In this study, a smart bench was developed and researched smart benches that can contribute to user convenience and satisfaction by installing them in parks, bus stops, and tourist attractions in line with the rapidly changing construction of smart cities. The smart bench is automatically operated by the control system according to the external temperature and provides additional functions such as charging, lighting, and advertising to improve general bench functions as well as heating in winter and cooling in summer, making it suitable for smart urbanization. The developed smart bench is designed to be strong enough to withstand loads of about 2,500 N. It minimizes the visible parts such as assembled bolts and 220V power supply wires, It can also give aesthetic effects. The development was carried out with the aim of waterproofing and dustproofing of IP44 grade in accordance with the climate of Republic of Korea, which has four seasons, and it is advantageous for long-term use because the paint was selected for the weather ability (discoloration) grade 3 or higher. If smart bench is commercialized, it is believed that various options can be provided to the smart bench market, where buyers had few product options, as the parts were developed in an assembled type so that all functions can be responded in an optional form according to the installation environment and the buyer's budget.

For this study, we established a system for the CPU cooling performance evaluation and conducted performance tests on air-cooling and water-cooling to understand the effect of the CPU cooling method on performance. For the performance evaluation, the test chamber and water-cooling system were set up, the workload S/W was selected, and a case file was created. In the case of the air-cooling, the CPU temperature is sensitively affected by the outside air temperature, the direction of the board installation, and the influence of the airflow formed around it, and may cause a lot of fluctuations in the CPU temperature. When the water-cooling system was applied, the CPU temperature decreased from 75℃℃ to 37℃ compared to the air-cooled type under the test conditions of 28.5℃ and 3LPM cooling water supply temperature and flow rate. As the CPU clock speed increased due to the decrease in temperature, it was found that the job execution time was reduced by 15~23%. In the future, it is expected that using this performance evaluation environment established through this study will enable us to easily conduct test evaluations for various processors, cooling methods, and changes in operating conditions.

소변검사 전 냉/해동 반복과 해동 과정에 따라 대표적인 임상 화학검사 측정값의 변화를 확인 함으로써 소변검사의 안정성과 품질 개선방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 조사 대상자는 모두 건강한 남성 10명이었으며 이들의 소변 검체를 이용하여 냉/해동 안정성(freeze and thaw stability) 실험을 진행하였다. Micro-albumin과 Amylase의 경우 시간이 경과 됨에 따라 37℃에서 는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, 42℃와 60℃에서는 시간의 경과에 따른 결과가 통계적으로 유의한 변동 이 있었고, BUN, Creatinine, Uric acid와 Glucose에서는 통계적으로 유의한 변동이 있었다. Long term의 안정성 결과, 7일이 지난 후에는 Glucose의 변이는 증가하였고, 60℃에서는 Amylase가 감 소하는 양상을 보였다. Glucose와 Amylase의 경우 시간의 경과에 따른 결과가 통계적으로 유의한 변동 이 있었다. 신뢰성 있는 검사결과를 얻기 위해서는 소변 시료의 채취, 보관 및 저장 등을 비롯한 요검사 의 정확한 표준화가 필요하며 생체 물질별 안정성 확보를 위한 조건들의 체계적 연구가 필요하다.

When kimchi is frozen and thawed, the amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast is usually reduced by more than 2 logs, and its texture including its crispness and hardness are changed significantly. As a possible means to minimize these problems, various freezing (direct freezer with -25, -40, and -60oC and plate freezer with -40oC) and thawing methods (radio frequency (RF) thawing, plate thawing, and room temperature thawing) were investigated in terms of the amount of LAB and texture of kimchi. From the use of plate freezing and plate thawing, the amount of LAB of white cabbage kimchi could be maintained by more than 10% of its initial amount while that for red cabbage kimchi could be maintained by more than the initial amount. Pretreatment with trehalose (19 oBrix soluble solid content) to salted Chinese cabbage could maintain kimchi’s hardness and crispness. In order to maintain the texture and the amount of LAB in kimchi, the use of the plate freezer (-40oC) and the plate thawing (20oC) seemed to be effective with the assistance of trehalose.

PURPOSES : In this experimental study, the resistance of blended cement concrete containing air-cooled slag (AS) and water-cooled slag (WS) to freeze–thaw action was investigated. For comparison, the durable performance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete exposed to a similar damage environment was also evaluated. METHODS : Based on the ASTM C 666 standard, the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, mass ratio, surface electric resistivity, and compressive strength of blended cement concrete specimens were periodically measured and compared with those of OPC concrete to evaluate the durability of concrete exposed to the freezing-thawing environment. In addition, microstructural characteristics of deteriorated concrete parts were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques to detect products formed by freeze–thaw action. RESULTS : It was found that the resistance of blended cement concrete containing AS and WS to freeze–thaw action was significantly better than that of OPC concrete. Furthermore, the SEM results revealed the frost damage of OPC concrete, owing to the formation of thaumasite. CONCLUSIONS : The application of AS in concrete can effectively improve the durability of concrete, particularly in freeze–thaw environments.

PURPOSES : This paper presents the experimental results of tests conducted on concrete produced with air-cooled (AS) and water-cooled (WS) ground blast-furnace slag exposed to multi-deterioration environments of carbonation and scaling. METHODS : Carbonated and uncarbonated concrete specimens were regularly monitored according to the ASTM C 672 standard to evaluate the durability of concrete exposed to both scaling and combined carbonation and scaling conditions. Additionally, mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface electric resistivity, were analyzed. RESULTS : It was found that concrete specimens produced with AS and WS had a beneficial effect on the mechanical properties because of the latent hydraulic properties of the AS and WS mineral admixtures. Moreover, carbonated concrete showed good scaling resistance in comparison to uncarbonated concrete, particularly for concrete produced with AS and WS. CONCLUSIONS : The improved scaling resistance of carbonated concrete showed that AS is a suitable option for binders used in cement concrete pavements subjected to combined carbonation and scaling.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of soaking and ultrasonic extraction by observing the change of contents with extraction time of physicochemical properties (solid content, colorness, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, total polyphenols, DPPH, and ABTS). As a result of the analysis, solid content increased with longer extraction time and the whiteness tended to decrease with longer extraction time. Conversely, the extraction of functional materials showed a tendency to increase as the extraction time increased. Caffeine reached the maximum value after two hours soaking, but showed the same result as one hour for sonication. Chlorogenic acid did not show difference from the content of coffee extracted for one hour soaking only by sonication extraction for 30 minutes. The total polyphenols eluted with approximately two hours of soaking even after 30 minutes of sonication. DPPH and ABTS were insignificant in their concentrations, but their antioxidative effect was more than two hours of soaking with only 30 minutes of sonication. Sonication has a short time extraction from a functional aspect (caffeine content, chlorogenic acid, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity) and this experiment can provide basic data for the development of innovative recipes.

PURPOSES : Durability of concrete is traditionally based on evaluating the effect of a single deterioration mechanism such as freezing & thawing action, chloride attack, carbonation and chemical attack. In reality, however, concrete structures are subjected to varying environmental exposure conditions which often results in multi-deterioration mechanism occurring. This study presents the experimental results on the durability of concrete incorporating air-cooled slag(AS) and/or water-cooled slag(WS) exposed to multi-deterioration environments of chloride attack and freezing & thawing action. METHODS: In order to evaluate durable performance of concretes exposed to single- and multi-deterioration, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, mass ratio and compressive strength measurements were performed. RESULTS: It was observed that multi-deterioration severely affected durability of concrete compared with single deterioration irrespective of concrete types. Additionally, the replacement of cement by AS and WS showed a beneficial effect on enhancement of concrete durability. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that resistance to single- and/or multi-deterioration of concrete is highly dependent on the types of binder used in the concrete. Showing the a good resistance to multi-deterioration with concrete incorporating AS, it is also concluded that the AS possibly is an option for concrete materials, especially under severe environments.

This study investigated the effect of various freezing and thawing conditions on the quality characteristics of radish. White radish was blanched and cooled down to corresponding freezing temperatures of -20℃, -40℃ and -60℃ and, thereafter, the radish was finally frozen in a -20℃ refrigerator for 24 h. The frozen radish was thawed at 4℃, 25℃ and with running water, radio-frequency thawing machine. As quality parameters, pH, drip loss, hardness, color, and sensory evaluation were evaluated. No effect of freezing and thawing conditions on color, pH, and total bacterial count was observed for the samples. Samples that underwent immersion freezing (-60℃) had lower drip loss and higher hardness than samples in other freezing conditions. Sensory evaluation showed that color, hardness, and overall acceptability increased with a decrease in freezing temperature. These results indicate that the temperature of freezing affects the quality of radish.

본 연구는 4연동 벤로형 유리온실의 냉·난방 부하를 고려한 PV 시스템의 적정 패널 설치 면적을 도출하기 위하여 BES 기법을 이용하여 온실 및 PV 시스템의 에너지 모델을 설계하였으며 동적 에너지 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 대상 작물은 파프리카로 선정하였으며 작물의 적정생육온도를 고려하여 냉·난방장치 및 환기장치의 가동조건을 설정하였다. 2012년부터 2016년까지 총 5년 동안의 기간별 냉·난방부하 및 최대 냉·난방 부하를 환 기팬의 환기량 조건 별로 분석을 실시하였다. 온실의 냉 ·난방 부하 산정과 함께 PV 시스템의 설치 각도에 따른 전력 생산량을 분석하였으며 신재생에너지 공급의무비율을 적용하여 최적 PV 시스템 설계 방안을 도출하였다. 환기팬의 환기량 60AE·hr-1 조건에서 대상 온실의 기간 평균 냉방 부하로 인한 전력 소모량은 174,310kWh, 기간 평균 난방 부하로 인한 전력 소모량은 458,903kWh 로 총 633,213kWh의 전력 소모량이 산정되었다. PV 시스템은 설치 각도를 30o로 설정하는 조건에서 가장 높은 전력 생산량이 나타났으며 월별 최적 각도를 적용하는 조건에서는 고정형 PV 시스템보다 약 5.7% 많은 전력 을 생산하는 것으론 산정 되었다. 최종적으로 대상 온실에 적합한 PV 시스템 패널 면적을 도출한 결과, 고정형 PV 시스템은 521m2의 패널이 필요한 것으로 산정되었고, 가변형 PV 시스템의 경우 494m2의 패널이 필요한 것으로 산정되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 4연동 벤로형 유리온실의 냉·난방 부하를 고려한 PV 시스템의 필요 패널 설치 면적을 도출할 수 있었으며 PV 시스템의 온실 적용 가능성 및 경 제성 평가의 기초 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 본 연구에서는 작물 특성 데이터를 확보하지 못하여 작물의 에너지 교환을 고려하지 않았다. 보다 정확한 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 현장 실험 데이터에 기반을 둔 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The conditions of blanching, freezing, and thawing for Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris [L.]) were studied to improve its quality attributes during frozen storage. The washed samples were blanched with water at 100oC for 10, 20, 30, and 40 s. They were then soaked in cold water. The quality characteristics of the samples such as pH, texture, hardness, color value, and total viable cell were analyzed. The samples blanched for 30 s were frozen and thawed under several conditions and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. The pH value of raw samples was higher than that of the blanched sample. The values of brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased after blanching except the L* value of root at the condition of blanching for 40 s. Upon considering the bacterial cell counts, the proper condition was determined to be 30 s of blanching time. Blanching for 30 s was the optimal pre-treatment for minimizing the quality deterioration of the shepherd’s purse for freezing. Regarding its color change and microbial safety, faster freezing and thawing methods made less changes on the quality of frozen samples. Consequently, immersion freezing and radio-frequency thawing were the most effective in minimizing the quality change.

본 연구에서는 BES 기법을 활용하여 온실을 대상으로 실시간 에너지교환 시뮬레이션 모델 개발 및 검증을 수행하고 냉·난방부하 산정 및 경향성을 분석하였다. 우선 BES 기법과 현장실험을 기반으로 온실의 실시간 에너지 교환 모델을 개발하였다. 광흡수율, 엽면적지수, 잎 특성 길이 등 대상작물인 애플망고의 특성 값들과 온실 내부 이산화탄소 농도, 광량, 온도 등 실시간 입력 자료를 고려하여 작물 및 토양의 에너지교환을 구현하였다. 모델의 검증은 온실 내부 기온으로 수행하였으며 실측 내부 기온과 연산된 내부 기온 간의 결정계수, 일치도로 평가 하였다. 내부 기온 비교는 결정계수 0.89, 일치도 0.93으로 높은 유사성을 확인하였으며 모델의 유의성을 판단하였다. 개발한 모델과 2005년부터 2014년까지의 기상자료, 대상작물의 생육단계별 적정생육온도를 이용하여 대상온실의 냉·난방부하 산정하였다. 연도별 냉·난방부하산정 및 경향성을 파악하였으며 최대 냉·난방부하 산정을 통하여 대상온실의 냉·난방장치 용량설계의 기초자료를 확보하였다. 최근 10년 치 기상자료를 통하여 평균 최대 난방부하 525,473 kJ·hr-1, 평균 최대냉방부하 630,870 kJ·hr-1가 산정되었으며 대상 온실에 지열, 온배수, 태양열 등 신재생에너지를 활용할 경우 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통하여 온실 내 각 구성요소 간의 실시간 에너지교환을 모의할 수 있었으며 추후 온배수 활용을 위한 저류조, 히트펌프, 축열조 등의 설비를 구현함에 따라 전반적인 냉·난방 시스템의 구현 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 동적 해석방법을 통하여 재배작물, 생육단계 및 토양을 고려하였으며 온실 에너지교환 모델에 다양한 형태로 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

In the food industry, freezing storage has been an important process for maintaining the properties of food materials. In order to maintain the quality of blanched Colocasia esculenta (L.), Schott stem, packaging, freezing, and thawing methods were optimized by determinations of the physicochemical properties. For the comparison of packaging method, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott stem packed by air containment had the lowest significant differences of properties such as hardness and drip loss compared to the control samples. Overall, the drip loss of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott stem had lower value at fast freezing rate (immersion freezing). Considering the result of the drip loss, high frequency thawing was more effective than other thawing methods. Therefore, it was supposed that samples treated by air-containing packaging, immersion freezing, and high frequency thawing used the optimal method to maintain the original quality of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott stem.

Food freezing preservation is an important process due to its high quality and long shelf-life. In order to improve the quality of frozen sweet potato stem, the freezing rate, thawing, and packaging method was optimized by the determination of physical properties. There was no significant difference among the treatment of freezing rate. Further, the drip loss of sweet potato stem was higher at a relatively fast freezing rate (immersion freezing) than at slow freezing rate (natural convection freezing at -20 or -40oC). For the comparison of packaging methods, the aircontaining packaged sweet potato stem had the lowest significant differences from the result of color, pH, and hardness. From the result of the drip loss, the high frequency and microwave using thawing samples were more effective than room temperature and water thawing. Therefore, fast freezing and thawing rate with air-containing package were recommended to obtain the better quality of sweet potato stem.

딸기는 독특한 향미 및 비타민 C와 페놀성 물질 함량이 높아 식품학적 가치가 우수한 작물이지만 과피가 약하고 대사속도가 빨라 쉽게 변질되는 작물이다. 죽향, 매향, 설향, 장희, 육보의 딸기 5품종을 -20℃ 냉동조건에서 7일간 냉 동한 후 4℃ 해동하여 냉동 딸기의 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드, DPPH radical 소거능, 총 안토시아닌 및 비타민 C 함량을 분석하였다. 모든 품종에서 냉동 딸기의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 생과에 비해 감소하였고, 장희가 생과에 비해 0.5%로 가장 적게 감소하였다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 모든 품종에서 냉․ 해동 처리 후 증가하였고 장희가 26.27%로 높은 증가율을 나타났다. 죽향을 제외한 나머지 품종에서 냉동 딸기의 DPPH radical 소거능은 생과에 비해 증가하였 고 육보가 생과에 비해 27.61%로 높은 증가율을 나타났다. 총 안토시아닌 함량은 죽향과 장희를 제외한 나머지 품종 에서 생과에 비해 약간의 증가율을 나타났다. 냉·해동 처리 후 죽향의 비타민 C 함량은 생과에 비해 7.8%로 증가하였 지만 나머지 품종에서 냉동 딸기의 비타민 C 함량은 생과에 비해 감소하였고 장희와 매향이 생과에 비해 4.3과 5.3% 로 낮은 감소율을 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 5품종 중 장희가 냉·해동 처리 후 생리활성이 가장 좋게 나타났다

The HANARO reactor constructed from Jan. 1985 to April 1995, and a major utilization system, the Cold Neutron Research Facility was completed Nov. 2010. The cold neutron research facility consists of a Cold Neutron Source, a process system, a neutron guide and a Spectrometer. A moderator is utilized to transform thermal neutrons into cold neutrons. A moderator cell accommodates the moderator. The inner assembly contains an aluminum moderator cell connected to a stainless steel heat exchanger by a bi-metallic transition joint. An In-Pool Assembly is welded to this inner assembly and a double flexible pipe, and a vacuum chamber is inserted. After HANARO reactor shutdown, the in-pool assembly was installed at a cold neutron hole in the reactor pool. We confirmed a precise installation by using an underwater TV camera for a nuclear reactor inspection. In-pool assembly connected to double flexible pipe each system in the Cold Neutron Research Facility. After cold neutron research facility operated, the reliability of vacuum system, helium refrigerator system, gas blanket system and hydrogen system for maintenance was confirmed.

As the balcony expansion of residential building was legalized, the expansion generation is tend to increased continuously of existing residential building or condominium complex. But balcony is the service area. So, it is worried about defect occurrence of extension construction because thermal insulation effect is insufficient to balcony installed an aluminum sash. Therefore, it is desired the method to minimize the damage of performance improvement of the windows which has an influence directly on the performance defect. See-through a-si is effective to reduce the cooling loads and sunlight, to produce the electricity by installing a-si at the wall and windows of residential building. This paper has predicted producing electricity and have analyzed heating/cooling load based on balcony expansion and building-integrated PV installation in residential building.