Paspalum distichum and P. distichum var. indutum are perennial weeds of the family Poaceae that prefer moist environments such as waterfronts and waterways. The origin of both species is North America. P. distichum is distributed all over the world. However, P. distichum var. indutum occurs only in the United States, Japan, and Korea. For this reason, in many countries, P. distichum and P. distichum var. indutum are classified as the same species. In other words, P. distichum var. indutum is a different ecological type of P. distichum. Both species can reproduce and spread mainly by rhizome fragments rather than seeds. This rhizome has a characteristic that it does not germinate if it is buried in the ground with depth of more than 3 cm. As a management method for P. distichum and P. distichum var. indutum in agricultural lands (paddy fields), it is effective to combine cultural control and chemical control methods. In other words, combining deep plowing and harrowing can suppress the budding of water sparrow that has invaded paddy fields or fallow paddy fields. After that, these two species that germinate can be controlled by spraying soil treatment herbicides such as butachlor and thiobencarb or foliar treatment herbicides such as cyhalofop-butyl and fenoxaprop-pethyl.

The purpose of this study is to analyze outcome of the project to improve old water supply facilities in Airforce Base to improve water revenue rate. To achieve the objective of this study, First, literature review is conducted to clearly define the concept of water revenue rate improve project. Second, WASCO project on 2 Airforce base review and smart water management pilot project on 1 Airforce base is conducted. Third, economical analysis of project is conducted to examine the outcome. As a result, WASCO and smart water management pilot project on Airforce base was effective to improve water revenue rate. Finally, the improvements were suggested after investigating the key factors on water revenue rate improve project. In the future, this study will be used as a baseline for developing water revenue rate improve project.

One of the most effective methods to consistently ensure the safety of a tap water supply can be achieved by application of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach for drinking water supply systems. This approach can be termed water safety plans(WSP) which recommended by WHO(world health organization) and IWA(international water association). For the introduction of WSP into Korea, 150 hazards were identified all steps in drinking water supply from catchment to consumer and risk assessment tool based on frequency and consequence of hazards were developed. Then, developed risk assessment tool by this research was implemented at a water treatment plant(Q=25,000 m3/d) to verify its applicability, and several amendments were recommended; classification of water source should be changed from groundwater to stream to strengthen water quality monitoring contaminants and frequencies; installation of aquarium to monitor intrusion of toxic substances into raw water; relocation or new installation on-line water quality analyzers for efficient water quality monitoring; change of chlorination chemical from solid phase(Ca(OCl)2) to liquid phase(NaOCl) to improve soundness of chlorination. It was also meaningful to propose hazards and risk assessment tool appropriate for Korea drinking water supply systems through this research which has been inconsistent among water treatment authorities. Key words: Hazard, Reliability, Risk management, Water safety plan, Tap water

물거미는 한국에서 유일하게 연천군 은대리의 좁은 습지에서만 제한적으로 분포하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 물거미 개체군에 영향을 주는 서식 환경요인을 규명하기 위하여 습지내 물거미의 개체수와 수생태계의 다양한 물리화학 및 생물학적 환경요인과의 관계를 조사하였다. 그 결과 물거미의 개체수는 서식지의 물리화학적 환경요인 중에서 습지의 면적이 좁고 암모니아태질소와 전기전도도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 물거미는 포식자나 먹이인 피식자와는 관련성이 낮고 왕우렁이의 개체수가 많을수록 감소하였다. 또한 정수식물의 피도와는 관련성이 없었으나 부엽식물의 피도가 높을수록 물거미수는 감소하였고, 그 반대로 침수 식물의 피도가 높을수록 이에 비례하여 물거미 수는 증가 하였다. 이러한 결과는 물거미의 서식환경에서 수생식물이 중요하게 관련됨을 의미하고, 현재 이 서식지에서 외래종인 왕우렁이는 수생식물의 최대 섭식자로 작용하고 있으므로 이에 대한 제어대책이 시급히 필요하다.

Traditional wastewater research mainly focuses on 1) estimating the amount of waste entering sewage treatment facilities, 2) evaluating the treatment efficiency of sewage facilities, 3) investigating the role of sewage treatment effluent as a point source, and 4) designing and managing sewage treatment facilities. However, since wastewater contains a variety of chemical and biological substances due to the discharge of human excreta and material used for daily living into it, the collective constituents of wastewater are likely a reflection of a community’s status. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), an emerging and promising field of study that involves the analysis of substances in wastewater, can be applied to monitor the state of a defined community. WBE provides opportunities for exploiting indicators in wastewater to fulfill various objectives. The data analyzed under WBE are those pertaining to selected natural and anthropogenic substances in wastewater that are a result of the discharge of metabolic excreta, illicit or legal drugs, and infectious pathogens into the wastewater. This paper reviews recent progress in WBE and addresses current challenges in the field. It primarily discusses several representative applications including the investigation of drug consumption across different communities and the management of community disease and health. Finally, it summarizes established indicators for WBE.

In this paper, the current water management organization of the Korean government and those of foreign countries were analyzed to draw out a plan to build a more rational water management organization. And then, the two organization reform alternatives were discussed on which alternatives can effectively manage the water. Through the analysis, deployment of three divisions including the water policy, the wastewater policy and the division of water industries and business are the best alternative in terms of water equality, sustainability and efficiency, which are the three main goals of the new Water Management Act, Water Management Basic Act. With much efforts, the Korea has come to the era of One Water Management. The water management paradigm proposed in this opinion is expected to become a new engine of economical growth of the nation.

The results of the survey on water utilization status, the wasted water factor, the awareness, and the education and promotional activities of water saving in Daejeon City are as follows: The percentage of using tap valve with a closure was 66% when showering. 74% of water was used with closing the tap valve when washing faces with no water needed, it was still considered that there existed a wasting water. The most wasting reasons of water were found to be shower, bath, and laundry in order. In the awareness of practicing tap water saving, 9.1% of respondents acted actively, 53.4% of them were trying to practice it, and more than 63% had a positive awareness. In the contents of practicing saving water, locking water when soaping while showering, non-laundry of small quantity, and using cups when brushing teeth were top priorities. About 50% of the reasons for saving water was to practice purely saving water, when saving for economic help was excluded. The level of water saving awareness was not high when considering that the ratio of usage without water saving equipment and installation, and using method was relatively high when moving in. In order to make usage of water saving equipment more common, it was deemed necessary to provide information on the purchase of water saving equipment and to promote and educate the efficiency of saving of related products. More than about 90% of the respondents responded that water saving education or promotional activities had an effect of improving water saving awareness. The most effective method of education and promotional activities was found to be 40.4% by mass media activities, and 21.7% by promotions through mobile devices.

There has been an accelerating increase in water reuse due to growing world population, rapid urbanization, and increasing scarcity of water resources. However, it is well recognized that water reuse practice is associated with many human health and ecological risks due to numerous chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. Especially, the potential transmission of infectious disease by hundreds of pathogenic viruses in wastewater is one of the most serious human health risks associated with water reuse. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to chlorination in real wastewater in order to identify a more reliable bacteriophage indicator system for chlorination in wastewater. Different bacteriophages were spiked into secondary effluents from wastewater plants from three different geographic areas, and then subjected to various doses of free chlorine and contact time at 5˚C in a bench-scale batch disinfection system. The inactivation of φX174 was relatively rapid and reached ∼4 log10 with a CT value of 5 mg/L*min. On the other hand, the inactivation of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for φX174 and only ~1 log10 inactivation was achieved by a CT value of 10 mg/L*min. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage both MS2 and PRD1 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for chlorination in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.

Korea's modern waterworks began with construction of DDukdo water treatment plant in 1908 and has been growing rapidly along with the country’s economic development. As a result, water supply rates have reached 98.5% based on 2013. Despite multilateral efforts for high-quality water supply, such as introduction of advanced water treatment process, expansion of waterworks infrastructure and so on, distrust for drinking tap water has been continuing and domestic consumption rate of tap water is in around 5% level and extremely poor comparing to advanced countries such as the United States(56%), Japan(52%), etc. Recently, the water management has been facing the new phase due to water environmental degradation caused by climate change, aging facilities, etc. Therefore, K-water has converted water management paradigm from the "clean and safe water" to the "healthy water“ and been pushing the Smart Water City(SWC) Pilot Project in order to develop and spread new water supply models for consumers to believe and drink tap water through systematic water quality and quantity management combining ICT in the whole water supply process. The SWC pilot projects in Pa-ju city and Go-ryeong county were an opportunity to check the likelihood of the "smart water management" as the answer to future water management. It is needed to examine the necessity of smart water management introduction and nationwide SWC expansion in order to improve water welfare for people and resolve domestic & foreign water problems.

최근 농가에서 모떼기 작업의 용이성 때문에 널리 이용되는 개량상자를 위한 적정 물관리 방법을 본 연구에서 제시하였다. 개량상자 +중량상토 조합으로 마른 못자리와 물 못자리에서 고랑관개와 상면관개를 하여 시험하였는데 그 결과 못자리 종류에 관계없이 상면관개가 안정적인 물관리 방법으로 선정되 었으며 고랑관개는 안정성이 낮아 배제되었다. 선정된 물관리방법이 경량 상토 및 매트상토에서도 유효한지 확인하기 위해 상면관개를 하여 못자리 별로 중량상토, 경량상토, 매트상토에서의 물관리 시험을 시행하였다. 그 결과 상면관개는 동일 못자리내에서 상토 종류에 관개없이 정상적으로 이앙 가능한 수 준의 모를 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 개량상자를 이용할 경우 못자리 종류와 상토에 관계없이 상면관개를 해야만 하며 모를 안정적으로 얻기 위해서는 물 수위가 낮아지지 않게 주의해야 한다.

호남평야지(미사질양토)에서 무논점파재배시 입모향상을 위한 적정 논굳힘 일수를 알아보고자 호품벼를 공시하여 논굳힘일수을 로타리후 1, 2, 3, 4일(로타리후 담수 1일)로 처리하였으며, 파종 후 물관리 방법을 알아보고자 파종 후 물관리는무담수, 간헐담수(파종후 2, 4, 6일)로 처리하였고 그리고 제초제 적정 처리시기를 알아보고자 제초제 처리시기를 파종 후10, 12, 14, 16로 하여 입모수 및 초기생육을 조사하였다.무논점파재배시 논굳힘 일수에 따른 입모수는 2, 3일 논굳힘에서 m2당 117, 114개로 많았으나 1일 및 4일 논굳힘에서는 m2당 88개 및 83개로 적었으며, 초장 및 근장은 논굳힘 3일 까지는 논굳힘 일수가 증가할수록 길었으나 논굳힘 4일에서는 짧아졌다.무논점파 재배시 파종후 간헐담수에 따른 입모수는 파종후2일 및 4일에서는 m2당 117개 및 113개였으나 파종후 6일에서는 92개, 무담수 처리에서는 84개로 적었으며, 파종후 간헐 담수에 따른 파종후 13일 초장은 파종후 2일 및 4일 간헐담수 처리에서는 각각 3.3 및 2.5cm였고 파종후 6일 및 무담수시에는 1.7cm 및 1.0cm로 파종후 파종 후 간헐담수 시기가 늦어짐에 따라 초장이 짧아졌으며 근장 역시 같은 경향이었다.무논점파 재배시 파종후 담수 및 제초제 처리시 파종후 10일에서는 초장은 2.0cm였으나 파종후 12일에서는 3.2cm, 14일 및 16일에서는 각각 4.5 및 7.7cm로 길어졌으며 근장 역시 같은 경향이었으며, 무논점파 재배시 파종후 담수 및 제초제 처리에 따른 잡초발생정도는 파종후 12일 까지는 발생하지않았으나 파종후 14일부터 약간 발생하였다.이상의 결과로 보아 호남평야지(미사질양토)에서 무논점파재배시 적정 논굳힘 일수는 토양 상태, 입모수 및 초기생육을고려하여 볼 때 로타리 후 3일(담수 1일, 낙수 2일), 파종 후물관리 방법은 파종 후 2일에 1일 간 간헐담수 처리가 그리고적정 제초제 처리시기는 초기생육을 고려하여 볼 때 파종 후12일이 알맞은 것으로 판단되었다.

현재 한국은 물 부족국가로 분류되고 있고, 물의 수량의 부족 뿐 아니라 물 자원에 이용과 관리에 관한 법제적 연구개발의 필요성이 절실한 상황에 있다. 그동안 물에 대한 정책과 법제는 이러한 수질오염의 방지와 함께 유한적인 물 자원의 이용에 관한 부분에서 이루어져 왔는데, 물 자원의 이용에 관한 권리인 수리권에 대한 연구가 중심을 이루어 왔다. 한편 이러한 수리권에 관한 민법규정과 각종 행정법규정은 미국의 수리권이용에 관한 이론이 주는 시사점을 많이 수용하고 있음을 알 수 있는데, 주목할 것은 어느 입장이든 간에 물을 일종의 권리의 대상 내지는 조절할 수 있는 권리의 부분으로 인정한다는 점과 공익적 요청에 따라 이에 대한 공권력의 개입이 정당화되고 있다는 점이다. 현행 헌법 규정과 물과 관련된 개별 법률의 내용에 비추어 보면 물에 대한 권리나 물을 이용하는 권리는 공법적 관점에서 접근해야 하는 요청이 강하다고 할 수 있다. 물의 이용과 관리에 관한 문제가 대두되는 것은 결국 물 관리 주체의 정책과 이를 뒷받침 하는 법제간의 격차와 괴리가 존재한다는 것을 말한다. 일부 견해는 이를 형평과 법적안정성을 추가하는 법과 합목적성과 효율성을 지향하는 경제의 긴장관계와 기후변화와 같은 자연환경의 변화와 같은 외생변수와 행정의 규제의 변화라는 규제모델의 변화라는 정책적 함의를 통해 설명하기도 한다. 한국에서의 물의 관리는 이른바 치수사업을 통해 다목적 댐 건설과 산업화에 따른 하천오염의 방지와 예방차원에서 벗어나 종합적인 수생태계의 관리로 전환되고 있는데, 이러한 물 관리정책은 종래 초기의 양적관리에서 물의 질적 관리로 다시 종합적인 유역관리체계의 형태로 변화하고 있다. 물의 관리에 대한 법제적 접근은 관련 법령의 체계화작업 만큼이나 현행 법령의 실행과정에서 제기된 형평의 문제에 대해 새삼 진지한 검토가 있어야 한다. 본고에서는 이와 관련해 농업용수 사용에서의 형평성, 수돗물 공급과 이용에서의 지역 간 격차와 상수도공급의 시장화와 물이용을 둘러싼 행정규제에 관해 언급하고 있다. 물의 관리에 대한 법적 규율은 기본적으로 공유지의 비극을 막기 위해 동원된 다양한 정부의 규제가 구성원들의 질서의 존중과 시장도구에 의한 보완이 가능하지 않는 경우에 오히려 비효율성을 증가할 수 있다는 점에 유의해야 한다. 하지만 더 중요한 것은 물에 대한 종합적 법제와 시스템화에 앞서 물에 대한 혹은 물을 이용하는 권리는 이제는 인간의 생존에 필수적인 공정한 접근이 보장되어야 할 인권적 요소라는 점을 인식하는 것일 것이다.

This study is performed to develop an automatic irrigation control of system for effective water management in greenhouse. The automatic irrigation control system is composed of an IR-RED optical sensor in tensiometer and an One-chip micro controller. The following results are obtained : 1. A practical IR-RED optical sensor in tensiometer, which shows the starting point of irrigation, was developed. 2. The automatic irrigation system with the optical sensor and One-chip micro controller was developed and also designed to be able to combine with the control system for temperature, curtain opening, etc. 3. A multiple irrigation control system for several greenhouses were suggested. 4. The results of the system test with the driving program for automatic water management were excellent.

This study developed the prototype of the system and implemented its main functions, which is the intelligent integrated agricultural water management information system and service (IaWAMISS). The developed system was designed to be able to collect, process and analyze the agricultural water information of spatially dispersed reservoirs in whole country and spatial geographic information distributed in various systems of other organizations. The system, IaWAMISS, is also possible to provide the reproduced information services in each reservoir and space units, such as agricultural water demand and supply analysis and drought prediction, to the people, experts, and policy makers. This study defined the 6 step modules to develop the system, which are to design the components of intelligent integrated information system, to derive the utilization contents of existing systems, to design the new development elements for IaWAMISS, to design the reservoir information system can be used by managers of city and county, to designate the monitoring reservoirs managed by city and county, and finally to prepare the sharing system between organizations with the existing information systems. In order to implement the prototype of the system, this study shows the results for three important functions of the system: spatial integration of reservoirs' information, data link integration between the existing systems, and intelligent analysis program development to assist decision support for agricultural water management. For the spatial integration with the reservoir water information of the Korea Rural Community Corporation, this study get IaWAMISS to receive the real-time reservoir storage information from the measurement facility installed in the municipal management reservoir. The data link integration connecting databases of the existing systems, was implemented by integrating the meteorological information of the Korea Meteorological Administration with IaWAMISS, so that the rainfall forecast data could be derived and used. For the implementation of the intelligent analysis program, this study also showed the results of analysis and prediction of agricultural water demand and supply amount, estimation of Palmer drought index, analysis of flood risk area in typhoon course region, and analysis of the storage status of reservoirs related to each storm. This study confirmed the possibility and efficiency of an useful system development through the prototype design and implementation of IaWAMISS. By solving the preliminary 6 step modules presented in this study, it is possible not only to efficiently manage water by spatial unit, but also to provide the service of information and to enhance the relevant policy and national understanding to the people.

Water management information system used by KRC(Korea Rural Community Corporation) operates widely including RIMS, RAWRIS and etc. Other systems are operated by each government department, for example, K-water(Korea Water Resources Corporation)’s WAMIS. Even though small scale reservoirs managed by city/country is just about 12% of total water resource, the reservoirs are important for controlling and securing water resource as the reservoirs, including about 14,700 reservoirs nationwide, are located at main subwater shed. So, it is necessary for KRC to execute integrated informatization. In this research, system analysis was performed to comprise the integrated water management information system including the reservoirs controlled by city and country at first. And then, improvement plan for informatization of the reservoirs controlled by city and country was proposed. This study proposed the improvement plan for informatization of the reservoirs managed by the city and country, which was systematically proposed through systemic analysis including from reservoir site to the integrated water management information system. The objects includes 1. Reservoir (basin, facilities, water depth-area curve, benefiter area), 2. Field supervision organization for the reservoir 3. Local government administrative organization, 4. Center organization 5. Network for information transfer, 6. integrated water management information system. As the reservoirs controlled by city and country are important considering managing water and facilities, operated by local government with minimum budget due to budget problem, securing sufficient budget is necessary to form an specialized organization controlling facilities and the water management system in terms of drought and flood control.

This study analyzed the regional economic feasibility of greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduction technology in paddy rice. Firstly, the impact of GHGs reduction technol-ogy on productivity, emission reduction, and costs is different from region to region. Secondly, the water irrigation system contributes to productivity, GHGs reduction, and water reduction, but the profit of paddy rice will decrease because of increase in fixed costs and variable costs. Thirdly, the economic feasibility shows that water-savings plot has a 1.41 in a benefit-cost ratio.