본 실험은 수출 유망 품목으로 부상하고 있는 치콘에 대한 연백재배 기술을 확립하여 농가에 보급함으로서 치콘의 수입 대체 효과와 수출을 통한 외화를 획득하여 농가 소득 증대를 목적으로 수행하였다. 연백기간은 10일, 15일, 20일, 25일, 30일 간격의 5처리 구하여 연백 일수에 따른 생육은 연백 일수가 길수록 양호하였으나 겉잎 수가 많았다. 추대율은 25일째와 30일째가 각각 16%, 30%로 나타났으며, 10일째는 치콘의 무게가 적고, 경도가 낮고, 치밀성이 낮아 상품성이 없었다 품질은 처리구간에 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 따라서 치콘을 연백재배하기 위한 적정 연백일수는 20일로 나타났다.

미역을 엽상부, 줄기, 포자엽의 3부위로 구분하여 부위별 일반성분, 알긴산 함량 및 무기질 함량(다량 무기질. 미량무기질)을 분석한 결과, 수분은 엽상부(10.5%)에. 탄수화물과 조지방은 포자엽(탄수화물 45.3%. 조지방 4.2%)에. 조회분은 줄기(39.0%)에 많은 것으로 나타났다. 알긴산 함량은 25.9-32.2%이었고 불용성 알긴산이 수용성 알긴산에 비해 악 2~3배 많았다. 부위별로는 총알긴산은 포자엽(32.2%)에, 수용성알긴산은 엽상부(10.1%)에, 불용성 알긴산은 포자엽(27.7%)에 가장 많았다. 다량 무기질중 칼슘과 마그네슘은 엽상부(Ca 883.6 mg, Mg 1269.8 mg/100g D.W)에, 인, 칼륨, 황은 포자엽(P 680.5 mg. K 4508.0 mg. S 1287.4 mg/100 g D.W.)에, 나트륨은 줄기(6507.2 mg/100 g D.W.)에 가장 많았다. 미량 무기질중 철분, 아연, 망간은 엽상부(Fe 10.45 mg, Zn ,1.53 mg, Mn 0.71 mg/100 g D.W.)에, 크롬은 포자엽(0.14 mg/100 g D.W.)에, 알루미늄은 줄기(16.91 mg/100 g D.W.)에 가장 많았다. 칼슘:인의 비율은 엽상부와 줄기가 1.7~1.8:1이었다. 칼슘과 마그네슘의 존재형태는 소금물 가용성 분획인 단백질 펙틴과 결합한 것(Ca 62.1~68.9%, Mg 89.6~92.1%)이 가장 많았고 물에 가용성인 분회(F-I)은 엽상부〉줄기〉포자엽의 순으로 많았으며, 칼슘섭취에 있어 가장 문제가 되는 수산과 결합한 염산 가용성 분획(F-IV)은 포자엽〉줄기〉엽상부의 순으로 많게 나타났다.

This study was conducted to examine contents of mineral, viscosity in the Demi-glace with added quantity of Omija extracts. Firstly, The level of mineral content in order was K, Na, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, B. The more Omija extracts, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, B was increased, but K, Na, P was decreased. Secondly, Viscosity of control was 538.13cP at rpm 100, and the sauce added with Omija extracts was 464.80~578.00cP. Regardless of Omija quantity there was Psedoplastic characteristic which showed apparent viscosity was decreased even though shear rate was increased. Thirdly, Sensory characteristics of Demi-glace sauces based on preference of 5 tastes, It was founded that 2% added Omija was the best, and 1%, 0%, 3%, 5% added Omija was next in order. Finally, Sensory intensities of Demi-glace sauces based on gender and occupation of the 5 tastes : As the sourness, bitterness, hotness, salines taste of all over was Omija added quantity was many more, appeared strong intensity, it was sensory intensities of 5% Omija added sauce was the highest. But sensory intensities of sweetness, Male showed 2% Omija added sauce, Female student and cook showed control was the highest.

본 연구는 토양에의 고농도 Na 및 Cl 염류처리가 토마토의 생육과 무기성분 흡수, 광합성 속도 및 수분 포텐셜에 미치는 효과를 검토코자 수행되었다. 초장, 생체중, 건물중 등 생육은 대조구에 비해 모든 염 처리구에서 억제되었으나, 토양의 pH와 EC와는 관계가 없었다. 토마토의 생육억제 효과는 Na계열에서는 Cl, SO4, CO3, PO4, NO3 순으로, 그리고 Cl 계열에서는 Na, K, Mg, NH4, Ca순으로 컸으며, Na 계열이 Cl 계열보다 컸다. 토마토의 수량은 대조구보다 모든 염 처리구에서 30%~10%적었으며,특히 NaCl처리구에서 더욱 적었다. 엽록소 함량, 광합성 속도, 기공전도도는 대조구에 비해 염 처리구에서 낮았다. 무기양분 함량은 대조구보다 모든 염류에서 낮았다. N 함량은 NaNO3, NH4Cl 및 대조구가 11% 내외로 가장 높았으나 Na 계열에서는 NaCl 및 NaHCO3 처리구가, Cl 계열에서는 KCI 처리구가 5.5~6.0% 내외로 낮았다. K 함량은 Cl 계열보다 Na 계열이 적었으며, 특히 NaCl과 Na2SO4 처리구에서 더욱 낮았다. Mg 및 Ca 함량은 대조구보다 낮았으며, NaCl과 KCl 처리에서 매우 낮아 Na 및 K 이온과 상당한 길항관계를 보였다 전반적으로 각 이온의 흡수는 KCl및 NaCl처리구에서 가장 낮은 경향이었다.

신개간 산지초지의 정착, 목초의 수량제고 및 품질향상 등에 미치는 초지조성비 비종별 시비효과를 구명하고, 초지조성 및 유지관리에 비효가 높은 적합한 비료를 선택하고자 미개간 산지토양을 공시한 pot 시험으로 기초실험을 수행하였다. 공시된 초지 조성비 3요소 비료처리구는 1) 무비구, 2) 요소-중과석-염가, 3) 요소-용성인비-염가 및 4) 3종 복비로 하였다. 본보에서는 무기양분 및 일반성분의 함량 및 양분수량(탈취량)을 검토하였다. 1. 무기양분의

순환식 담액수경 상추재배에서 양액의 pH 변화는 미량원소 수준에 관계없이 생육 중기에 낮아지다가 생육후반에 회복되었는데 양액 내에 Humus첨가에 의해 양액의 pH 변화가 완만해졌다. 생육은 Humus첨가에 의해 양호한 경향을 나타냈고 미량원소수준이 높아질수록 저조하여 Cu · Zn농도 5ppm이상에서 황화현상 등의 피해가 발생하였으며, Humus 첨가에 의해 중금속에 의한 생체중 감소가 현저히 억제되었으며 과잉피해증상이 완화되는 경향을 나타내었다. 무기성분 흡수에서는 Zn은 흡수억제 효과가 없었으나 Cu원소의 흡수는 억제되어 중금속의 피해 우려시 Humus의 효과가 어느 정도 인정된다.

사과주스 중의 Ca, P, Mg, Na, K의 함량을 ICP를 이용하여 측정하였다. 무기질 함량은 Ca 19∼311ppm, K 231∼1, 441ppm, Mg 6∼46ppm, Na 19∼115ppm 그리고 P 19∼304ppm이었다. 그리고 Na/K함량비는 모델주스의 경우 Na/K 비율이 0.02로 일정한 값을 나타내고 있지만 시판 사과주스는 0.06∼0.37을 나타내고 있다. 무기질이 강화된 시판주스는 P와 Ca함량이 매우 높았으며 30% 시판주스는 Na/K 비율이 매우 높았다.

바이오 그린 기능수는 지하수 순수화→처리 촉매제 첨가→에너지 imprinting→여과 과정을 거쳐 제조되는 미약 에너지 발생 신소재로서 10년생 사과 쓰가루/M26 품종의 수관하부에 1995년 4월 20일, 5월 20일 및 6월 20일 ‘바이오 그린’ 기능수를 주당 0, 5, l0l씩 관주 처리하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 사과원 토양의 화학적 특성에 있어서 무처리구의 pH 5.73에 비하여 기능수 처리구는 pH 6.31-6.43이었고, 기능수 처리에 의하여 치환성 Ca 및 Mg 함량이 증가되었다. 한편 P2 O5, K 및 B 함량은 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 기능수 처리에 의하여 수확기 사과 과실의 당함량과 과피의 안토시아닌 함량이 증가되었고, Ca 함량이 현저히 증가되었다. 그러나 N, K, Mg는 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 기능수가 처리된 사과의 수체특성에 있어서 뿌리활력과 잎의 광합성 능력이 향상되었다. 과실 저장중 (4℃) 기능수 처리구의 과실은 고두병 발생이 현저히 감소되었고, 호흡과 에틸렌 발생량이 상대적으로 적었으며, 높은 과실 경도를 나타냄으로써 과실 저장력이 향상되었다.

지황(地黃)의 주(主) 약효성분(藥效成分)으로 알려져 있는 catalpol의 iridoid골격(骨格)과 glycosidic bond를 형성(形成)하는 유리당류(遊離糖類)를 확인(確認)하기 위하여 생육시기(生有時期)에 따른 무기성분(無記性分), 유리당류(遊離糖類), 회분(灰分), 엑기스 및 catalpol의 함량(含量)을 조사(調査)하였다. 수확기(收穫期)가 가까워질수록 P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu 및 회분(灰分)의 함량(含量)은 감소(減少)하였으나, Fe 및 엑기스의 함량(含量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 수확기(收穫期)가 가까워질수록 전당(全糖), sucrose 및 galactose의 함량(含量)은 감소(減少)하였으나, fructose 및 catalpol의 함량(含量)은 증가(增加)하였다.

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 임간혼파초지(林間混播草地)에서 3 요소(要素) 시비수준(施肥水準)이 목초(牧草)의 조단백질(粗蛋白質), 조섬유(粗纖維) 및 무기성분함량(無機成分含量)과 임간지(林間地)에서 자란 나무의 생장(生長)에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)하고자 차광정도(遮光程度) 40~50%인 수영(樹齡) 10~15년생(年生)의 소나무지대에서 실시(實施)되었다. 4. 시험(試驗)은 13가지 NPK 시비수준을 달리하여 난괴법 3반복으로

The study was initiated to compare seasonal nutrient variations and rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in each of leading rice farm with conventionally managed and recommended fertilized of the large-scale environment-friendly agricultural districts in Jangheung, Suncheon, and Okcheon provinces in 2017. Suncheon rice experimental farm plots included a recommended fertilization plot that had been additionally sown hairy vetch in the fall of previous year, while Okcheon rice farm included a recommended fertilization plot applying half amount of the compost in the conventional plot. A Jangheung rice farm only practiced crop-livestock farming system. Soil pH and EC in all experimental plots were suitable levels for rice growth to cultivate. Seasonal soil pH from March to September was the highest for Suncheon rice farm, and seasonal soil EC was the highest for Jangheung rice farm. Seasonal soil T-N increased in all the plots from March to June in particular for Suncheon rice farm, and Jangheung rice farm had the lowest seasonal soil P. Seasonal soil K decreased in all the plots, with the lowest levels observed for Okcheon farm. Seasonal soil NH4 + mostly increased by up to 90 mg/kg in Jangheung rice farm from March to June. Seasonal plant T-N, P and K concentrations were the highest for Jangheung rice farm. Seasonal plant T-N and P concentrations decreased from June to September, but K leveles were fluctuated between 2.0% and 2.5%. Seasonal SPAD value was the lowest in Suncheon conventional plot. Jangheung rice farm plot produced 6,303 kg of rice per ha, which was approximately two times higher than those of Okcheon recommended plot. The seasonal T-N, P and K balance was the highest in Okcheon conventional plot, with the lowest values observed for Suncheon conventional plot. As a result, Suncheon recommended plot showed relatively low levels of seasonal macro-nutrient balance and the highest rice production, which could be the most environmentally friendly farm practiced conducted in this study.

This study was initiated to find possibility of substitute of gibberellin acid and to prevent negative girdling effect such as slow growth of ‘Niitaka’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees, a major pear cultivar, at harvest and at 60-, 90-, and 120-d after storage. Seasonal wiring with 3.0-mm-diameter were applied on the main branch at 70, 80, 90, 110, and 130 days after full bloom (DAF) to compare the fruit quality and storability. Fruit weight and sugar contents were the greatly increased by the wiring treatment at 110 DAF, with the lowest values observed for the wiring at 70 DAF. All the wiring treatments reduced fruit acidity but did not affect fruit firmness. a-value on fruit skin was the highest for wiring at 110 DAF and 130 DAF, advancing fruit ripening. The lowest fruit weight loss was occurred at wiring at 110 DAF. a-value on fruit skin was the highest for wiring at 90 DAF and 110 DAF. Wiring at 80 DAF the most increased floral bud diameter, resulting in the lowest L:D ratio of 1.74 observed. As for the mineral nutrients concentrations of floral buds, the concentration of K (0.63%) and Mg (0.31%) were the highest after 80 DAF wiring treatment, whereas Ca and P concentrations did not differ among treatment plots. The leaf K concentrations was the highest in the 130-day wiring treatment (0.76%) and in the control plot (0.78%), whereas there was no significant difference in the concentrations of either Ca or P among treatment plots. Short periods of wiring increased foliar Mg concentrations. In floral buds, carbohy-drates showed a tendency for accumulating at a lower concentrations (7.75%) after 70 DAF wiring treatment, which was a relatively short treatment period. On the other hand, the carbohydrate concentrations in leaves showed a tendency for accumulating at lower concentrations after 130 DAF wiring treatment (2.51%), which is a long treatment period, and in the control plot (2.43%). Wiring increased the size and sugar content of fruits, and influenced fruit storability. For the wiring treatment period was delayed, the carbohydrate concentration in flower buds showed curvilinear correlation and the negative correlation with the carbohydrate in leaf tissue.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble silicate and germanium on the characteristics of soil and growth in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in blue-white plastic houses. Methods and Results : Seedlings (n = 63 per 3.3 ㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on April 10, 2015. Shading material of plastic house [8 m (W) × 3.5 m (H) × 50 m (L)] was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 1,000 times diluted sol. of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments except treatment of germanium 1,000 times. The total nitrogen content was 0.13 - 0.14%, which was higher than the optimum value. The number of soil microorganisms (Actinomycetes etc.) was higher in the treatment than in the non-treatment of inorganic components. The photosynthetic rate of ginseng leaves was 2.25 μmole CO2/㎡/s in the non-treatment and 2.91 to 3.17 μmole CO2/㎡/s in the inorganic treated. The growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the ginseng plants were generally better than that of non-treatment. Especially, in the treatment with silicate 1,000 times showed better growth, leaf area and leaf width growth. The growth of the underground part (root weight etc.) were also better than non-treatment. Specially, at 1,000 ppm treatment with soluble silicate, the root length and diameter were longer and the weight was was 72.2 g per plant. The ginsenoside content of each treatment is under analysis. The disease incidence (Alternaria panax etc.) rate was 20.1% in the untreated and 6.4% to 10.0% in the inorganic components treatment. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic compononts such as soluble silicate in ginseng blue-white plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment. There are a lot of soil microorganism and less disease.

This study aimed to determine the elemental compositions of selected edible wild plant species, Hemerocallis fulva, Allium victorialis, Syneilesis palmata and Ligularia fischeri. The samples were dried, crushed, and subjected to microwave-assisted digestion. The macro and micro elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometery (ICP-OES), and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The macro elements in the analyzed species decreased in the order K Ca P Mg S Fe Zn Na, and the micro elements ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ followed the order Mn˃Ba˃Rb˃Cu˃Ni˃Ga˃Li˃Cr˃V˃Co˃Be˃Se. The percentage ratio of calcium content for potassium in the samples was 42.9% (A. victorialis) > 42.4% (S. palmata) > 33.8% (L. fischeri) > 25.3% (H. fulva). The calcium content was 13.7, 10.9, 6.4, and 2.9 times higher than the phosphorus content in S. palmata, L. fischeri, A. victorialis, and H. fulva, respectively (p<0.05). Manganese was the most predominant among the trace minerals, and it followed the order of A. victorialis > H. fulva > L. fischeri > S. palmata. In general, these wild plants are richer in calcium as compared to other common vegetables, and hence can be considered a good source for calcium that is lacking in Korean food products.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inorganic compounds (germanium etc) on the characteristics of growth and ginsenoside contents in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in plastic houses. Methods and Results : The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level). Seedlings (n = 72 per 3.3㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on March 23, 2015. Shading material of plastic house was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 500 and 1,000 times diluted solution of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments, including 500 times solution of silicate. The rate of photosynthesis in Korean ginseng leaves were 2.2 - 2.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s in germanium and silicate treatment than in the non-treatment (1.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s). In the mixed treatment of silicate and germanium, the growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the Korean ginseng plants tended to be higher and longer than the other treatments. In a mixed germanium and silicate treatment, the root length was 33.3 ㎝, diameter was 23.5 ㎜, and the weight was the best at 53.8 g. The ginsenoside content was 16.8 ㎎/g in germanium treatment, 16.3 ㎎/g in germanium + silicate treatment. These were 37% and 33% higher than the control, respectively. The incidence of disease such as Alternaria panax was less in the inorganic treatment than in the non-treatment, and the incidence of disease was significantly decreased in the treatment with germanium + silicate. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic ingredients in Korean ginseng plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment and ginsenoside content was increased and decreased the incidence of disease.

To elucidate the physiological responses of rice plants to the essential mineral silicon (Si), we assessed the effects of treatments with Si, nitrogen (NH4NO3; ammonium nitrate), and calcium (CaCl2; calcium chloride), independently or in combination on mineral uptake rates and levels of the hormones abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA1) and jasmonic acid (JA). We found that nitrogen and calcium uptake was inhibited by Si application. However, solo application of nitrogen or calcium did not affect Si uptake. Compared to the untreated plants, the application of Si, NH4NO3 or CaCl2 increased the endogenous hormone levels in treated plants. In particular, the concentrations of GA1 and JA increased significantly after the application of Si or NH4NO3. The level of GA1 observed after a treatment (solo or combine) with Si, and NH4NO3 was higher than that of the control. By contrast, independent application of CaCl2 or a combined treatment with Si and CaCl2 did not alter GA1 levels. The highest level of GA1 was present in plants given a combination treatment of Si and NH4NO3. This effect was observed at all time points (6 h, 12 h and 24 h). Endogenous JA contents were higher in all treatments than the control. In particular, a combination treatment with Si and NH4NO3 significantly increased the JA levels in plants compared to other treatments at all time points. A small increase in JA levels was observed after 6 h in plants given the CaCl2 treatment. However, JA levels did not differ between plants given a CaCl2 treatment and controls after 12 h or 24 h of exposure. We conclude that treatment with CaCl2 alone does not affect endogenous JA levels in the short term. Endogenous ABA contents did not show any differences among the various treatments.

Yield of potato is largely influenced by drought stress. This study was conducted in Gangneung and Cheongju during the spring cropping of potato. Potatoes in the Gangneung area were affected by drought but there was no damage due to drought in Cheongju. During the early-growth stage, the contents of inorganic components like available phosphate and growth characteristics of the potato leaf in Cheongju were significantly higher than those in Gangneung but there was no difference after the flowering stage. It was considered that the potato plants cultivated in Cheongju could vigorously grow than that of Gangneung under drought stress. In addition, the content of calcium (Ca), which is a secondary messenger related to aging, was found to be higher in potato plants grown in Cheongju than in Gangneung and accumulated more quickly in potato plants of Cheongju. Because magnesium (Mg) was also found to be higher in potato plants from Gangneung by a wide margin, this phenomenon was thought be related with drought stress. The amounts of all inorganic components absorbed from soil were higher in Cheongju than in Gangneung, showing a relatively higher plant biomass in Cheongju. Correlations of development indexes related to leaf showed less or no relation in Gangneung. According to yield characteristics of the harvest stage, although yield was greatly reduced under drought stress condition, the rate of commercial yield was not significantly affected under the drought stress condition. Consequently, it was considered that these responses to drought stress could be utilized to stabilize potato production under the stressful conditions associated with abnormal climate.

Correlations of soil and leaf nutrients and growth of young ‘Enterprise’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees were analyzed with tree damage, such as Japanese beetle (JB; Popillia japonica Newman)-damaged leaves, vole damage to trunk, tree mortality, and weed density in a certified organic orchard in warm and humid environment of Southern USA. Interaction treatments of four mulch and three fertilizers were applied around trees as follows: mow-and-blow (MB), shredded paper (SP), wood chips (WC), and green compost (GC) as a mulch, with no fertilizer (NF), poultry litter (PL), and commercial organic fertilizer (CF) as a fertilizer applied in April. Vole damage to trunk and weed density were little correlated with mineral nutrients and tree growth. JB-damaged leaves were highly stimulated to 26.5% in GC-treated plots while tree mortality were increased by MB treatments. Biomass production per tree was approximately 3,700 g on the WC- and GC-treated plots, which was two times higher than those values observed on the other two mulch plots. JB-damaged leaves tended to get worse when nutrients in soil and leaf increased through the correlation analysis, with a strong positive relationship (r2 = 0.585) observed between JB-damaged leaves and trunk cross sectional area, a vegetative indicator. Tree mortality was more negatively associated with nutrient contents and growth of trees than those of soil nutrients. Wood chips was considered for a local organic mulch materials to increase organic matter contents and to produce healthy young trees in Southern USA, with control insect, such as beetle, and vole density in an orchard habitat.