Shoot-fresh-weight (SFW) is one of the parameters, used to estimate the total plant biomass yield in soybean. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis of SFW could help increase the total biomass production. In this particular study, we identified QTLs associated with SFW in a Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population derived from interspecific cross of PI483463 and Hutcheson. A total of 551 (535 SNP and 16 SSR) markers, were found to be polymorphic between the parental lines and were used to screen the RILs to develop the genetic map. Linkage analysis and QTL mapping were performed using with the software QTL IciMapping version 4.0, with the minimum LOD score of 3.0 and estimating the likelihood of a QTL and its corresponding effects at every 1cM. QTLs with LOD value > threshold LOD, as determined by 1000 permutation tests at p > 0.05 were considered as significant QTLs. The analysis identified a total of 5 QTLs associated with shoot fresh weight over two environments, with the phenotypic variation (PV) ranging from 6.34 to 21.32%, and the additive effect from -0.54 to 0.33. Among these QTLs, qFW1314_19_1 had the largest LOD scores, with PV of 21.32%. Interestingly, three QTLs, qFW2013_19_1, qFW2014_19_1, and qFW1314_19_1 identified on chromosome 19(L), showed negative additive effects, indicating the contribution from the wild parent PI483463. The QTLs identified in this study can be the targets to identify the candidate genes for the SFW and can help in developing cultivars with increased biomass potential.

Carbohydrate sources are one of important factors associated with macro- and micro nutrients and phytohormones in vitro culture medium for shoot growth. The optimal carbohydrates for eight species of the genus Prunus which are economically important fruit crop was evaluated at the initiation and elongation stages. All carbohydrate seemed utilized for the bud break and leaf growth at the early stage of culture. However, shoot elongation and fresh weight of species tested were superior in the medium containing 90 mM of fructose or glucose rather than sucrose. There was no difference between glucose and fructose. Adventitious shoots from the axillary buds were induced in most species but no significant differences were observed except for two species (P. salicina ‘Shiro’ and P. tomentosa). These result demonstrated that glucose and fructose were suitable carbohydrate sources for diverse Prunus species than sucrose, although the response to the carbohydrates in the medium were slightly different in the species.

본 연구는 나리 주요 품종의 종간교잡에서 생기는 삭과의 배 유 퇴화방지와 미숙배 형성 시 발생하는 이상증상을 경감하기 위해 나리 종간교잡계통의 자방배양 했을 때 cytokinin 첨가가 신초형성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. FO계통은 BA 2.0 ㎎/L에서 신초 발생율이 18%로 가장 효과적이었고, BA 3.0 ㎎/L와 5.0 ㎎/L에서는 12%로 다소 저조한 결과였다. TDZ 첨가 의 경우는 대조구와 같거나 비슷한 경향이었다. FA계통은 TDZ 첨가 시 대체적으로 신초형성율이 높았고 0.3 ㎎/L 처리가 효과 적이었다. 반면 BA를 첨가한 배지에서는 14.3%에서 15.7%로 대 조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. FLA계통에서 신초발생율은 생장조 절제에 의해 증가되었으나 대조구 20%와 비교했을 때 BA 20~ 24%, TDZ 22~24%로 처리효과는 미미하였다.

Potato virus Y (PVY) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) are among the most damaging potato viruses and prevalent in most potato growing areas. In this study, cryopreservation was used to eradicate PVY and PLRV using two cryogenic methods. Potato shoot tips proliferated in vitro were cryopreserved through droplet-vitrification and encapsulation-vitrification using plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2; 30% glycerol + 15% dimethyl sulfoxide + 15.0% ethylene glycol + 13.7% sucrose) and modified PVS2. Both cryogenic procedures produced similar rates of survival and regrowth, which were lower than those from shoot tip culture alone. The health status of plantlets regenerated from shoot tip culture alone and cryopreservation was checked by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of virus-free plants regenerated directly from highly proliferating shoot tips reached 42.3% and 48.6% for PVY and PLRV, respectively. In comparison, the frequency of PVY and PLRV eradication after cryopreservation was 91.3~99.7% following shoot-tip culture. The highest cryopreserved shoot tip regeneration rate was observed when shoot tips were 1.0~1.5 mm in length, but virus eradication rates were very similar (96.4~99.7%), regardless of shoot tip size. This efficient cryotherapy protocol developed to eliminate viruses can also be used to prepare potato material for safe long-term preservation and the production of virus-free plants.

본 연구에서는 생물반응장치를 이용하여 조직 배양된 라울리아 신초에 대하여 화장품 성분으로써 응용가치를 평가하였다. 조직 배양한 라울리아 신초에 대한 항산화 및 항염 활성 효과를 연구하였다. 라울리아는 뉴질랜드나 호주에서 자생하는 국화과의 야생초본식물이다. 이미 몇몇 보고 된 논문에서 라울리아는 기관지염, 수막염 그리고 호흡기 질병 등을 유발하는 바이러스에 대한 증식 억제 활성이 있다고 보고되었다. 실험 결과 조직배양된 라울리아 신초 추출물은 자연 상태의 라울리아 추출물과 비교하여 항산화 활성 및 항염 활성 효과가 우수하였다. 조직 배양된 라울리아 신초 추출물은 자연에서 자란 라울리아 추출물보다 50μL/mL 농도에서 10~25% 항산화 활성을 증가시켰다. 또한 조직 배양된 라울리아 신초 추출물은 LPS로 유도된 대식세포에서 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현이 자연에서 자란 라울리아 추출물보다 억제되었다. 본 연구의 결과들로, 조직배양 한 라울리아 신초 추출물은 피부 보호를 위한 천연 화장품 성분으로써 우수한 가능성을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality properties including amylose, alkali digestion value (ADV), texture and GABA (Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid) of brown rice and 1~5 mm germinated brown rice of Keunnun and Samkwang culitvars. The protein content of germinated brown rice showed increasing tendency according to shoot length, however, the difference was not statistically significant. The amylose content of all samples ranged from 15.0% to 16.0% in Keunnun and 17.0% to 18.0% in Samkwang, without significant differences. Compared to regular brown rice, germinated brown rice from both cultivars demonstrated reduced gel consistency, which contributed to the improved cooked rice texture. Especially, germinated brown rice had significantly lower setback values, which is correlated with high palatability of cooked rice. However, there was no significant difference in gel consistency between 1 mm and 2~5 mm germinated brown rice. GABA content in Keunnun increased by 3~5 times after germination process. In Samkwang, GABA content increased by 50 times (from 0.005 μg/g to 0.243~0.247 μg/g) after germination. The hardness of germinated brown rice was significantly lower than that of brown rice. However, there was no significant difference in hardness according to shoot length. Consequently, when processing germinate brown rice, it is recommended to maximize functional ingredients by germination while maintaining shoot length less than 2 mm.

국화 ‘백마’의 잎 절편체로부터 신초 기관형성을 통한 식물체 재분화 기술을 개발하고자 배지조성과 배양기간을 달리하여 실험을 실시하였다. 잎 절편체를 식물생장조절제와 AgNO3의 농도를 달리 한 11가지 배지에서 배양하였을 때 bud는 형성되었으나 신초로의 발달은 이루어지지 않았다. Bud 유도 이후 신초 형성을 유도하고자, 서로 다른 식물생장조절제 조성을 가진 배지를 이용한 2단계의 실험을 수행하였다. Bud유도배지(BA 0.2 mg/L, IAA 1.0mg/L, 2,4-D 1.0mg/L를 첨가한 MS 배지)에서 1-4주간 배양한 후 신초 형성배지(식물생장조절제 무첨가, BA 1.0 mg/L, IBA 1.5 mg/L와 AgNO3 5.0 mg/L 또는 BA 1.0 mg/L, NAA 1.0 mg/L와 AgNO3 5.0 mg/L를 각각 첨가한 MS 배지)로 옮겨 배양하였다. Bud 유도에 이어 신초 형성을 위해서는 bud 유도 배지에서 3주 이상의 배양기간이 필요하였으며, bud 유도배지에서 4주간 배양한 후 BA 1.0 mg/L, IBA 1.5 mg/L와 AgNO3 5.0 mg/L를 첨가한 신초 형성배지로 옮겨 4주간 배양한 처리에서 신초 형성율은 50.0%, 절편체당 신초 수는 1.6개로 가장 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 재생된 신초는 신초 형성배지에서 8주간 배양 후 신장하였으며, 1 cm 이상 신장된 신초를 분리하여 발근을 유도한 후 활착시켜 온실에서 재배하였을 때 식물체는 정상적인 표현형을 보여주었다.

본 실험은 튤립 ‘Kees Nelis’, ‘Dreaming Maid’, ‘Merry Christmas’ 3품종의 구둘레 7cm인 자구를 10월 15일, 11월 15일, 12월 15일, 1월 15일, 2월 15일에 정식한 후 줄기와 구근의 생육을 조사하였다. ‘Kees Nelis’ 품종은 10월과 11월에 정식한 처리에서 초장이 길었고, 지상부의 생체중 및 구근의 무게가 무거웠으며, 구둘레 10cm 이상의 구근을 수확할 수 있었다. ‘Dreaming Maid’ 품종은 1월 15일 정식한 처리구에서 줄기와 구근의 생육이 가장 불량 하였으며, 11월 15일 정식한 처리에서 구무게가 가장 높았고, 다른 구근생육에는 통계적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. ‘Merry Christmas’ 품종의 경우에도 1월 15일에 정식한 처리구에서 생육이 가장 불량하였으며, 10월~12월 정식 처리구에서는 구근의 생육에 통계적인 차이는 없었으나 전반적으로 11월 15일에 정식한 처리에서 가장 생육이 양호한 경향을 보여 주었다.

본 연구에서는 전남 서남해안 지역의 사양토에서 튤립의 효율적인 구근생산을 위한 재배방법을 개발하고자 구근 크기와 재식거리에 따른 지상부와 구근의 생육을 조사하였다. 튤립 ‘Kees Nelis’와 ‘Ile de France’ 품종의 구둘레 5~6cm인 구근은 4×4cm 간격으로 식재한 처리에서 초장이 가장 길었으나, 개화율은 가장 낮았다. 반면에 개화율은 8×8cm와 10×10cm 처리에서 높게 나타났으나 초장은 짧았다. 전반적으로 구근의 비대는 3월 말 이후에 진행되어 5월말까지 급격하게 증가하는 모습을 보여 주었으며, 특히, 10×10cm 간격으로 식재한 처리에서 구근의 비대가 더 효과적이었다. 튤립 ‘Kees Nelis’와 ‘Ile de France’ 품종의 구근 생육은 구근 크기에 상관없이 4×4cm 처리보다 10×10cm 간격으로 식재한 처리에서 구직경, 구둘레, 구무게 등이 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied information to develop the cultivation methods and models and to increase the productivity of high-quality ginseng. Plant height was dramatically increased from one year old to four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Stem length was shown similar tendency as the plant height did. Its range were from 9.4 cm in one year old to about 42.4 cm in four year-old ginseng. The leaf area was clearly increased until four years old, 10.1cm2 in one year old to 204.9cm2 in four years old, while it was slightly increased after four years old. Root length was continuously increased from one year old until four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Tap root length which was measured was appeared about 8 cm from three years old to six years old, showing not much different among the year-olds. The root diameter was continuously increased from one year old to six year-old ginseng, about 2.9 mm and about 19 mm, respectively. The moisture content was higher on the shoot than that on the root. It was slightly decreased as they were getting old. In shoot part, the rate of leaves and stems based on dry weight was about 1 : 1. In the root, the dry weight of tap root was heavier than that of lateral root. The dry weight of shoot was decreased after four years old, while it of the root was continuously increased until six years old, resulting the production of ginseng root. Based on the results of this study, growth characteristics of shoot and root of ginseng were dramatically increased from one year old to four years old and then their growths were appeared different between shoot and root, showing not much growing in shoot and keep growing in root.

본 연구는 튤립의 지상부 생육과 구근생육에 적합한 토성과 식재깊이를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 토성에 따른 물리성을 조사한 결과, 고상, 액상, 기상은 사양토에서 각각 54.7%, 13.3%, 32.0%였고, 사양토가 식양토에 비해 기상이 10.6% 높았다. 공극율은 사양토에서 45.3%로 나타나 식양토에 비해 3% 더 높았다. pH는 사양토에서 6.1, 식양토에서 5.9로 나타나 큰 차이는 없었다. EC는 사양토에서 0.40 dS/m, 식양토에서 0.95 dS/m로 나타나 식양토에서 약간 더 높았고, 양이온치환용량의 경우에도 사양토의 3.01 me/100g보다 식양토에서 4.68 me/100g로 더 높았다. ‘Ile de France’와 ‘Rundy’ 품종은 사양토에서, ‘Kees Nelis’ 품종은 식양토에서 지상부 생육이 좋았다. 식양토에서는 전반적으로 식재깊이에 따른 지상부 생육에 큰 차이가 없었으나, 사양토에서는 4~8cm 깊이로 식재하였을 때 지상부 생육이 양호하였다. 구근 생육은 식양토에 비해 사양토에서 효과적이었으며, 식양토에서 4cm 깊이로, 사양토에서는 8cm 깊이로 식재하는 것이 구근 비대에 좋았다. 따라서, 튤립의 지상부와 구근의 생육을 위해서 사양토에 8cm 깊이로 식재하는 것이 가장 바람직하였다.

This study was to examine the quality characteristics of Cedrela shoots according to soy sauce conditions. First, the results were on solid samples (pickled Cedrela sinensis shoot) as follows: The pH and acidity of Cedrela shoots tended to decrease slightly in the licorice added section. The sugar content and salinity of Cedrela shoots tended to decrease gradually during the storage period. The color values of Cedrela shoots tended to change from green to dark green due to soy sauce as their storage periods. The texture of Cedrela shoots had differences according to their unique characteristics, but the change was small in the licorice added section. The overall preference appeared most high in P1-1. Next, the results were on Liquid samples (soy sauce) as follows: The pH and acidity of soy sauce tended to decrease gradually during the storage period. The sugar content and salinity did not change a lot. Microorganisms were not detected during the storage period in the established conditions. Therefore, the conditions for quality changes about pickling soy sauce during the storage period have been established and it can be anticipated to commercialize various pickle food using Cedrela shoots.

The quality characteristics of Acanthopanax and Cedrela shoots during their preservation were investigated according to the salting conditions to improve the use of the shoots. The results were as follows: The pH of added ionization mineral during the storage did not change. The salinity of the salt-stored Acanthopanax and Cedrela tended to insignificantly change as their storage temperature changed and increase during the addition of the ionization mineral. In terms of the color values, the b value of the added non-ionization mineral tended to increase and that of the added ionization mineral tended to gradually decrease. The texture of Acanthopanax and Cedrela shoots to which an ionization mineral was added tended to decrease gradually during their storage, and was highest when 50 ppm of the ionization mineral was added. The total chlorophyll contents tended to decrease during the salt storage, did not change significantly with the change in the added ionization mineral, and decreased at the storage temperature of 10℃. Therefore, it can be concluded that quality of Acanthopanax and Cedrela shoots can be maintained when they are stored in ionization mineral addition.

Cryopreservation has been known as an efficient method for long-term preservation of clonally propagated plants, and several cryopreservation methods have been developed. Among them, a droplet-vitrification method for potato using axillary shoot tips in vitro has been established previously. In this study, we have optimized the procedure in which explants were submitted to a step-wise pre-culture in liquid sucrose-enriched medium (0.3 and 0.7 M for 7 and 17 h, respectively). The pre-cultured explants were dehydrated with PVS3 (w/v, 50% glycerol + 50% sucrose) for 90 min or modified PVS2 vitrification solution (w/v, 37.5% glycerol + 15% DMSO + 15.0% ethylene glycol + 22.5% sucrose) for 30 min. This two dehydration solutions produced post-cryopreservation regeneration percentages of 57.2% and 80.9%, respectively. We also compared a new post-culture medium (0.1 mg L ･ -1 GA3, 0.1 mg L ･ -1 kinetin) with the conventional one (0.15 mg L ･ -1 IAA, 0.2 mg L ･ -1 zeatin, 0.05 mg L ･ -1 GA3); the shooting initiation rates were 80.9% and 43.5%, respectively. The results suggest that the modified droplet-vitrification protocol described in this study is more effective, easier to implement, and more economical than the droplet-vitrification protocols currently used for potato.