최근 들어 반려동물을 키우는 가구 수가 증가하고 있다. 그로인해 진드기와 냄새에 대한 관심 또한 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 제충국 추출물 (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), 수용성 피톤치드(water-soluble phytoncide)가 진드기 퇴치제로서 효과와 탈취 및 항균 효과가 있는지 알아보기 위하 여 연구를 진행하였다. 틱 클라이밍 테스트(Tick climbing test)에서 제충국 추출물(Tanacetum cinerariifolium) 23.33점, 수용성 피톤치드 22.00점 으로 높은 기피효과를 보였다. 복합추출물로서의 진드기 기피 효과를 확인하기 위해 위 실험에서 기피 효과가 확인된 제충국 추출물, 수용성 피톤치 드를 포함한 복합추출물(Sample이라 함.), 타사 제품(Control이라 함.)로 틱 클라이밍 테스트(Tick climbing test)를 진행하였다. 결과 Sample 13.00점, Control 26.67점으로 Sample이 높은 기피 효과를 나타내었다. 참진드기 실내 기피제 효력 시험법에서도 Sample이 88%, Control이 12%로 우수한 진드기 기피효과를 보인다는 것을 확인하였다. Sample을 가지고 탈취 시험을 진행한 결과 암모니아에서 98.3%, 트리메틸아민에서 99.5%의 탈취 효과를 보여주었으며, 항균시험에서 대장균, 황색포도상구균, 폐렴균 모두 99.9%의 항균 효과를 보여주었다. 본 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때 위 소재를 포함한 복합추출물은 추후 진드기 기피제와 탈취 및 항균에도 효과가 있는 소재로서의 활용 가치가 높다고 판단된다.

This study was carried out using Celluclast 1.5L to increase the content of 2,6-DMBQ and water extractable arabinoxylan in wheat germ extract. Extraction temperatures were 30oC, 45oC and 60oC. The extraction times were 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h. The pH of the extract decreased rapidly from 18 h at 30oC in both water- and enzyme-treated extracts. 2,6-DMBQ of water- and enzyme-treated extracts increased with the extraction time. At 30-hour extraction time, enzyme-treated extract increased 27.60% at 30oC extraction temperature than water extraction. Extraction temperatures of 45oC and 60oC were increased by 65.03% and 151.05%, respectively. The highest content of waterextractable arabinoxylan was 15.23±0.08 mg/g when the enzyme was treated at an extraction temperature of 60oC for 30 h. At 30=hour extraction time, enzyme-treated extract increased 7.92% at 30oC extraction temperature compared to water extraction. Extraction temperatures of 45oC and 60oC were increased by 31.20% and 54.38%, respectively.

We developed leaching kinetics models and a convective mass transfer model for water soluble solid in jujube (Zizyphus jujube) fruits with hot water. Hot-water leaching process was conducted at 90°C for 100 min. The ratio of solvent (volume, mL) to solid (mass, g) was set to varied ratios of 1:6, 1:8, 1:10, and 1:12.5. The mass transfer coefficients (k) were determined based on the 1st- and 2nd-order kinetic models. The amount of solvent influenced the extraction rate and yield. A higher extraction rate and a higher yield were obtained from a lower solvent to solute ratio (1:6, 1:8, 1:10) compared to high ratio (1:12.5). This implies that an appropriate amount of solvent (i.e., water) is necessary to conduct the extraction process of jujube fruit.

살모넬라증은 대표적인 인수공통전염병의 하나로서 세포내 기생하며 질병을 유발하며 장염과 식중독 등을 유발하여 공중보건학적으로 심각한 문제를 야기하고 있다. 본 연구는 삼백초의 수용성 추출물을 (SCWE) 이용하여 숙주세포에 대한 안전성, S. typhimurium 균에 대한 항균효과 및 대식세포 내 균 증 식억제 기능을 규명하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 SCWE 1, 10 및 100 μg/ml 농도로 첨가한 배지에서 RAW 264.7 체포와 24 시간 반응 후 평가해본 결과 세포독성이 인정되지 않았으며, S. typhimurium 균에 대하여 시간 경과에 따라 항균효과가 증가되는 것을 확인하였고, SCWE 처리에 의해 대식세포의 형태적 변화가 증가되는 것으로 나타났으며 (p<0.05), 살모넬라균의 탐식능력 및 대식세포 내 균 증식 억제 능 력이 비 처리군에 비해 현저히 증가되는 것이 확인되었다. 또한 SCWE 처리 한 대식세포에 살모넬라균 감염을 수행하였을 때 대식세포의 nitric oxide (NO) 산생능력이 비 처리 군에 비해 저하되는 것으로 나타나, 살모넬라균에 의한 대식세포의 세포독성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 SCWE의 숙 주세포에 대한 안전성, 살모넬라균에 대한 항균효과 및 대식세포 내 균 증식 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 SCWE를 이용한 세포내 기생세균의 치료제 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

To examine the utilization of the soluble proteoglucan in oats as a nutraceutical ingredient, soluble components were extracted from Oat Bran Concentrate (OBC) by varying the experiment factors such as temperature (40
60oC), ethyl alcohol concentration (0~20%), and pH (5~9), and then analyzed for their compositions and viscosity. The total yield of oat soluble extracts ranged between 6.4~17.9 and the contents of β-glucan, protein, lipid, and ash in oat extracts were 21.4~38.3%, 23.2~29.0%, 8.3~11.8%, and 5.9~7.9%, respectively. The extraction yield increased with the extraction temperature, but decreased with the alcohol concentration and pH. The β-glucan and protein contents increased with increasing temperature and decreasing ethanol concentration. However, the pH level did not influenced those contents. The viscosity of 2% oat extract solution ranged between 8.6~83.1 cp at different share rates, showing the pseudo-plastic flow properties. Results suggested that extraction condition could be controlled the purity of β-glucan and protein and applied commercially to the large-scale process.

본 연구는 자생식물 참나무과(Fagaceae)인 붉가시나무, 참가시나무, 종가시나무, 개가시 나무, 구실잣밤나무 5종을 이용하여 친환경 농자재로 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수용성 추출액 농도에 따른 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diaporthe citri, Phytophthora capsici 등 5종의 작물 병원균에 하여 생장을 조사하였다. 공여체식물별에 따른 수용성 추출 액 농도가 증가됨에 따라 작물 병원균 균사의 생장이 감소하는 경향을 보이나 공여체식물 과 병원균의 종류에 따라 억제의 정도차이를 보였다. 구실잣밤나무의 수용성 추출액인 경 우 Diaporthe citri, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium graminicola에 대하여 25% 처리구에서 약 84%의 균사 생장을 억제하였고 50% 이상 처리구에서는 87%의 균사 생장을 억제하는 것으 로 분석되었다. Diaporthe citri의 경우 붉가시나무 수용성 추출액에서는 균사의 생장을 억 제하지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 참가시나무, 종가시나무, 개가시나무는 15% 내외로 미 비하게 균사생장을 억제 되었다. 항균활성을 보이는 수용체식물의 총 페놀 함량은 구실잣 밤나무 22.32 mg/g, 참가시나무 8.32 mg/g, 종가시나무 6.83 mg/g, 개가시나무 5.95 mg/g, 붉 가시나무 5.24 mg/g 순으로 분석되었으며, 참나무과 5종 중 구실잣밤나무의 수용성 추출액 이 가장 항균력이 우수한 것으로 판단된다.

This study was carried out to allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts on Coronopus didymus in order to investigate the competitive dominant in plant ecosystem and possibility application in natural herbicide. Number of species and species diversity for close to patch of C. didymus was decreased gradually site #1 (7, 1.76), site #2 (5, 1.34) and site #3 (5, 1.25). It was generally decreased the relative germination ratio (r=-0.731, p＜0.01), the mean germination time, the relative elongation ratio (r=-571, p＜0.01, r=-0.730, p＜0.01), the relative fresh weight (r=-0.743, p＜0.01), development of root hairs of receptor plants by concentration of the aqueous extracts from C. didymu. But they were different from the growing regions, the kind of receptor plants and the treatment of the aqueous extracts. Especially, it was differently effected among growing regions that inhibited more radicle than shoot by the aqueous extracts concentration of C. didymus. Total phenolic compound in the aqueous extracts of C. didymus analyzed about 23.0±1.1 mg/g. Total phenolic compounds of soil in survey area was increased gradually site #1 (0.072 ± 0.002 mg/g), site #2 (0.082 ± 0.003mg/g) and site #3 (0.092 ± 0.004 mg/g). We think that the aqueous extracts of C. didymu showed allelopathic effects on other plants. Therefore, C. didymu hold the competitive dominant of plant ecosystem in Jeju Island and possibility application of natural herbicide.

본 연구는 귀화식물인 Solidago altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Sida spinosa 등을 이용하여 친환경 농자재로 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수용성 추출액의 농도에 따른 수용체 식물의 발아 및 유식물 생장과 실험 병원균의 생장을 조사하였다. 공여체식물에 따른 수용성 추출액 농도가 증가됨에 따라 대부분 검정식물의 상대발아율은 감소하는 경향을 보이는데 S. spinosa(r = -0.540, p＜0.01), Physalis wrightii(r = -0.693, p＜ 0.01), A. retroflexus(r = -0.724, p＜0.01), S. altissima(r = -0.728, p＜0.01), Eclipta prostrata(r = -0.779, p＜0.01) 순으로 감소하는 경향이 큰 것으로 조사되었고 평균발아일수도 처리구 농도가 증가함에 따라 발아하는데 소요되는 시간이 증가 되었으며(r=0.769, p＜0.01) 공여체식물과 검정식물에 따라 약간의 정도 차이를 보였다. 또한 공여체식물의 수용성 추출액 농도가 증가함에 따라 유식물의 지상부의 길이(r = -0.587, p＜0.01), 지하부의 길이(r = -0.741, p＜0.01), 생체량(r = -0.574, p＜0.01)과 뿌리털의 발생도 감소하였다. 한편 공여체식물의 수용성추출액 농도 증가에 따른 검정 병원균의 생장은 Botrytis cinerea(r = -0.266, p＜0.05), Diaporthe citri(r = -0.323 p＜0.01), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(r = -0.512, p＜0.01), Pythium ultimum(r = -0.581, p＜0.01), Rhizoctonia solani(r = -0.806, p＜0.01) 순으로 생장이 억제되었다. 제초 및 항균활성을 보이는 수용체식물의 총 페놀 함량은 S. altissima 17.3±0.5mg/g, A. retroflexus 13.1±0.3mg/g, P. wrightii 12.0±0.4mg/g, S. spinosa 9.5±0.1mg/g, E. prostrata 4.1±0.1mg/g 순으로 분석되었다. 이들 결과를 종합하면 귀화식물인 수용체식물들은 자생식물과의 경쟁을 함에 있어 알레로패시 효과를 나타내는 페놀 화합물 등이 수관 내 토양으로 방출하여 하부식생에 대한 발아 및 생장과 토양미생물 생장 등에 영향을 주기 때문에 경쟁적 우위를 점하고 있으며, 천연제초제 · 살균제로서의 활용 가능성을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Ganghwa domestic mugwort (Artemisia spp.) on vegetables and its related allelochemicals. When the receptor vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, lettuce, and red radish, were treated with aqueous extract obtained from Sajabalssuk (A. sp*I), Ssajuarissuk (A. sp*II) or Ssajarissuk (A. sp*III), their germination rate, leaf number, plant height, and root length were restricted with increasing concentration of aqueous extract. Allelopathic effect was the highest in radish, than lettuce and Chinese cabbage in order. The growth of topplant were more inhibited then root growth observing in restriction of plant height, root length, and chlorophyll contents. The plant height, the root length of red radish were 53.3 and 61.2% and their fresh weights were 19.8 and 26.4% compared to those of controls, respectively. A. sp*III showed the highest allelopathic effect among the donor plants. In HPLC analysis, 7 phenol compounds were identified in A. sp*I and A. sp*II, and, in A. sp*III, and hydroxybenzoic acid and phenylacetic acid were further identified as allelochemicals. It is considered that their plant growths were variously inhibited by the amounts and types of allelochemicals in aqueous extracts. To increase the productivity of farm land after cultivation of mugwort, these results can be useful to select the following field crops.

In order to evaluate the weed suppressing effect of Solanum viarum Dunal. In this study species diversity in patch of S. viarum and allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts on S. viarum were investigated. Number of species and species diversity in site close to patch of S. viarum were decreased gradually 1site (7.7±2.0, 1.5±0.2), 2site (5.3±1.2, 1.2±0.2) and 3site (4.0±1.7, 0.9±0.1). And total phenolic compounds of soil in survey area were increased gradually site1 (0.16±0.01㎎ g⁻¹), site2 (0.17±0.01 ㎎ g⁻¹) and site3 (0.22±0.02㎎ g⁻¹). So the number of species and species diversity (r=-0.692, P＜0.05) were negatively correlated with increased total phenolic compounds of soil in the survey area. The relative germination ratio, the mean germination time, the relative elongation ratio, the fresh weight and the dry weight of receptor plants are generally getting decreased while the concentration of the aqueous extracts from S. viarum escalate. But every ratio was various depending on the growing regions, the kind of receptor plants and the treatment of the aqueous extracts. Especially, the radicle by injection of the aqueous extracts concentration of S. viarum was influenced more than the shoot on the same condition. The total phenolic compounds on region of S. viarum was gradually increased in stems (fresh 0.56±0.02㎎ g⁻¹, dry 1.58±0.08㎎ g⁻¹), roots (fresh 1.77±0.07㎎ g⁻¹, dry 2.64±0.06㎎ g⁻¹), leaves (fresh 6.01± 0.14㎎ g⁻¹, dry 7.04±0.29㎎ g⁻¹), seeds (fresh 6.21±0.17㎎ g⁻¹, dry 9.08±0.73㎎ g⁻¹) in order. On the contrary, the negative correlation on germination and growth of receptor plants was shown by total phenolic compounds on the each parts of S. viarum. We think that the aqueous extracts of S. viarum showed allelopathic effects on other plants. Therefore, S. viarum holds the higher competitiveness in plant community in Jeju Island and makes possibility of application as natural herbicide.

This work was to improve antimicrobial activities of horseradish by encapsulated with edible biopolymers such as lecithin and gelatin since it has been difficult to directly use horseradish extracts into foods and food containers due to its strong and undesirable flavors. It was shown that most of the nanoparticles containing the extracts were well formed in round shape with below 400 nm diameter as well as fairly stable and less odd flavors in various pH ranges by measuring zeta potentials. The encapsulation efficiencies of nanoparticles were estimated as 66.6% and 53.4% for lecithin and gelatin, respectively. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both nanoparticles against G(+), Listeria monocytogenes and G(-), Salmonella typhimurium were also measured as 79 ppm based on AIT concentrations in the extracts, whose activities were about 65% higher than the case of adding crude extract. It was also found that the nanoparticles efficiently penetrated into the cell membrane and started to destruct the cells after 6 hours cultivation under Transmision Electron Microscopy observation. These results prove that the nano-encapsulation of the horseradish extracts can be employed to directly treat into the foods and food containers for antimicrobial purposes with the aids of aerosolization system, by using small amounts of the extracts and having less flavors due to masking effects of nanoparticles.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Acer mono and A. okamotoanum were compared after beingextracted by low temperature and high pressure (LTHP) at 20 MPa and 60℃ for 15 minutes. Extraction yield of both A.mono and A. okamotoanum was increased about 40~43% by this extraction process. On scavenging activities, the bark of A.okamotoanum from this extraction process showed the highest activity as about 97%. This value was higher than that fromconventional water extraction and A. mono extracts. Both of A. mono and A. okamotoanum showed high ability on nitritescavenging, but decreasing tendency according to increasing of pH. On SOD-like test, A. okamotoanum had the highestactivity as 46.28% at 1.0㎎/㎖ concentration. A. okamotoanum extracted by LTHP also showed the highest activity as197.38% in adding 1.0㎎/㎖ concentration. Generally, the extracts from low temperature and high pressure extraction pro-cess are higher hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities than that from conventional water extraction. It can concludethat the bark of A. okamotoanum has better biological activities than other parts of A. mo