본 논문은 일제강점기 조선에서 시멘트를 본격적으로 생산하기 시작한 이래, 건축적으로 주요한 변화의 기점 및 그 배경을 도출하는 사적(史的) 연구에 큰 목적이 있 다. 이를 위해 시멘트 산업과 관련한 일본 국내의 상황 과 일제 치하 조선에 적용된 정책을 고찰하는 한편, 구 체적인 건축자재의 유형과 특징을 살펴보고 시멘트가 건축·토목사업의 주요 자재로 사용되는 양상을 규명하 고자 했다. 소재와 기술 면에서 진일보한 근대적 건축자재는 근 대와 전근대 건축을 구분하는 비교적 명확한 기준이라 고 할 수 있다. 산업혁명으로 추동된 공업화, 산업화 과 정을 거쳐 일정한 규격으로 양산된 자재들은 열강의 식 민지 확보 경쟁에 따라 일원화되기 시작한 전 세계 시 장에 판매되었다. 건축자재가 열강의 점유지역을 중심으로 범용성을 획 득함에 따라 건축문화의 지역 특성은 이전보다 미약해 지고 보편화되었다. 자본주의와 시장경제, 대량생산과 신소재의 등장이 건축문화에도 영향을 미친 것인데 가 장 대표적인 자재로 철, 유리 그리고 시멘트를 꼽을 수 있다. 특히 시멘트와 그 파생 자재들은 근대 이후 공장을 통해 대량으로 생산되기 시작한 가장 대표적인 건축자 재이다. 거푸집 형태와 시공 방법에 따라 자유로운 형 태 연출이 가능하고, 일정한 품질로 양산과 유통을 할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 또한 댐 건설과 철도부설 등 대 규모 토목공사에서 필수적으로 대량 수요가 발생할 뿐 아니라 구조, 마감, 방수 등 건축공정의 거의 모든 부문 에 걸친 범용성을 지녔기 때문에 근대적 건축자재로서 대표성을 띤다. 한국에서 근대적 의미의 건축용 철강과 판유리, 시멘 트는 개항 이후 일제강점기를 거치며 도입되었다. 철의 경우는 미쓰비시제철(三菱製鐵)이 1917년 황해도에 건 설한 겸이포제철소를 통해 1918년부터 생산을 시작했 는데, 당시 생산된 철은 대부분 선철(銑鐵)로, 군수용 납품이 주목적이었다. 시멘트는 일본의 오노다(小野田)시멘트 주식회사가 1917년, 평양 인근인 평안남도 강동군 승호리에 공장을 건설하고 1919년부터 생산을 시작했다. 1936년부터 우 베(宇部)시멘트, 아사노(淺野)시멘트 등 일본의 시멘트 자본이 추가로 진출하면서 조선 북부지역의 석회석 매 장지대를 따라 공장을 건설했다. 조선에서 생산되는 시 멘트는 점차 생산량과 수출을 늘려가면서 조선 국내뿐 아니라 일본과 만주의 수요에 대응했다. 유리의 경우 의료와 식기용 병의 제조소는 확인할 수 있지만, 건축 용 판유리의 본격적인 공장생산이 이루어진 것은 해방 이후로 생각된다. 일본의 대표적 시멘트 제조사인 ‘오노다시멘트 제조 주식회사(小野田セメント製造株式会社)’는 일본, 대만, 조선, 만주의 시멘트 수요 증가 예측에 기반하여 1913 년부터 준비 단계를 거쳐 1919년 평안남도 강동군 승 호리에 평양지사 공장을 설립하고 시멘트 생산을 시작 한다. 시멘트 생산 초기의 수요는 철도, 도로, 교량 등 대형 토목공사에 집중되었다. 시멘트는 잔골재와 물, 기타 혼화재료를 섞은 콘크리트로 가공하여 교량의 기초와 교 각, 댐과 항만의 거대한 제방을 이루었고 콘크리트관과 블록은 배수시설과 축대의 주요 자재로 사용되었다. 시 멘트는 토목공사에서 널리 쓰이며 자연 지형을 극복하 는 수단이 되어 도시기반시설의 중요한 기반이 되었다. 벽돌 조적조가 다수를 이루던 건축의 구조에도 1920 년대부터 점차 콘크리트 도입이 늘어났다. 1923년 일본 에 발생한 관동대지진을 계기로 건축자재의 내화·불연 성능에 관한 관심이 높아지면서 다양한 건축자재와 시 공수법의 개발이 진행되어 시멘트, 콘크리트의 실효성 이 높아졌으며 이는 조선에도 영향을 미쳤다. 시멘트는 인조석과 슬레이트, 시멘트기와 등 건축의 다양한 마감 재로 가공되었으며 전통적 건축자재인 석재와 흙을 대 체하면서 건축의 경량화를 이끌었고 불연·내화재료로써 각광받았다. 1920년대 후반부터는 조선 북부 압록강 일대의 수력 개발 사업으로 인해 댐과 발전소 건설로 대량의 시멘트 수요가 발생하는 가운데 오노다시멘트의 평양지사 증설 과 공장 추가 건설, 일본의 우베시멘트(宇部セメント㈱) 와 아사노시멘트(浅野セメント㈱)의 진출로 조선의 시 멘트 생산은 계속 증가했다. 수요가 집중되는 도시 인 근에는 시멘트기와, 관(管), 슬레이트 등 시멘트 관련 건축자재를 생산하는 공장이 집중적으로 설립되었다. 일본이 대륙침략을 본격화하면서 1937년 중일전쟁을 기점으로 조선도 전시체제에 돌입한다. 모든 자원의 사 용이 법으로 제한되면서 군수를 제외한 전 산업은 타격 을 받게 되었다. 철 및 비철금속의 사용을 금지하는 법령으로, 기존에 철근 및 철강을 사용하기로 계획되어 있던 건물은 공사 가 연기되거나 설계 변경을 통해 그 자재를 교체하기에 이른다. 이런 상황 속에서 관 주도로 소위 ‘대용품 공 업’을 진흥시키게 되는데 건축자재도 본래에 사용했던 금속 성분을 최대한 배제하고 시멘트 등을 혼합하여 화 학적 처리를 통해 대체품을 찾고자 했다. 이러한 일련의 건축자재 대용품은 구조용 재료로써 철을 대체하기에는 강도가 약했기 때문에 주로 소형 철 물과 설비, 상하수도관, 마감재 종류 개발에 집중되었 다. 그러나 범용성, 성형 용이성, 색채연출, 내수‧내화‧ 내산 성능 면에서는 기존 자재에 비교하여 우수한 측면 이 있었기 때문에 전쟁 종료 이후에도 신흥산업으로 계 속 진행되었다. 한편 자원 수급 통제를 위해 여러 제도를 마련하면 서, 자원을 분배하기 위한 배급제를 시행하게 된다. 전 쟁이라는 비상 상황의 대처를 위한 이와 같은 일련의 조치들은 종전 후의 건축 자재 유통구조 형성에도 영향 을 미치게 되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 1920년대 이후 한국 근대 건축사 전개에 있어 시멘트라는 근대건축 주요 자재가 보편화되는 양상과 건축 및 토목에 있어서 구별되는 건 축자재로서의 지향, 전쟁과 같은 비상시에 건축의 경제 적 효율을 추구하기 위해 단행된 변혁의 특징을 제시할 수 있다.

Since the beginning of the second Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the entire Korean Peninsula has entered a full-fledged wartime system. Japan enacted laws that strongly regulate the distribution of various resources for war, and the same was implemented in Joseon. In particular, as iron, copper, lead, tin, and aluminum were mobilized as raw materials for military supplies such as weapons, private distribution decreased significantly, which had a great impact on the construction industry. As the use of metal such as steel as building materials requires permission from the provincial governor, it has become difficult to supply and demand except for some military facilities. In addition, the Japanese Ministry of Commerce and Industry encouraged research and development and manufacturing to promote the so-called “substitute goods industry” to make up for the shortage of supplies. Products with improved performance through chemical treatment by injecting only a small amount of the same raw material than before or using alternative raw materials have been developed. It was intended to overcome the limitations of lack of raw materials through the chemical industry. In terms of building materials, various substitutes were produced due to the incorporation of petrochemicals and the use of synthetic resins. This trend continued even after the end of the war and served as one of the backgrounds for R&D and production of new materials without returning to the “substitute goods.”

This study was performed to determine the effects of soil and building materials on indoor radon concentration. Short-term measurements were made in the underground soil of a building along with the radon emanation rates from the phosphogypsum board used as the interior wall. The radon measurements in the soil were 9,213 Bq/m3 in the B3 level, and 3,765 Bq/m3 in the B4 level. Soil radon concentration in the B4 level was 2.4 times higher than in the B3 level. Indoor radon measurements in 50 different locations in the underground of the building, averaged from 144.3 Bq/m3 (B1), 177.0 Bq/m3 (B2), and 189.2 Bq/m3 (B3) to a high of 210.1 Bq/m3 (B4). Indoor radon concentration was increased from the lower level to the upper level. The radon emanation rates from phosphogypsum were 4,234.1 mBq/m2/h and, 450.4 mBq/kg/h. The measurement results indicated that the phosphogypsum board used as building materials as well as the soil could affect the indoor radon concentration.

With increasing public awareness regarding radon, this study has been conducted with the aim of providing more accurate information about radon to the public. We investigated the radon emissions from gypsum boards, which are known to emit relatively higher levels of radon among the building materials available on the market. Radon emissions were measured over three weeks using the closed chamber method with nuclear track detectors. For ceiling materials, the arithmetic mean of the radon emissions was 43.8 ± 42.2 Bq/m3 (geometric mean: 28.9 ± 5.6), 156.2 ± 150.5 mBq/m2/h per unit area (geometric mean, 103.1 ± 2.7) and 21.1 ± 19.9 mBq/kg/h per unit mass (geometric mean: 14.4 ± 2.6). Regarding the wall materials, the arithmetic mean of radon emissions was 24.1 ± 24.0 Bq/m3 (geometric mean: 15.6 ± 2.6), 133.3 ± 143.4 mBq/m2/h per unit area (geometric mean, 76.8 ± 3.0) and 13.0 ± 10.4 mBq/kg/h per unit mass (geometric mean, 9.5 ± 2.3). According to the results of this study, higher radon concentrations and emissions were detected in the ceiling materials than in the wall materials, but these values were lower than those previously measured in building materials.

The objective of this study is to censure the provision of correct information to the public through investigating radon emanation by building materials that are used in domestic construction environment. Radon emanation has been identified in 10 framing materials and 16 finishing materials of 26 building materials used in the domestic construction-industry. Radon emanation was measured using the closed chamber method based on CR-39 nuclear track detectors(NTDs). On Brick-General in framing materials, the highest radon emanation rates were 0.60028 Bq/ m2·h for surface and 0.00733 Bq/kg·h for mass, while on Ceiling-Tex Cement Plaster in finishing materials. The highest radon emanation rates were 0.47708 Bq/m2·h for surface and 0.05885 Bq/kg·h for mass.

Radon is an inert gas, and a naturally occurring radioactive material. Radon is produced by radium and uranium. Generated radon causes lung cancer through the inhalation. Therefore, If uranium contaminated soil is close to indoor spaces, residents may be exposed to this radioactive material(Radon). Generally, radon affects the first to third floors of buildings. But our research team has often detected high radon concentration in the indoor air of high-rise apartments. The reason for this is that building materials containing uranium and radium are brought into apartments. This study was conducted an investigation into the radon emission rate of building materials being used in South Korea. Also, our team conducted an investigation into the radon emission rate of gypsum tiles and concrete found in an apartment(17th floor apartment indoor radon concentration 5.03 pCi/L, Rad- 7(DURRIDGECo.USA)). Finally, we investigated the radon emission rate of bricks containing the soil near a uranium mine. The average radon emission rates of general building materials are as followings: (gypsum board : 0.20·h-1/kg, gravel : 0.05, gypsum tile : 0.02, indoor tile : 0.08, general brick : 0.02, red clay tile : 0.02, concrete : 0.11, uranium mine soil : 4.81). The results regarding the radon emission rate from a 17th floor apartment’s building materials are as followings: (gypsum board : 0.70, concrete : N/A). The results regarding the radon emission rate from bricks containing soil near a uranium mine was 0.19. This experiment indicates that gypsum boards show the highest radon emission rate among general building materials. In particular, the radon emission rate from the gypsum boards in a 17th floor apartment was 3.5 times higher than general gypsum boards. Overall the results suggest that building materials that possess high levels of uranium emit more radon gas than any other materials. South Korea has not established legal regulations on radon emission from building materials. However, the results of this study strongly suggest that it is of the utmost importance to manage the radon emission rate of building materials and control their usage before construction.

Asbestos was a general term applied to certain fibrous minerals long popular for their heat-resistance, tensile strength, acoustic insulation and inexpensive price. Despite its many uses, asbestos is a hazardous material. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems, such as lung cancer, asbestosis and mesothelioma. According to the compliance regulations for asbestos-related materials in Korea, all kindergartens have to be inspected for asbestos materials before April 2014. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of asbestos containing materials in kindergartens in Gwangju, Korea. We investigated 93 kindergartens between January and May in 2014. Asbestos types and contents were analysed using the polarized light microscopy (PLM). Kindergartens facilities that featured ACM(Asbestos Containing Material) included ceiling textiles that contained chrysolite/amosite in amounts between 2 and 5% and gaskets that contained chrysolite in amounts between 15 and 35%. Also, wall cement flat boards contained chrysolite in amounts between 10 and 15%. In this study, risk assessment of asbestos material showed that all kindergarten materials were classified as Low grade when assessed by the Korea Ministry of Employment and Labor guideline method.

본 연구는 고상폐기물인 준설토와 혼합물질인 점토 및 유리프리트를 이용하여 기능성을 갖는 건축자재용으로의 재활용 가능성을 검토하고자 실시되었다. D항만 준설토의 중금속 함량은 Zn이 526.0~13,150.1 mg/kg의 범위를 나타내는 등 심한 오염상태이었다. 준설토(30P)의 주요 화학조성은 SiO₂(48.30 wt%), Al₂O₃(16.60 wt%), CaO(10.10 wt%), Fe₂O₃(7.75 wt%)이었으며, 점토는 SiO₂가 70.82 wt%, Al₂O₃ 18.78 wt%, 유리프리트는 SiO₂가 71.75 wt%, CaO 13.99 wt%, Na₂O 8.51 wt% 함유되어 있었다. 준설토를 점토에 10~40 wt% 첨가한 후 1,000℃와 1,100℃에서 소성한 시편의 압축 강도는 각각 132.6~178.5 kgf/cm2와 581.2~793.7 kgf/cm²이었다. 준설토가 40 wt% 첨가된 경우 (SC46) 1,100℃에서 소성한 경우가 793.7 kgf/cm²로 1,000℃에서 소성한 경우의 153.0 kgf/cm² 보다 5배 이상 높게 나타나 1,100℃ 온도가 소성에 더 적합한 것으로 판단되었으며, KS 1종벽돌 기준을 만족시켰다. 또한, 시편의 용출시험 결과 폐기물관리법상 지정폐기물 판정기준치를 크게 하회하는 것으로 나타났다.

Developing proper reduction strategies of indoor radon which have been an important issue in Korea requires proper information on source characteristics a phosphate gypsum board which is a common building material used for inter-wall thermal protection in Korea could be a major source of indoor radon level. This study evaluated the correlation between indoor radon concentration and the attribution of gypsum board content in building materials. In this study we valuated indoor/outdoor radon from 58 facilities selected based on the information availability of gypsum content in the building material across 8 different cities in Korea. Our results showed that indoor radon concentrations were 2 to 3 times higher than outdoor but those results were not significantly attributed from gypsum contents in the building material. Indeed, phosphate content in gypsum board did not significantly play a role in indoor radon level variations. It is concluded that physical environmental condition such as temperature, relative humidity, radon exhalation rate out of each building materials, as well as pathway from external sources (e.g., soil) needs to be identified to develop indoor radon reduction strategies.

According to a recent government study, development and distribution of functional building materials are increasing in Korea.
In this study, we evaluated reduction performance of formaldehyde and toluene by sorptive building materials using small-scale chamber(20L) test method for 7 days.
According to the results of this study, 18 building materials showed that the effects of formaldehyde reduction among the 23 building materials. And the number of the building materials with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of toluene was relatively small.
The mean sorption rate and total amount of sorption for formaldehyde were 36.8% and 1,525.4㎍/㎡, respectively. The sorption rate and total amount of sorption for formaldehyde were in the range 1.5∼78.4% and 87.5∼3,086.0㎍/㎡, respectively.
And the mean sorption rate and total amount of sorption for toluene were 11.6% and 1,054.4㎍/㎡, respectively. The sorption rate and total amount of sorption of toluene were in the range 0.1∼62.4% and 29.6∼6,764.0㎍/㎡, respectively.
In most cases, the performance of the building materials with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of pollutants has steadily decreased within 7 days.

This study aims to provide preliminary review for standardization of methods for evaluating reduction performance of pollution-reducing building materials and to select commercially available pollution-reducing building materials for assessing their current status. The ISO 16000-23 and -24 standards were used as references for standardizing the test methods. The sub test categories—stability of the supply air concentration, type of the supply air, and supply air concentration—which were not included in the standards were selected and conducted for the purpose of this study. Five (5) wall materials and 2 ceiling materials were tested for formaldehyde reduction performance and 3 wall materials were tested for toluene reduction performance. The study included experimental review of the essential test criteria such as stability of the supply air, internal stability of the chamber, and recovery rate. The samples tested exhibited some reduction performance for formaldehyde but little reduction performance for toluene.

This study was performed to analysis the concentration of TVOC, 5VOC and formaldehyde for building material of total 262 using 20L test chamber. The concentration of TVOC, 5VOC and formaldehyde were measured 1.001㎎/㎡･h, 43.032㎍/㎡･h, 0.012㎎/㎡･h, respectively. TVOC concentration of paint and floor covering occupied the largest concentration of the indoor building materials as 2.689㎎/㎡･h, 2.120㎎/㎡･h, respectively. 5VOC concentration of floor covering was measured 106.636㎍/㎡･h. Toulene and xylene were occupied the largest part of the 5VOC as 51.2% and 33.1%, respectively. The concentration of formaldehyde for furniture materials occupied the largest concentration of the indoor building material as 0.072㎎/㎡h.

In recent years, the number of complaints about indoor air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds(VOCs) has increased. It is important that evaluating and understanding emission of indoor air pollutant from building materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate emission test methods for liquid phase building materials such as paint, adhesive and sealant, and to determine the emission of total volatile organic compounds(TVOC) from liquid phase building material. The quantity of TVOC emission was measured by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MSD). It was found that liquid phase building materials were classified according to their use and ingredient. The TVOC concentration from oil-based paint was the highest among 8 groups of test materials. The unidentified volatile organic compounds occupied 83.0% of TVOC emission from test materials. The aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons occupied 7.2%, 6.9% of TVOC, respectively. The concentration of TVOC decreased by an increase during emission test period. After 3 days, the concentration of TVOC from paint, adhesive and sealant were about half of the concentration at the first day. The ratio of concentration between 7 days and 1 day was 0.11～0.15 from water-based paint and 0.46～0.48 from epoxy adhesive.

The purpose of this study is to optimize an emission test method for building materials and to understand the characteristics of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and carbonyl compounds emission from building materials, especially solid-phase building materials, using a small chamber test method. As a result of the evaluation for small chamber system, temperature and humidity was maintained constantly at 24.5℃, 50.2%. The background concentration of total volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde were also controlled below 20 ㎍/㎥ and 0.5 ㎍/㎥, respectively. Air leakage of emission test chamber and the duplicate precision between two emission test chambers were satisfied. As a result of evaluation for sampling and analysis system (such as the breakthrough test), repeatability of response factor, and retention time in GC/MS and HPLC, desorption efficiency, method detection limits were excellent. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds emitted from wallpapers (made of PVC) was higher at 25℃ than at 23℃. Also, the concentration of formaldehyde emitted from floorings made from non-PVC (wood-based) was higher at 25℃ than at 23℃. On the other hand, there was not a significant difference between the concentrations of total volatile organic compounds emission from wallpaper (made of PVC) which was stored for 2 weeks at 25℃ and 4℃ with tight sealing. In conclusion, emission characteristics of TVOC and formaldehyde from solid-phase building materials would be expected to apply to the plan for the management of indoor air quality.