As an indicator of skin health, acidified skin surface pH ranging from 5 to 7 is crucial for maintaining skin barrier. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between skin pH and dietary pattern (DP) as well as nutrient or food intake in 48 healthy middle aged adults. Skin pH was measured in the skin surface of the inner arm, and blood lipid profile was analyzed. Dietary intake data were obtained using 1 day 24 hour recall method, and DP was extracted using factor analysis. Results revealed that skin pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.88 in all subjects. There was no significant difference in skin pH between males and females. When subjects were grouped by tertile of skin pH, the food intake of fruit, and the nutrient intake of omega 6 fatty acid, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, and riboflavin in the first tertile group with skin pH ranging from 5.15 to 5.68 were significantly higher than in the third tertile group with skin pH ranging from 6.26 to 6.88. There was no difference in blood lipid profile between the first and the third tertile group. Among 5 DP extracted by factor analysis, DP5 characterized by a high intake of nuts and fruits as well as a low intake of beverages and alcohol was inversely correlated with skin pH after adjusting for gender and age. DP5 was positively correlated with nutrient intake of carbohydrate, fiber, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, thiamine, and riboflavin but negatively correlated with sodium after adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and energy intake. Therefore, acidified skin pH could be maintained by these DP and nutrients.

This study was conducted to investigate the risk of chronic disease as predicted by abdominal obesity in Korean adult females. Data on 2,738 adult females aged 40~64 yrs was obtained from the 2013~2014 Korean National Health Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into normal (n=1,835), abdominal obesity (AO, n=73), and BMI-diagnosed abdominal obesity (BMI-AO, n=505) groups based on the NCEP-ATP III guidelines and by applying the KSSO definition regarding waist circumference. Triglyceride blood levels, fasting blood sugar levels, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the AO and BMI-AO groups than in the normal group. The HDL-cholesterol levels of subjects in the two abdominal groups were lower as compared to those of subjects in the normal group. The mean adequacy ratio was lower among subjects in the AO and BMI-AO groups than among those in the normal group. Moreover, the NAR and INQ scores of some micro-nutrients in both of the abdominal obesity groups were lower than those in the normal group. Both the AO and BMI-AO groups showed significantly higher risks of hypertriglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypoHDL-cholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome than were shown by the normal group. Notably, as compared to the normal group, the AO group showed higher risk of hypercholesterolemia, hyperLDL-cholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, and metabolic syndrome than did the BMI-AO group. This finding suggests that it is essential to develop prevention programs including programs for those with abdominal obesity despite their having a BMI within the normal range.

This study was performed to investigate the ingredients and subsidiary feed production policies, actual condition, and understanding. The survey was conducted by e-mail about 60 feed companies in Korea. The results of the analysis on the production status and perception of the ingredients and subsidiary feed production facilities were summarized as follows. First, the most urgent problem to be solved for the development of a sustainable feed industry and development and stable supply of domestic and international feed resources. Second, the quality of feeds maintained a considerable level in comparison with the developed countries. Third, the production equipment for the introduction of the feed safety management system was after set conditon of introduction. Therefore, to develop a sustainable feed industry, we should proceed to secure reliable sources about fodder resources. In order to maintain a food quality, the role of feed safety inspection for imported feeds materials are more important. The government's various efforts are more necessary for the imported feeds test agencies to improve the reliability, satisfaction and a feed management system.

사이버대학과 일반 오프라인 대학은 수업운영 방식뿐만 아니라 학습자들의 특성에서도 많은 차이점이 있다. 즉, 사이버대학의 수업은 콘텐츠 기반의 온라인 중심으로 운영되며 학습자들은 연령층과 직업분 야, 입학동기 등이 다양하다. 따라서 학습자들에게는 자기주도적인 학습역량이 요구되며, 대학 차원에서 는 성인학습자들의 특성을 고려한 체계적인 교수-학습지원을 해야 한다. 특히 사이버대학은 학습자들의 상황적 요인에 의한 중도탈락율이 일반대학에 비해 높은 편으로 입학에서 졸업까지의 지속적인 학습지 도가 필요하다. 이 연구의 목적은 사이버대학 학습자들의 요구분석에 기초한 맞춤형 학습지원 프로그램 개발 및 운영 사례를 통해 학습자들의 학습역량 강화를 위한 전략을 제안하는데 있다. 연구 대상은 B 사이버대학 재학생으로 학습실태 조사를 기반으로 한 요구조사 분석을 토대로 1) 디지털 리터러시 강 화, 2)상호작용 강화, 3) 대학생활 안정화, 4) 실무능력 강화, 그리고 5) 학습자 맞춤형 콘텐츠 개발과 운영 등 다섯 가지 영역의 프로그램을 개발하였다. 사이버대학 성인학습자들의 학습역량 강화를 위해서 는 사이버대학의 특성과 학습자들의 요구를 적극 반영하여 학습동기와 목표를 충족시킬 수 있도록 사 이버대학의 장점을 극대화하고, 온라인 수업의 한계를 최소화할 수 있는 최적의 교수-학습지원이 이루 어져한다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the health behaviors and nutritional status related to dyslipidemia in Korean middle-aged adults (between 50 and 64 years old) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey data (2007~2010). A total of 4,721 subjects were analyzed in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups (normal, borderline, and dyslipidemia) according to serum lipid levels. Parameters included in this study were drinking and smoking, anthropometric parameters, blood and nutritional parameters. The latter parameter included food/nutrients intake. All data was adjusted by sex, region, education level, and age. General linear model and logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. The dyslipidemia group was comprised of more men than women. By contrast, the borderline group was comprised of more women than men (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed for other general characteristics. There were more smokers and drinkers(drinking per time) in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.05). Anthropometric data showed significant difference, ie, height (p<0.05), weight, body mass index, waist circumference, percent body fat, and blood pressure were higher in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.001). Only blood urea nitrogen showed no significant difference among groups. The HbA1c (p<0.01), fasting blood glucose, GOT, GPT, creatinine levels were higher in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.001). So it is required for the management of obesity in dyslipidemia group. The dyslipidemia group ate less sea food (p<0.05). The nutrients intake of energy and protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus were lower in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.05). Therefore, to lower dyslipidemia prevalence rates, it is necessary to increase the intake of foods containing ω-3 fatty acids. We also suggest a meal management program and nutritional education to recognize the risk of dyslipidemia, especially for people such as the individual in the borderline and dyslipidemia study groups. Key words: dyslipidemia, Korean middle-aged adults, nutritional status, health behaviors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

The organization which is does sale activity in 21c, face a radical environment changes and high competition. To overcome from these situation, employee who is does sale in field are important to set sustainablity to the organization. A sales person is one of member in organizations, so they have a relation with other employee in process of job. To increase there performance and satisfaction, LMX is focused by many researchers. LMX can increase job satisfaction which can increase job performance thought organizational justice. And career of employee can has moderate effect between LMX and organizational justice. To figure out casual relationship among factors, researcher conduct a empirical analysis use 210 samples from SME saleman. Result of empirical study show us every hypothesis which researcher set up has supported. Based on this result, reseacher provide manageric implications and conclusions

목 적: 젊은 성인에게 조절부담 완화방법으로 낮은 가입도의 모노비전, 변형된 모노비전 및 멀티포컬 소 프트 콘택트렌즈를 처방한 후 시기능에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 방 법: 20대 성인 22명(23.36±2.57 세)을 대상으로 단초점 콘택트렌즈, 모노비전, 변형된 모노비전, 멀 티포컬 콘택트렌즈를 단순맹검법으로 양안에 착용시키고 일주일의 적응기간이 경과한 후 조절을 유도하기 위하여 콘택트렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 1시간 동안 40 cm 거리에서 동영상을 시청하도록 한 후 양안 개방상 태에서 양안 원·근거리 대비시력, 입체시력, 가독력, 유령상(ghost image), 바늘귀에 실꿰기 및 시기능 관 련 설문지를 이용하여 평가하였다. 결 과: 양안 원거리 100% 대비시력과 양안 근거리 100%와 10% 대비시력은 교정방법에 따라 차이가 없 었고 단초점 콘택트렌즈와 차이가 없었으나, 10% 원거리 대비시력은 모노비전에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 입 체시력은 모노비전의 경우 가장 낮았으며(p<0.05), 다른 교정방법은 단초점 콘택트렌즈와 차이가 없었다. 가독력은 모노비전 콘택트렌즈를 착용했을 때 가장 느리고 부정확했으며(p<0.05), 다른 교정방법은 단초점 콘택트렌즈와 차이가 없었다. 유령상(ghost image)은 교정방법 사이에 차이가 없었다. 원·근거리 시력, 입 체시, 적응도에 대한 설문 만족도 조사에서는 변형된 모노비전과 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈는 단초점 콘택트렌즈 와 차이가 없었지만 모노비전은 다른 방법보다 만족도가 낮게 나타났다. 결 론: 젊은 성인에서 낮은 가입도의 변형된 모노비전 콘택트렌즈와 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 후 시기능 은 단초점 콘택트렌즈와 유의한 차이가 없었지만 모노비전의 경우에는 저대비 원거리시력, 입체시력, 가독력 및 시기능 만족도가 저하되는 것으로 나타났다.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 참여 향상을 위한 중재를 방법과 내용을 분석하여 작업치료 임상현장에 적용할 수 있 는 근거를 정립하는 것을 목적으로 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 전자 데이터 베이스인 Scopus, Pubmed와 Google scholar를 사용하여 2005년부터 2015년까지 의 논문을 검색하였다. 주요검색 용어로 “Participation AND Occupation therapy AND Intervention”을 사용하였다. 2차 분류를 통하여 최종적으로 12개의 연구를 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 결과 : 결과는 연구의 질적 수준 및 동향, 중재 방법의 종류, 중재가 적용된 환경, 중재의 대상 클라이언트, 참여 평가도구, 동시에 측정된 종속변인을 중심으로 정리하였다. 연구의 질적 수준과 논문의 편수는 증 가하고 있는 양상이며, 중재는 만성질환 환자를 중심으로 지역사회 내에서의 자기관리 프로그램을 가장 많이 시행하였다. 평가도구는 연구자의 연구 의도에 따라 다양하게 사용하는 양상을 보였으며, 연구자들 은 ‘삶의 질’을 참여와 동시에 가장 많이 측정하였다. 결론 : 이번 연구를 통하여 참여 향상을 위한 작업치료 서비스에 대하여 이해하고 그 현황을 종합적으로 알 아봄으로써 임상적 근거를 제공하고자 하였다. 추후에는 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 참여 증진을 위한 작 업치료 서비스에 대한 연구가 더욱 활발하게 이루어져야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 성인들이 영어를 익히고 영어에 대한 자신감을 키우면서 회화 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 학습 방법으로서 35개의 영어패턴을 활용한 70일간의 자기주도학습 과정으로 설계된 패턴영어학습법의 효과를 조사하고, 더 나은 패턴영어학습법을 설계하기 위한 요인들을 도출 할 목적으로 진행하였다. 본 연구를 진행하기 위해 비영어전공 성인 126명을 대상으로 학습자가 느끼는 영어수준과 영어의 필요성에 대한 정도, 선호하는 학습방법을 조사하였고, 이들 중 본 프로젝트에 참여한 10명을 대상으로 70일 동안 매일 평균 30분씩 패턴영어 학습과 일일과제 수행을 온라인으로 진행하였다. 학습결과로 학생들이 작성한 일일과제 결과와 사전설문지, 녹취자료를 종합적으 로 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 패턴영어 학습법은 빠른 시간 내에 영어능력을 향상시키고 싶은 성인들에게 실용적인 방법 이며, 패턴영어는 뼈대가 되는 완성된 문장을 스스로 반복적으로 연습하여 익숙하게 만드는 과정이 우선적으로 중요하기 때문에 자기주도학습 프로그램으로 학습 과정을 설계하는 것도 용이한 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 고강도 운동 후 전신진동이 근피로도 감소와 심박회복율에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 피험자 는 총 20명으로 진동을 제공받는 그룹과 진동을 제공받지 않는 그룹으로 구성되어 있다. 고강도 운동은 경사 8.5도와 보행속도 4km/h를 30분간 제공하였고, 그룹별 진동유무별 의자형 진동기 위에서 30분간 휴식을 취하였다. 전신진동자 극은 10Hz의 진동주파수와 5mm의 진폭을 제공하였다. 진동유무별 피로도 감소와 심박안정화 효과를 검증하기 위해 혈중 젖산농도와 실시간 심박수 변화를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 진동을 제공받는 그룹에서 95.2% 수준의 더 큰 근피로도 감소결과와 50.67%의 더 빠른 심박회복율 결과를 보였다. 이는 고강도 운동 후 전신진동이 근육속 혈관을 지속적으로 자극하여 운동 후 초과산소섭취를 빠르게 해소하고 혈액순환 기능을 증진시켜 피로도를 감소시킨다. 고강도 운동 후 전신진동을 이용한 휴식은 노약자나 여성들에게 운동 후 다른 육체적 활동 없이 마무리운동으로 긍정적 효과를 기대할 수 있다.

Halitosis is a bad odor in mouth. The etiology of halitosis is multifactorial including intra-oral and extra-oral causes. It affects social interactions in many people. The aim of this study is to investigate an association between recognition group and non-recognition group by evaluating halitosis level and systemic factors. Nineteen participants who visited Department of Periodontology of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were enrolled. Volatile sulfur a compounds (VSCs) were measured by Oral ChromaⓇ, a questionnaire was requested and oral exam was carried out in all subjects. Female is more sensitive than male for oral malodor. VSCs level of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and methyl mercaptan(CH3SH) in male is higher than that in female. Participants who gave appeal dry mouth seem to recognize halitosis.