The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient intake, diversity and prevalence of diseases according to noodle consumption using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) of 2010. Korean adults (>20) were classified into two groups, noodle group (NG) and non-noodle group (NNG). NG was found to have higher intakes of protein, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, and niacin. The DVS and DDS according to noodle consumption were found to be 21.76 and 3.51 for NG, and 18.56 and 3.40 for NNG, this result was thought to show that the diet of NG was more satisfactory than that of NNG in terms of dietary diversity. In the bone mass of entire subjects, NG showed higher figures in the femoral neck and lumbar spine than NNG. For bone mineral density, NG exhibited higher figures in the femoral neck, and for T-scores, the values of NG was significantly higher in the femoral neck than those of NNG. However, the prevalence of osteoporosis of NG and NNG was 11.6% and 9.5%. The prevalence of osteopenia of NG and NNG was 43.0% and 51.7%. Thus, these results showed that overall bone health of NG was better than that of NNG. Dietary balance and quality were also more satisfactory in NG. These results showed that noodle consumption may have an impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Crowdfunding has recently emerged as a novel way for people to collect monetary donation from large numbers of internet users. Since 2009, the volume of crowdfunding has increased exponentially, reaching 16.2 billion in 2014. A growing number of literature starts to investigate social influence in crowdfunding that occurs when former backers, who make contribution to fund a project at an earlier stage of fund-raising period, make influences of the contribution decision of latter backers. Crowdfunding can be classified into four categories, namely, lending-based, equity-based, reward-based, and donation-based. The primary goal of lending-based and equity-based crowdfunding is to raise capital and borrow money from a number of investors or lenders in exchange for interest payment or equity share of a company. In contrast, reward-based crowdfunding or donation-based crowdfunding requires a project initiator to create a project, which raise fund to develop a new product (e.g., private good) or enhance the public interest (e.g., public good). In this study, we focus on the two most popular crowdfunding type: reward-based and donation-based crowdfunding projects. In reward-based crowdfunding, backers (or contributors) give a small amount of money in return for a reward such as a copy of creative work or pre-sell products. In donation-based crowdfunding, backers donate to projects for gratitude and the pleasure of giving and expect no compensation in exchange

Large retailers use strategic alliances with suppliers in order to obtain customized distribution services from the suppliers. Forming strategic alliances with large retailers requires suppliers to make relationship-specific investments in the retailers. Transaction cost analysis suggests that the investments create a potential of hold up and discourage suppliers from forming the alliance. This study considers that regulatory focus of suppliers is a determinant of forming strategic alliance. It hypothesizes that promotion-focused suppliers are likely to accept an uncertain alliance with larger retailers even if it requires them to make relationship-specific investments. On the other hand, it is suggested that prevention-focused suppliers are unlikely to accept the same offer under the same conditions.

Building on a sociological perspective, this study empirically examines how transformation expectations relate to conspicuous consumption and impulse buying by comparing Eastern (Thai) and Western (U.S.) consumers to scrutinize how consumers from completely different cultural and economic profiles diverge from each other with respect to their product/service expectations and their purchase and consumption tendencies. While Thailand represents a small developing economy, the U.S. denotes a large developed nation. Furthermore, Thai culture is characterized by a relatively high uncertainty avoidance, large power distance, femininity, and collectivism, whereas American culture is viewed as an individualist, masculine, risk-taking, and small power distance one (Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov, 2010). The relationships set forth in this study are woven together based on the expectations states theory (EST), which generally bridges consumers’ expectations with their actions (i.e., the behaviors of buying impulsively and consuming conspicuously in this study). Our focal construct, transformation expectations, is treated as a second-order construct, consisting of four dimensions: “self-,” “relationship,” “hedonic,” and “efficacy” transformations. We postulate that transformation expectations positively influence conspicuous consumption and impulse buying, and that the relationships are moderated by culture. The data were collected from consumers in Thailand and the U.S. using a self-administered survey by means of quota and purposive sampling techniques. Our final sample size consists of 347 Thai consumers and 320 American consumers. The findings in this study show support for all hypothesized relationships. Both Thais and Americans tend to consume more conspicuously and purchase more impulsively when they have higher expectations that a product enables them to transform their lives. Surprisingly, the test of the moderating effect of culture showed a stronger relationship amongst Thai consumers. This finding contradicts to previous empirical evidences suggested in the literature. Future study thus should replicate and/or extend this study to confirm and validate the results so that appropriate marketing strategies can be tailored to fit diverse groups of consumers across the globe.

Increasingly, there is a rise of interests from practitioners and academics on the topic of consumer-brand relationships (CBR). It has been argued that consumer build relationship with a brand in consonance with its personalities. Thus, this study investigates the role of brand personality in predicting prominent CBR constructs, such as brand awareness, brand trust, and brand loyalty. Researchers consider brand personality as one of the prominent constructs in predicting consumer preferences and choices (e.g. Eisend & Stokburger-Sauer, 2013; Gordon, Zainuddin, & Magee, 2016; Guèvremont & Grohmann, 2013). It has been established that brands are capable to have personalities (Aaker, 1997; Geuens, Weijters, & De Wulf, 2009). The study of brand personality flourished since Aaker (1997) created a brand personality scale (BPS). According to her, brand personality reflects five main dimensions: sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness. Out of these dimensions, many studies mainly focus on two dimensions, sincerity and excitement respectively (e.g. Aaker, Benet-Martinez, & Garolera, 2001; Hosany, Ekinci, & Uysal, 2006; Ivens & Valta, 2012; Sung, Choi, Ahn, & Song, 2015). These studies consider these two dimensions to be of important since these dimensions appear to capture much of the variance in personality ratings of brands (Aaker, 1997) and are considered prominent to the marketing landscape (Aaker, Fournier, & Brasel, 2004; Guèvremont & Grohmann, 2013; Toldos-Romero & Orozco-Gómez, 2015). Although Aaker's BPS represents the most prominent operationalization of brand personality (Eisend & Stokburger-Sauer, 2013; Matzler, Strobl, Stokburger-Sauer, Bobovnicky, & Bauer, 2016; Freling, Crosno, & Henard, 2011), her model has been the subject of several critiques. Researchers argue that the scale measures brand identity rather than brand personality (Azoulay & Kapferer, 2003), the scale is too general and simplistic (Austin, Siguaw, & Mattila, 2003), the scale does not include negative factors (Bosnjak, Bochmann, & Hufschmidt, 2007), and the scale is non-generalizable and non-replicable cross culturally (Arora & Stoner, 2009; Geuens et al., 2009). These shortcomings led researchers to construct an alternative to Aaker’s BPS. Geuens et al. (2009) develop a new measure of brand personality, which includes five dimensions: responsibility, activity, aggressiveness, simplicity, and emotionality. Although many studies scrutinize on Aaker’s brand personality scale, only limited studies apply Geuens et al.’s BPS (e.g. Garsvaite & Caruana, 2014; Goldsmith & Goldsmith, 2012; Gordon et al., 2016; Matzler et al., 2016). Thus, the present study investigates the relationships between brand personality, using Geuens et al.’s (2009) scale, and three important consumer-brand relationships (CBR) constructs. These three constructs are brand awareness, brand trust, and brand loyalty. Aaker (1991) conceptualize brand equity to include five important constructs, which includes brand awareness and brand loyalty. Meanwhile, Keller (1993) notes that brand knowledge is an important component of brand equity, consists of brand awareness and brand image. In addition, brand trust has been considered to be essential in influencing brand performance (Chaudhuri & Holbrook, 2001). Hence, the focus of the present study lies on these three variables. As it has been discussed above, researchers consider sincerity and excitement to be essential in investigating consumer behavior. In light of a shortage of studies in applying Geuens et al.’s (2009) BPS, the present study examines two personality dimensions, which are conceptually similar to Aaker’s (1997) BPS: responsibility to replace sincerity and activity to replace excitement (see Table 1). To the best of our knowledge, no research has investigated the relationships between these three consumer-brand relationships constructs (i.e. brand awareness, brand trust and brand loyalty) and the two most relevant brand personality dimensions (i.e. responsibility and activity). The present study contributes to the marketing literature in three different ways. First, this study adds to the body of knowledge on the relationship between brand personality and CBR constructs using the new measure of BPS. Second, this study assesses the individual level of the new BPS, particularly responsibility and activity, on the three CBR constructs. In doing so, this study responds Keller and Lehmann’s (2006) and Geuens et al.’s (2009) call to assess the individual capacity of the brand personality dimensions to get consumer preference or loyalty. Third, this study displays which out of the two dimensions of the new BPS (i.e. responsible and active) are more important to predict the three CBR constructs. In this research, data were collected from Spanish respondents using online survey with snowballing technique. In total, 347 respondents participated in the survey. After checking for incomplete questionnaires and missing values, 8 questionnaires were dropped. Hence, 339 questionnaires were used for the analysis. Before conducting multivariate analysis, normality tests were conducted. The measurement and structural models was tested using AMOS 18, employing the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. We find that brand personality predicts these three CBR constructs. Brand personality explains 56%, 58%, and 45% of the variance in brand awareness, brand trust, and brand loyalty, respectively. The results show that the strongest link is between brand personality and brand trust. Su and Tong (2015) find that there is no relationship between exciting personality and brand awareness. On the contrary, this study displays that being an active brand leads to higher brand awareness. Even the results show that active brands are more likely to build brand awareness compared to responsible brands. However, in order to build brand trust and brand loyalty, responsible brands are more preferred compared to active brands. These results are in line with Eisend and Stokburger-Sauer (2013) that reveal weak relationships between excitement on brand attitude and brand commitment. These days, consumers prefer the brands to be more responsible or sincere. As Kotler (2011) argues that there is a shift in marketing that consumers pay more attention toward social responsibilities. Interestingly, the results show that being too active could negatively affect brand trust and brand loyalty. Although the association is not statistically significant, Banerjee (2016) finds that excitement brand personality has a negative association with brand preference. A study also finds that excitement does not predict employer brand trust (Rampl & Kenning, 2014). One explanation could be that the brands would like to be something that is an opposite of what they are claiming. Guèvremont and Grohmann (2013) argue that when a sincere brand attempts to flatter the consumers, it decreases brand attitude and increases disappointment. However, this does not occur when flattery comes from exciting brands. Brand managers should be very careful in communicating their brands personalities. Communicating to the consumers that their brands are responsible as well as active is good. However, brand managers should understand the interplay between these two opposing personalities. Consumers may believe that the brand is a responsible brand but also a little bit active. However, communicating two different opposing personalities at the same time may confuse the consumers. This is due to consumers’ disconfirmation of expectations (Guèvremont & Grohmann, 2013). Although this study enlightens the literature of brand management, it is not without its limitations. This study collects data from a cross-sectional study in Spain. In order to generalize the results of this study, future studies should replicate the conceptual framework cross culturally. Particularly on the negative effects of active personality toward the three CBR constructs. Furthermore, Spanish has been regarded as individuals with high uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 2001). Uncertainty avoidance increases the reliability of the brand personality dimensions, namely sincerity and excitement (Eisend & Stokburger-Sauer, 2013). Thus, it would be interesting to know whether differences occur between high and low uncertainty avoidance respondents. In addition, future studies should also account for other individual differences, such as attachment style. Japutra, Ekinci, Simkin, and Nguyen (2014) note that attachment style plays a prominent role in predicting consumer behaviors.

Evidence indicates that lower levels of obesity among school-age children can be achieved through active school travel modes which include walking. This research aims to empirically investigate the explanatory potential of the Ecological and Cognitive Active Commuting (ECAC) model to explain walking to school behaviour among Queensland children. The results from an online survey of 537 carers in Queensland, Australia indicate that the ECAC explained 53.4% of the variance in walking to school. Distance to school moderates the associations among walking to school behaviours, perceived risks, and social norms. Data indicates that changing carers’ social norms and lowering the perceived risks carers associate with walking to school will increase the incidence of walking to school in Queensland.

우리가 성경을 읽다보면 인간은 하나님의 형상으로 창조되었다고 나옴을 알 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 하나님의 형상에 대한 이해는 각 시대와 사조에 따라 그 모양을 달리함을 알 수 있다. 본 서에서는 그러한 생각에서 출발하여 먼저 초대 교부시대의 이레니우스는 하나님의 형상을 절대로 상실되지 않는 성품으로 이해했으며, 이러한 이레니우스에게 영향을 받았지만 아우구스티누스는 이레니우스의 이분법적인 인간 이해를 거부하고 ‘형상’이나 ‘모양’이란 단어가 두 사물들 간의 유사 한 관계를 가리키는 말은 분명하나 동의어는 아니라고 주장한다. 이어지는 중세 교회시대에는 스콜라신학으로도 불리는데 이레니우스의 생각을 더욱 발전시켰 다. 당시 대표적인 신학자 토마스 아퀴나스는 하나님의 형상을 신적 특질이라 할 수 있는 지성에 서 찾았다. 종교개혁시대에 이르러 신학자들은 스콜라주의의 ‘형상’과 ‘모양’을 나누는 도식을 거부하고 인간 을 철저히 하나님의 말씀의 빛에서만 이해하였다 대표적인 신학자 마틴 루터는 인간이 타락할 때 하나님의 형상을 완전히 상실된 것으로 본 반면, 존 칼빈은 하나님의 형상이 모든 인간 본성의 부 분들을 포함하고 있다고 생각했다. 그리고 현대 신학자들의 하나님의 형상에 대한 이해의 경우, 먼저 칼 바르트는 하나님의 형상 을 찾으려고 인간 속의 구조, 성향, 특성들에 조사하려는 시도는 잘못되었다고 주장했으며 그의 초기에는 하나님의 형상은 전적으로 파괴되었다고 하였으나 후기에는 하나님의 형상이 아직은 남 아 있다고 주장했다. 그리고 칼 바르트처럼 벌카우워도 하나님의 형상을 인간의 지성이나 이성 속 에서 찾으려는 사상을 반대했다. 이상에서와 같이 초대교부시대부터 현대에 이르기까지 하나님 형상 이해의 역사적인 고찰은 초 대교부시대와 중세시대까지는 “인간이 누구인가? 하나님의 형상은 무엇인가?”라는 존재적인 측면 을 강조한 특징을 볼 수 있었던 반면 현대에 이르러서는 “인간이 어떻게 살아야 하는가?”라는 질 문의 답을 위하여 관계적인 측면을 강조한 특징을 볼 수 있다.

Chest lateral decubitus is a chest examination to determine the persence of pleural fluid in thorax. In this study, we prepare recumbent holding position time standard of chest lateral decubitus. The records of 15 patients with chest lateral decubitus between May and Jun. Recumbent holding time is 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 210, 240 seconds. The result is fluid level change between 0.88mm to 9.63. Fluid heigh change between 9.9 percent to 42.5 percent. We can confirm fluid level change with chest decubitus image. The proper time for fluid level change is 180 seconds.

목 적 : MRCP는 정맥내의 조영제나 담관 개입이 없어도 영상으로 담관을 볼 수 있도록 해주는 비 침습적 특정적(non-invasive) 기술로써 ERCP로 얻을 수 있는 영상과 유사하다. MRCP는 담도 폐색을 발견하는데 96%~100%의 효과가 있고 원인을 발견하는 데는 약 90%의 효과가 있다고 입증되었다. 폐색에 가까운 담관을 명확하게 증명해주었고 일반적으로 ERCP 때문에 접근이 어렵다. 이런 경우에 MRCP는 ERCP의 지표역할을 해줄 수 있는 중요한 검사가 된다. 그 결과 여러 기관에서는 담관을 조사할 때 MRCP 검사를 우선적으로 선호하게 되었고 ERCP는 치료 목적으로 쓰게 되었다. 이에 MRCP 검사를 받기 위해서는 금식을 요하지만 검사 상 금식을 했거나 제대로 하지 못했을 경우 검사 상 영상에서 보이는 불필요한 신호들 때문에 영상의 질을 저해하게 된다. 이에 블루베리 티백을 우려낸 차를 마시기 전, 후의 영상을 비교하여 Stomach과 Duodenum의 신호 손실 여부를 비교하였다. 더불어 시간경과에 따라 블루베리 차의 유효 효능시간과 시간에 따른 영상의 화질차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2014년 10월부터 2014년 12월까지 9명(평균 나이 27.2세, 남자 9명)의 지원자를 한림대학교성심병원과 한림대학교동탄성심병원에서 시행하였다. 검사장비는 PHILIPS ACHIEVA 3.0T와 SIEMENS SKYRA 3.0T를 이용하였다. PHILIPS ACHIEVA 3.0T의 Parameter는 FOV 250mm, TR 10659, TE 920, Slice Thickness 40mm, Flip angle 90deg, Resolution 256×256, Bandwidth 438Hz/px을 사용하였고, SIEMENS SKYRA 3.0T의 Parameter는 FOV 280mm, TR 4500ms, TE 757ms, Slice Thickness 50mm, Flip angle 180deg, Resolution(grappa accel factor 2) 269×384, Bandwidth 352Hz/px을 사용하였다. 검사방법은 적절한 티백 농도를 확인하기 위해 티백 한 개와 두 개를 뜨거운 물 150ml에 5분간 우린 후 마시기 전과 마신 후의 경과시간 (즉시, 3min, 5min, 7min, 10min, 15min, 20min, 30min, 40min, 50min, 60min)에 따라 영상을 검사하였다. 그리고 얻은 영상에서 Pancreatobiliary system (Gall bladder, Cystic duct, Common bile duct, Intra hepatic duct, Ampulla of vater, Main pancreatic duct)과 GI system (Stomach, Duodenum)으로 나누어 영상의 구별 정도를 4점 척도로 하여 1점을 최하, 4점을 최고로 하여 결과분석은 영상의학과 복부 전문의 2명, 임상경력 10년 이상 방사선사3명, 임상경력 5년 이상 전문 방사선사 자격을 갖춘 방사선사 3명이 정성적으로 평가하였다. 결 과 : 블루베리가 섞인 차를 마시고 난 후 오심, 구토, 설사 및 기타 복부 통증은 없었다. 티백 한 개와 두 개를 비교한 결과 Pancreatobililary system에서 한 개의 티백은 마시기 전 평균 28.25점과 마신후 즉시부터 60분에서 평균 34.73점을 얻었고, 두 개의 티백을 마시고 난 후 결과 값은 마시기 전 31점과 마신 후 즉시부터 60분에서는 평균 39.20점으로 모두 마시기 전 보다 높은 값을 얻었으며 모두 15분에서 각각 36.62점과 41.25점으로 최대값을 나타냈다. 또한 각각의 최대 최소 차이는 8.37(±1.37)와 10.25(±2.31)로 두 개 먹고 난 후 값이 차이가 더 컸다. 따라서 한 개 보다는 두 개의 티백효과가 더 큰 것으로 나왔다. 이를 바탕으로 두 개의 티백만을 이용한 결과 값은 마시기 전 평균점수는 109점, 마신 후 즉시부터 60분까지 평균 점수는 139.55점으로 마시기 전보다 높게 나왔고 최고 평균 점수는 15분에서 152.25(±2.31)점으로 나왔다. GI system에서 한 개의 티백은 마시기 전에서 평균 5점과 마신 후 즉시부터 60분에서는 평균 6.81점을 얻었고 두 개를 마시고 난 후 결과 값은 마시기 전 에서 5.37점과 마신 후 즉시부터 60분에서는 평균 11.96점을 얻어서 모두 마시기 전보다 높은 값을 얻었으며 최대값은 한 개일 때는 마신 후 즉시와 두개 일 때는 5분과 7분으로 나왔으며 최대 최소의 차이는 3.12(±0.175)점과 8.25(±2.75)점으로 두 개의 티백효과가 더 큰 것으로 나왔다. 이를 바탕으로 두개의 티백만을 이용한 결과 값은 마시기 전 16.37점과 마신 후 즉시부터 60분까지의 평균 점수는 38.71점으로 먹기 전 보다 높게 나왔고 최고 평균점수는 5분과 7분에서 46.25점수를 얻었다. 결 론 : MRCP 도입으로 Pancreatobiliary and GI system을 형태학적으로 볼 수 있는데 이는 T2 시퀀스를 기반으로 유체에서 신호를 형성하여 영상을 얻었으나 여러 불필요한 신호들 때문에 영상의 화질 저하의 원인이 된다. 블루베리 차를 이용한 검사에서는 티백 두 개가 효과성이 더 컸으며, 마시기 전보다 마신 후 확실한 효과를 나타냈다. 또한 지속시간은 마시기 전보다 높은 값을 나타내는 60분까지 유효한 시간이지만 최대의 효과시 기인 5-15분 사이로 이시기에는 Stomach과 Duodenum의 신호손실에 따른 Pancreatobiliary system의 화질향상이 두드러지게 평가 되었다. 본 검사방법을 따른다면 MRCP영상의 화질 향상을 도모 할 뿐 아니라 유효시간 내에 3D 검사를 실시할 경우에도 화질향상을 이루는데 도움될 수 있을 것이다.

목 적 : 두경부는 해부학적 구조가 복잡하기 때문에 두경부 검사 시 고해상도의 영상을 필요로 하게 된다. 하지만 고해상도의 영상을 얻기 위한 검사 시 상악부에 치과 보철물이 삽입되어 있거나 뇌동맥 coil이 있는 경우 1.5T에 비해 3T는 자화 감수성의 차이가 더욱 더 커지게 되어 metallic susceptibility artifact가 크게 나타나게 된다. 이에 자기 공명 확산강조 검사 시 자장 세기의 증가로 인한 금속물질에 대한 metallic susceptibility artifact의 증가와 기존의 3T에서 Single shot DWI를 이용한 DWI검사에 비해 RESOLVE technique을 이용한 DWI 검사 시 metallic susceptibility artifact의 감소에 대한 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 치과보철물(백금78%+metal) 과 임플란트(티타늄+메탈), 두 개내 혈관용 코일(10cm)을 기존의 Single shot DWI를 이용하여 scan을 시행하고 RESOLVE를 이용하여 3T에서 각각 5회씩 Scan하였다. 또한 자장의 강도에 따른 자화 감수성의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 1.5T에서 Single shot DWI를 5회 추가로 scan하였다. 사용된 장비는 SIEMENS사의 Avanto 1.5T와 Skyra 3.0T를 사용하였으며 1.5T에서 진행한 Scan parameter는 FOV 220mm, matrix 190, slice Thickness 5.0mm, slice gap 1.5mm, TR 4000ms, TE 95ms, slice수 24이며 3.0T에서 진행한 single shot DWI scan parameter는 FOV 220mm, matrix 190, slice Thickness 5.0mm, slice gap 1.5mm, TR 5300ms, TE 87ms, slice수 24이며 3.0T에서 진행한 REOLVE DWI scan parameter는 FOV 220mm, matrix 190, slice Thickness 5.0mm, slice gap 1.5mm, TR 4700ms, TE1 68ms, TE2 112ms, slice수 24, readout segment 7 이며 phase encoding 방향은 Anterior-Posterio로 모두 동일하게 하였다. arifact의 측정은 marosis사의 M-view의 length tool을 이용하여 b-value 0은 window width(이하 ww) 1800 window level(이하 wl) 1000, b-value 1000은 ww 1000, wl 500으로 ADC는 ww 3000, wl 1500으로 고정하여 10년 이상의 경력을 가진 방사선사 3인이 5회씩 측정한 후 평균값을 산출하였다. 결 과 : 측정결과 급성뇌경색 진단에 주로 사용하는 b-value 1000에서 백금 78%+metal은 평균 측정치 1.5T single shot DWI 44.76mm, 3.0T single shot DWI 47.96mm, 3.0T RESOLVE 36.13mm이며 임플란트(티타늄)는1.5T single shot DWI 31.26mm, 3.0T single shot DWI 37.44mm, 3.0T RESOLVE 32.48mm이고 두 개 내 코일은 1.5T single shot DWI 19.76mm, 3.0T single shot DWI 31.20mm, 3.0T RESOLVE 16.44mm로 모든 실험에서 3.0 single shot >1.5Tsingle shot> 3.0T RESOLVE순으로 Metallic artifact가 크게 나타났으며 재료별로는 보철물>임플란트>코일 순으로 Metallic artifact가 크게 나타났다 결 론 : 확산 강조 자기공명 검사에서 자장의 세기가 증가할 때 metallic susceptibility artifact는 더욱 크게 나타나며 RESOLVE를 사용한 확산강조 자기공명 검사는 자화율차이에 의한 왜곡에 효과적이며 보철물이나 뇌동맥 coil과 같은 금속물이 삽입되어 있는 두경부 검사에서 metallic susceptibility artifact를 감소시키는데 그 유용성이 매우 큰 것으로 사료된다

In this study, to find out the effect of psychological anxiety of the patients during MRI examination on the claustrophobia and vital signs, As for a study tool, to measure Anxiety Sensitivity Index(ASI), Kamsung Evaluation Index of Life Environmental Noise(KEI), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV) was used, and for vital signs, blood pressure and pulse rate were measured pre and post MRI examination. In conclusion, it was indicated that though the effect of the general characteristics, psychological anxiety, on noise sensitivity and claustrophobia was small, the psychological anxiety of the patients during MRI examination affected claustrophobia and vital signs.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between white rice consumption and dietary intake, the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean based on 1st (1998), 4th (2007~2009), 6th (2013) KNHANES. This study included 25,799 subjects who were age 10 or over. Three groups(low, medium, high) were divided according to white rice consumption (per day). In the low group, the meat and oil intake were significantly higher than the high group. In the 1st survey year, the BMI, waist circumstances, hypertriglyceridemia and fasting blood glucose in the high group were higher than other groups, however the 4th and 6th survey year showed no significant results. In the 1st survey year the risk of waist circumstances was higher in the high white rice consumption group and also had high risk with hypertriglyceridemia. Since the lower white rice consumption in 4th than 1st survey year we found no significant results. But in the 6th survey year with the lowest white rice consumption the risk of high diastolic pressure was reduced in high group. Because continuously reduced white rice consumption meantime showed more intake of meat and oil, it can be concluded that defensive effects with the Korean health.

이 글은 지식사회에서 아이디어의 중요성이 증 대하고 있고, 이로 인해 아이디어를 보호하려는 필요성 또한 요구되는 상황 속에서 어떠한 노력들 이 이루어지고 있는지 미국의 통일영업비밀법 (Uniform Trade Secrets Act)을 중심으로 고찰 한 글이다. 특히 영업비밀의 정의가 UTSA 제정 전후로 어떻게 변하였으며, 영업비밀로서 보호받 기 위한 참신성, 구체성 요건은 어떻게 변화되었 는지를 러닝 커브 토이즈 사건, 스트롬백 사건, 그 리고 데스니 사건 등을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 보 통법 아래에서 영업비밀 보호는 불법행위 법재록 756조 주석을 근거로 한 그 기준이 주(州)마다 달라 통일되지 못하고, 동일한 주 내에서도 보호 기준이 사라지는 등 일관되지 못하였다. 또한 영 업비밀 정의가 편협하거나 애매하였으며, 보호 가 능한 품목들의 목록은 지나칠 정도로 상세하였다. 또한 그 영업비밀 정의에 따르면 경쟁자가 그 아 이디어를 알지 못한 공개되지 않은 상태이어야 하 며, 독립된 경제적 가치를 지녀 시장 경쟁에서 우 위를 점할 수준의 아이디어야만 했다. 이때 참신 함과 구체성은 중요한 요건으로 작용하여 경쟁자 뿐만 아니라 일반적으로도 그 참신함이 납득되어 야만 했다. 하지만 UTSA 제정으로 아이디어로서 영업비밀 개념이 명료하게 정리되어 통일성을 갖 추는 등 개념 변화와 함께 묵시적 계약이나 준계 약과 같은 계약 형태 아래에서 보호받게 되었다. 그리고 아이디어 창안자가 상품 단계에 이를 정도 로 많은 비용을 들여 구체적인 형태를 갖추지 않 아도 오랜 시간에 축적된 지식과 노력에서 발현된 직관적 번뜩임의 결과로 나온 아이디어를 보호할 수 있게 되었다. 뿐만 아니라 데스니 사건에서 알 수 있듯이 시나리오를 제안하는 과정 중에 아이디 어를 사용하는 비용을 구두로 의사를 표하였다면 묵시적 계약이 성립되어 해당 아이디어는 보호되 었으며, 그 참신함의 정도가 계약 상대방에게만 참신해도 보호가 가능한 것으로 그 한계가 완화되 었다. 결과적으로 새로운 아이디어법으로서 미국 의 UTSA는 아이디어 개념을 통일되게 정립하여 좀 더 폭넓은 아이디어 보호를 이끌어내고 있다. 반면에 영업비밀로서 인정받은 아이디어를 침해 하지 않고 후발 주자들이 자신의 아이디어로 시장 우위를 점하기는 더욱 어려워지는 아이디어의 독점 현상 심화는 해결해야 할 과제로 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze average kimchi intake, general characteristics, frequency of daily meal intake, intakes of vegetables and fruits, and nutrient intakes in four serving size groups based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. The results showed an average amount of kimchi intake in subjects of 115.6 g, ranging from 0 g to 605.94 g. For daily meal intake except snacking according to kimchi serving size, all daily meal intakes increased significantly with increasing kimchi serving size (p<0.0001), and tendency of kimchi intake increased with more eating-out. As kimchi serving size increased, total intakes of vegetables and salted vegetables increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, unsalted vegetables intake did not show significant difference. Intake of fruits also increased with increasing kimchi serving size. As the serving size of kimchi increased, intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium, and potassium increased significantly (p<0.0001). For intake of sodium, intakes of all groups exceeded 2,000 mg, which is the recommended level for Koreans. Moreover, the fourth serving size group consumed three times (6,546.35 mg) more sodium than the recommended level.

This article examines the discourses and directions of the Korea-China Initiative for People-to-People and Cultural Ties (PCT) for which the Presidents of Korea and China signed in June 2013. The Initiative has gained public attention because Korea and China, which share cultural commonalities through the long history of mutual exchanges, employed humane and cultural resources in the diplomatic policies in an effort to substantiate the Korea-China Strategic Cooperative Partnership. Despite its successful initialization, however, differing views on the PCT have emerged in regards to the notion of cultural ties/communities and the substances of cultural commonalities. This article, based on a review of the political contexts the two countries reached the agreement, critically examines the differing nuance and positions regarding the Initiative. It pays special attention to the Chinese contexts where traditional cultures, usually represented with Confucianism and Chinese characters, are actively employed as political, ideological and diplomatic devices. In addition, examining the Chinese strategies regarding PCT and foreign policies, this article quests for balanced, reciprocal directions of the Initiative.

본 논문은 노사관계에서 중요한 측면인 감정노동과 노조태도에 관한 연구이다. Hochschild가 1980년대 초 ‘감정노동’에 관해서 소개하고 이론화한 후 30여 년이 지난 이후 사회과학분야에서 감정노동은 매우 활발히 연구되어 왔고, 그만큼 감정노동 연구는 그 이론적 깊이와 폭과 다양성의 측면에서 괄목할 만한 업적을 이루었음에도 불구하고 감정노동이 노사관계측면에서 실증적으로 거의 연구되지 않은 가운데 감정노동이 노조관련 태도에 미치는 영향에 관한 탐색적 실증연구결과를 보고하는 논문이다. 본 연구는 개념적 연구방법과 경험적 연구방법을 병행하되, 주로 경험적인 연구를 통해 연구목적을 달성하고자 하였다. 경험적 연구는 간호, 간병, 항공사승무원, 콜센터, 판매 등 다양한 업종의 감정노동자 432명에 대한 설문조사를 통한 실증연구로서 감정노동의 경험이 노조태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 감정노동의 표면행동과 감정노동의 강도는 노조태도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 조절변수의 영향을 보면, 감정노동경험이 노조태도에 미치는 영향은 업종(돌봄 정도)에 따라 차이가 있었으나, 노조유무와 고용형태에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 실증연구결과가 갖는 시사점과 연구의 한계점 그리고 향후연구에의 제언을 제시하였다.

The purpose of the study was two-fold: to investigate the effects of a group-based book reading plus self-efficacy and outcome expectancy intervention on reading amount, perceived reading ability, reading behavior, and social cognitions and to examine influencing factors of book reading behaviors. Sixty-three sixth graders completed a ten-week book reading intervention in two experimental conditions: one with book-reading activities only and the other with a book-reading plus social cognition intervention. The control group (n=32) studied English in their regular English classes. Questionnaires were administered three times to assess the participants' social cognition, reading behavior, and perceptions of reading English books: right before and right after the intervention, and at eight weeks post intervention. The results showed positive effects of the intervention on reading amount, perceived reading ability, and reading behavior. Of the two experimental groups, the group that had received the book-reading plus social cognition intervention showed more positive results. At eight weeks post intervention, intervention effects on goal efficacy, reading behavior, and attitude toward reading were maintained. Social cognition was found to affect reading amount and behavior for the experimental groups. Research and practical implications are suggested.