU/mL within 10 min, and improved until 104 CFU/mL after 12 hr.

In this paper, we raised the performance of heuristic algorithm to assign job to workers in parallel line inspection process without sequence. In previous research, we developed the heuristic algorithm. But the heuristic algorithm can't find optimal solution perfectly. In order to solve this problem, we proposed new method to make initial solution called FN(First Next) method and combined the new FN method and old FE method using previous heuristic algorithm. Experiments of assigning job are performed to evaluate performance of this FE+FN heuristic algorithm. The result shows that the FE+FN heuristic algorithm can find the optimal solution to assign job to workers evenly in many type of cases. Especially, in case there are optimal solutions, this heuristic algorithm can find the optimal solution perfectly.

This study was carried out to investigate the performance of individual sewage treatment facilities with MBR(membrane bioreactor). After ratio of influent distribution of aerobic reactor to anoxic reactor from 4 : 6 to 7 : 3, the effluent quality is improved 5.3 mg/L as BOD, 3.8 mg/L as SS, 5.6 mg/L as T-N, and 1.6 mg/L as T-P, respectively. The removal efficiency rate of effluent increased upto 98% as BOD, 99% as SS 94%, as T-N as 93% and T-P, respectively. To maintain SS concentration of the effluent less than 1 mg/L, the washing and differential pressure of membrane management were required, the wasted activated sludge periodically discard to the sludge storage tank in order to meet standard criteria. The capacity of this individual facilities was overestimated, when low loading occur, an alternative is considered

목 적 : 안정피로 개선을 위해 고안된 조절이완장치를 사용하여 VDT 작업과 관련한 임상성능을 분석하 고자 한다. 방 법 : 성인 30명(26.5±4.8세)을 대상으로 조절이완장치(EK-075/30, 에스테크(주), 한국)를 사용하지 않은 상태에서 VDT 작업 전과 후 그리고 조절이완 장치를 착용 상태에서 VDT 작업 후에 굴절이상도, 원거 리와 근거리의 시력 및 수평사위도, 폭주근점, 조절근점, 양안 및 단안 조절용이성, 융합버전스를 비교분석 하였으며, 총 4단계의 설문을 통해 대상자의 전반적인 건강상태와 VDT 작업 관련 기본사항, VDT 작업 중 느끼는 자각증상, 기기착용과 관련한 사항을 설문하였다. 결 과 : 조절이완장치를 사용하지 않은 상태에서 VDT 작업 후 굴절이상도가 유의하게 증가되었고 근거 리 시력이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 원거리 사위도와 근거리 사위도는 내사위 방향으로 유의하게 증가 하였고 조절용이성은 양안과 단안 모두 유의하게 감소하였다. 조절이완장치를 사용한 상태에서의 VDT 작업 후 굴절이상도, 원거리 시력, 근거리 시력, 원거리 사위도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 근 거리 사위도는 내사위 방향으로 증가하였고 단안 조절용이성도 유의하게 증가하였다. 결 론 : 조절이완장치의 착용으로 VDT 작업 후의 일시적인 근시화와 내사위의 증가가 감소되고 조절용 이성이 증가된 결과로 보아 조절과 조절이완의 훈련 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. 조절이완장치의 착용이 근거리 작업과 관련한 안정피로를 경감시키고 근거리 작업효율을 향상시키며 나아가 삶의 질 향상에도 기여 할 것이라고 생각된다.

국내 지침에 의하면 성능기준에 적합한 노측용 방호울타리만이 도로 현장에 설치될 수 있다. 그러나 공용중인 고속도로 노측의 상당 구간에는 지침 개정 이전에 설치된 성능이 미흡한 기존 구형 가드레일이 설치되어 있어서 고속도로 운전자의 안전을 위협하고 있다. 구형 가드레일은 전국의 고속도로에 약 2,777km가 설치되어 있으며 일률적으로 동시에 모든 구간의 가드레일을 교체하기란 예산상 어려움이 많아 최소한의 보강을 통해 국내 지침에 만족스럽게 보강개선된 가드레일을 개발하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구에서는 LS-DYNA 3D를 이용한 충돌시뮬레이션과 실물차량 충돌시험을 통해 철재 노측용 가드레일 보강방안(SB1, 3, 5등급)을 개발하였고 개발된 가드레일 보강개선방안은 차량의 충돌 및 이탈사고의 심각성을 감소시켜 도로의 안전도를 개선, 향상시킬뿐만 아니라 많은 예산절감을 기대할 수 있다.

In an attempt to respond to the increase in international oil prices and reduce operating expenses, ship remodeling was carried out on a 740ton class tuna purse seiner. To strengthen the competitiveness of the fisheries industry by improving vessel performance, a bulbous bow was newly equipped. The slipway and rudder area were also lengthened and enlarged with the propeller and main engine remained unchanged. To reduce the hull resistance, a circle type bulbous bow was attached on the hull behind bow thruster and thus the cost for exchanging electrical equipment for bow thruster was reduced. The new rudder area was expanded 15% more than the old one within the extent that the existing mechanical control part and rudder stock were not changed. To prevent fishing net damage and stabilize wake field, slipway was lengthened to the optimal position. All of the new design of remodeling parts went through the model tests in towing tank and CWC. Besides resistance test, all of necessary model test results were delivered for hydrodynamic character for the modified ship. The maneuvering simulation to verify that the remodeled ship satisfies the IMO rules was performed in both zigzag and turning tests. The estimated resistance with new bulbous bow and lengthened stern was reduced by 4.8% in the 2-dimensional analysis and 17.4% in the 3-dimensional analysis in comparison of conventional ship. The average reduction of resistance was estimated about 10%. Maneuvering character of modified hull form was found to satisfy all regulations under IMO. The remodeling of tuna purse seiner can not only improve fishing performance but also contribute to reduction of operating cost by saving energy for the fisheries industry.

In order to meet the national standard and public needs for Seoul Metro subway, air purification has been taken into a consistent consideration with the addition of high quality control facilities. This work focuses on the review of the cost effectiveness to improve the air filtration of an MVAC (mechanical ventilation & air conditioning) in a field subway. The inflow PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 into the test MVAC chamber were 19.4 kg/yr and 8.9 kg/yr respectively. It corresponds to the environmental cost of 5,857,000 won for PM₁₀ and 6,608,000 won for PM_2.5 every year. While the current filtration system collects approximately 55% of the inlet PM₁₀ and 35% of PM_2.5, a new lay-out showed 80% for PM₁₀ and 55% for PM_2.5. The new design presented the environmental benefit for PM10 with 1,464,000 won, whilst the additional cost required 3,192,744 won. In the future, however, the increase of environmental benefits for the indoor dust over the atmospheric aerosols will more or less compensate the potential cost.

실리카 콜로이드 용액의 한외여과에서 중력 방향에 대한 막모듈의 위치(경사각) 변화에 따라 발생되는 자연대류 불안정 흐름이 막오염 형성 감소에 미치는 효과를 규명하였다. 막표면에 케이크 층을 형성함으로써 막투과 플럭스의 감소를 발생시키는 실리카 입자(평균 크기 = 7, 12, 22, 50 및 78 nm)가 함유된 5가지 종류의 콜로이드 용액을 사용하여 중력 방향에 대한 막모듈의 위치(경사각 = 0~180℃)에 따른 막투과 플럭스 변화를 교반이 없는 회분식(dead-end) 한외여과 실험을 통해 측정하였다. 자연대류 불안정 흐름 발생이 막성능에 미치는 효과는 플럭스 향상도(Ei)로서 평가하였다. 상대적으로 크기가 작은 실리카 입자(7, 12 및 22 nm)가 함유된 콜로이드 용액의 한외여과에서는 막모듈의 경사각이 커짐에 따라 자연 대류 불안정 흐름 발생의 강도가 증가하였으며, 동일한 경사각에서 실리카 입자의 크기가 작을수록 자연대류 불안정 흐름의 발생 정도가 더 크게 나타났다. 자연대류 불안정 흐름의 발생은 막표면에 형성된 실리카 케이크층의 벌크 용액으로의 역이동(back transport)을 유발시킴으로써 플럭스 향상의 막성능 개선 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 상대적으로 크기가 큰 실리카 입자(50 및 78 nm)가 함유된 콜로이드 용액의 한외여과에서는 자연대류 불안정 흐름 발생이 나타나지 않았다. 이 결과로부터 실리카 입자의 크기가 자연대류 불안정 흐름의 발생 강도에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

현행 내진설계기준에서 RBS-B 접합부는 오직 중간모켄트골조(IMF) 시스템에서만 사용이 허용된다. 본 연구는 현행설계규준에 따라 설계한 RBS-B 접합부를 갖는 철골 모멘트골조 시스템의 내진성능평가를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 층수(3층, 6층, 9층), 경간너비(6m, 9m), 내진설계범주(SDC C_{max}, SDC C_{min})으로 구성된 12개의 RBS-B접합부를 갖는 철골모멘트골조 건물을 설계하였고 RBS-B 접합부의 비선형 이력거동을 잘 모사하는 접합부 모델을 개발하였다. 설계된 대상골조는 ATC-63에 의해 개발된 내진성능평가방법에 따라 내진성능평가를 수행하였다. 또한 본 연구는 저자가 이전연구에서 제안한 새로운 설계법에 따라 설계된 IMF 시스템의 내진성능평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과 현행규준에 따라 설계한 몇 개의 대상골조가 적절한 붕괴여유비를 보유하지 못하였다. 반면에 새로운 설계절차에 따라 설계된 대상골조는 적절한 붕괴여유비를 보유하였다.

The class rooms for vocal music lessons at the college of music should be prepared with acoustic performance having similar quality to a real theater. However, most of domestic music colleges used too many sound absorbing materials, so that a sound is too dry and poor, which makes a singer to increase the sound level. Furthermore, because of this acoustic characteristics, at a theater a singer comes to hear a total different sound of his own song. For this, students and professors are in trouble during a lesson. At the study from this point of view, the finishing materials were changed to have the best sound condition by site measurement and acoustic simulation. It is assumed that the study result above will be used as an effective document to improve acoustic performance.

본 연구는 기존 철근콘크리트 구조물에 대하여 대표적인 변위-기반 설계법인 Chopra&Goel 이 제안한 직접변위-기반 설계법의 기본개념을 적용하여 최대 설계지반 가속도에 대한 보강 Steel Jacket의 두께를 결장하고, 결정된 보강 두께를 적용하여 보강전 후 성능설계기법에 의한 비선형 해석 및 보강설계법에 의한 보다 개선된 알고리즘 및 프로그램을 제시하였다. Steel Jacket 보강된 철근콘크리트 기둥에 대한 설계 변위 추정을 위해 Steel Jacket 보강된 철근콘크리트 부재의 비선형 층상화 세그멘트 해석 모델을 제시하고, 성능기반설계에 의한 성능개선설계를 위하여 목표성능변위 및 설계자전가속도 조건에 대해 직접 변위-기반 설계 방법 및 변위계 수법에 의한 내진성능개선 설계 방법을 제시하였다. 적용 예에서 본 방법은 기존 철근콘크리트 기둥과 비교하여 성능개선설계 결과 보강 전에 비해 변위 연성비 및 변위성능에서 크게 개선된 성능설계 결과를 제공해 주었다.