본 연구는 『수슈루따 상히따』의 마르마와 『침구갑을경』 경혈의 비교연구로 인체에 대한 이해, 그리고 마르마와 경혈을 비교하여 정신적 장애 치료와 상담현장의 기초자료를 제공 하고자 함이다. 본 연구의 연구결과는 첫째, 아유르베다는 생활습관, 체질 건강법과 신체적 건강에서 마음, 영혼의 건강을 중시하고 깨달음을 목표로 하는 삶의 생명과학이다. 중국전 통의학은 침구학, 중약학을 중심으로 한 생활 의학이라는 점에서 차이를 보인다. 둘째, 마르 마와 경혈의 운용체계에서, 마르마는 몸의 표면에 있는 중요한 에너지 지점으로 민감 점이 고, 경혈은 경락의 기가 체표로 발현되는 틈, 공간이다. 셋째, 마르마는 『수슈루따 상히따』 에서 해부학적 요소와 유형에 따라 근육에 있는 마르마 11개, 혈관의 마르마 41개, 인대 마 르마 27개, 뼈에 있는 마르마 8개, 관절 마르마 20개로 총 107개로 구분한다. 경혈은『침구 갑을경』에서는 인체를 35개 노선으로 구분하고 단혈(單穴) 49개, 쌍혈(雙穴) 300개, 혈명은 349개로 정리하였다. 『수슈루따 상히따』 마르마와 『침구갑을경』 경혈은 많은 유사점과 차 이점도 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 후속 연구를 통해 다양한 방면에서 마르마와 경혈의 실질적 효과를 입증하는 실험 연구가 필요하다.

도시의 역사와 건설 환경의 대 발전은 언제나 다음과 같은 딜레마에 직면해 있다. 온전한 역사적 보호인가 아니면 도시재생인가? 어반 아큐펀쳐는 도시의 고유한 분위기 유지와 도시의 전반적인 발전, 이 두 가지를 모두 충족할 수 있는 또 하나의 도시발전 전략이다. 어반 아큐펀쳐는 엄격한 정의와 보편적인 표준 패턴이 없이도 내포된 내용이 풍부하고 개방적인 도시 발전 전략으로서 상당히 다양한 해석과 이해를 가지고 있는데, 한국의 도시재생과 관련된 본 연구에는 마누엘 데 모랄레스의 개념이 큰 계기를 마련해주었다. 한국과 유럽, 중국의 다양한 문헌 자료 조사 연구를 통해, 문화와 환경의 관점에서 거리 조각을 도시 촉매로 삼아 지역의 발전 잠재력을 촉진하고 도시재생과의 관계를 탐구하는 연구는 많지 않다는 것을 발견했기 때문이다. 그리하여 도시재생과 어반 아큐펀쳐에 대한 연구 및 그와 관련된 사례는 여전히 건축 및 구역의 개조, 공공 인프라의 업그레이드, 공공 공간 및 도로 교통의 최적화라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 문화적 측면에서도 도시재생과 어반 아큐펀쳐에 대한 연구 및 사례는 비교적 거시적일 뿐만 아니라 주로 도시설계에 관한 주제가 주를 이루고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 어반 아큐펀쳐와 거리에 우뚝자리 잡고 있는 조각을 결합하고 이 조각을 통해 거리의 관건이 되는 혈점을 선택하여 소규모로 개입하거나 마이크로 임플랜테이션할 것을 주장하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 이를 바탕으로 도시재생의 큰 틀에서 조각의 아큐펀쳐과 조각의 마이크로 임플랜테이션이라는 개념을 정련하는 것이다. 따라서 이를 계기로 도시재생의 새로운 방향을 제시하고 향후 도시재생의 실천에도 참고할 수 있는 사료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구는 어반 아큐펀쳐와 도시 내 조각품의 사례를 각각 분석하고 마이크로 임플랜테이션이라는 개념 아래에서 양자의 비교를 통한 결합 가능성을 모색함으로써 도시재생에 있어서 도시공학이나 도시디자인의 범주 아래에서 공공조형의 역할과 기능을 통합할 수 있다는 사실을 확인하고 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있을 것이다.

Peripheral nerve injuries are very common in clinics and often result in severe functional deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treadmill running and electro-acupuncture on nerve regeneration and functional recovery of muscle activity following sciatic nerve crush injury in a rat model. A comparative study was conducted over 30 days on 60 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats grouped into sham control (C), electro-acupuncture (EA), treadmill (T), and treadmill plus electro-acupuncture (TEA). The left sciatic nerve was crushed for 30 sec using a hemostatic forceps and functional activity was evaluated with sciatic functional tests, nerve conduct velocity, muscle weight, and histology at 10, 20, and 30 days after injury. Muscle weight was significantly (P<0.05) increased between days 10 and 30 in the TEA group. In histology, the degree of damage was scored as C > TEA > T > EA, although necrosis and fibrosis of muscle was observed only in the TEA group. The EA and TEA groups showed rapid recovery with better myelinated axons on day 10. These results suggest that application of the TEA method with balanced exercise is a useful treatment option for peripheral nerve injury regeneration and muscle activity.

This study aims to reveal how EA affects BAX and NF-kB involved in cell deaths from global ischemia, and to do this, observes the changes of BAX and NF-kB caused by EA application after transient global ischemia. The experimental method is to give rise to global ischemia and apply EA to 27 SD rats with the particulars of being six-week-old, male, around-300 gram-weighing, and adapted to laboratory environment for more than a week, and divide them into three groups, that is, GV20 EA group(n=9), L14 EA group(n=9), no-treatment GI group(n=9), and then observe their changes of BAX and NF-kB at the time lapse of 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours after ischemia, using western blotting. The numerical decrease of BAX expression at the time lapse of 9 hours after EA application, though not statistically significant, was observed in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, and the NF-kB expression appeared statistically significant decrease in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, but the expression was higher in the group with EA application. Therefore, EA application at the early phase of global ischemia is considered to affect BAX and NF-kB and play a positive role in decreasing apoptosis and cell deaths by inflammation.

통증은 매우 복합적이고 다양한 수준의 경험으로 주관적이거나 객관적일 수 있다. 침술은 통증을 치료하기 위한 아주 오래된 방법이며, 경락 이론을 바탕으로 한다. 침의 효과에 대한 임상적 결과들은 수없이 많이 있지만, 그 기능에 대한 과학적인 이해는 부족한 상태이다. 또한, 실생활에서의 통증 유발 원인과 침술을 통한 통증 억제 또는 치료는 그 차이가 매우 크게 느껴진다. 그러나 최근 연구들을 통해 통증과 침술의 관련성이 밝혀지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 최근 급격히 발달하고 있는 뇌영상 기술들(functional magnetic resonance images, 및 positron emission tomography, electroencephalograph, magnetoencephalography)을 간략히 살펴보고, 이들을 이용한 통증 및 침술 연구들을 살펴보고자 한다. 통증과 침술에 관여하는 뇌 영역들을 확인하여, 이 둘의 유사성 및 차이를 비교하고, 뇌영상 기술을 통해 밝혀지는 뇌의 정보처리 과정을 통해 통증과 침술에 대한 이해를 넓히고자 한다.

Electrical acupuncture has been shown to induce hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin diabetic rats. The Zusanli acupoints have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to relieve symptoms of diabetes mellitus. But, the effects of electrical acupuncture stimulation of different frequencies are still unclear. We designed an experiment to investigate the effect of electrical acupuncture of high (100 Hz) and low (2 Hz) frequencies on Zusanli acupoint for 15 minutes in streptozotocin diabetic rats. They were divided into 4 groups, high frequency electrical acupuncture (HFEA group, n=5), low frequency electrical acupuncture (LFEA group, n=5), without any treatment (control group, n=5) and normal group (n=5). After 2 weeks of treatment, the HFEA and LFEA groups had a significantly decreased glucose concentration in serum in comparison to the control group. Additionally, the HFEA group had a significantly decreased glucose concentration in serum compared with the LFEA group. Both the HFEA and LFEA groups had a significantly decreased Immunoglobulin G concentration in serum compared with control group. The LFEA and control groups had a significantly increased cholesterol concentration in serum compared with the normal group, but the HFEA did not have a significantly increased cholesterol concentration. Thus we suggest that electrical acupuncture stimulation at the Zusanli acupoints is effective on hypoglycemic effect and immune function. Overall, the therapeutic effects of electrical acupuncture at 100 Hz was better than effects at 2 Hz.

본 연구는 관절통 모델에서 웅담 우황과 웅담 우황 사향의 약침액의 효과를 검사하기 위해 수행되었다. 할로탄 마취하에서 관절통은 수컷 쥐의 관절강내에 2% carrageenan을 주입하여 유발시켰다. 운동자극에 대한 감각신경의 반응은 약침을 시술하기 전과 후에 기록하였다. 경혈에 주입한 약침은 유해한 운동 자극에 대한 신경의 반응을 억제시켰다 족삼리에 시술한 약침은 합곡에 비해 유해한 자극에 대한 관절 감각신경의 반응을 더 많이 억제시켰다. 이러한 결과는 웅담 우황과 웅담 우황 사향의약침이 관절통을 완화하는 데 효과적인 치료법을 제공할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

In most tissues, apoptosis plays a pivotal role in normal development and in regulation of cell number. Therefore inappropriate apoptosis is revealed in a variety of diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of acupuncture and needle electrode electrical stimulation on the change of caspase-3, 9 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactive cells in the sprague dawley rats (SD rat). In immobilized SD rats (n=5), enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression were detected in the reticular part of substantia nigra, and enhanced nNOS was detected in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (DL-PAG) of midbrain and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry. Following the immobilization, acupuncture (n=5) and needle electrode electrical stimulation (n=5, 2 Hz) was applied at Hg (LI4) acupoint of SD rats, respectively. The stress-induced enhancement in the expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS were The present results demonstrate that and needle electrode electrical stimulation are effective in the modulation of expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS induced by immobilization.

This study was designed to investigate the location of Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕) through literature research. We extracted the part about the location of Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕) from ancient and modern oriental medical literature which were used commonly in clinic. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The location of Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕) were generally recorded DangJeJung. 2. Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕) placed in middle of linea alba. 3. Treatment effect of moxibustion on Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕) were recorded as diarrhea, dropsy, prolapse of the anus, stomachache, paralysis etc.. 4. Acupuncture therapy on Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕) is dangerous because of inflammation, it is suggested that acupuncture therapy may be possible if acupuncture therapy do not induce inflammation on Sin-Guel(CV8, 神闕).

Object : This study is designed to evaluate the clinical therapy of acupuncture by the data of DITI(Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging) and FNT(Facial Nerve stimulation Test) examination and the changes of clinical symptoms after the therapy of acupuncture in the patients with Bell's palsy. Contents : The conservative therapy with acupuncture was performed during 1-8weeks. The acupuncture points of S4, S6, G14, S2, BL2, SI18, TE23, LI4 and S36 were used. In the pre- and post therapy, DITI examinations was performed in patients who had Bell's palsy and were treated by acupuncture, and then tried to correlate the results of clinical symptoms with the difference of thermographic findings. And FNT examinations were performed in the same patients above, and then tried to correlate the results of clinical symptoms with the difference of nerve response findings. Setting : The standard routine thermographic examination with thermography (DITI) and nerve response with FNT(Facial Nerve Stimulation Test) were performed in the 16 patients with Bell's palsy at pre- and post acupuncture. Patients : Thermographic imaging of 16cases was analyzed. They had diagnosed Bell's palsy. They were treated by acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in Wonkwang Oriental Hospital from Jauary, 1999 to February, 2000. Results : 1) The results of treatment showes that 56.25% of patients achieved clinical excellent recovery and 31.25% achieved good recovery. After compairing the DITI results before and after treatment, we found 43.75% of patients achieved excellent recovery and 43.75% achieved good recovery. 2) After compairing the FNT results before and after treatment, we found 25% of patients achieved excellent recovery and 56.25% achieved good recovery. Conclusion : 1) Acupuncture showed good results over 87.5% in clinical evaluation and 87.5% in DITI. Thermographic examination showes terapeutic effect of acupuncture treatment. 2) Acupuncture showed good results over 87.5% in clinical evaluation and 81.25% in FNT. FNT showes nerve response recovery effect of acupuncture treatment.

We investigated skin thermal changes after acupuncture stimulation for Meridian mechanism. So non-acupuncture group, acupuncture at left LI4 and acupuncture at left, right acupuncture group were observated in 0 min, 5 min and 10 min. And results was acupuncture group of left LI4 was increased in 0 min, 5 min and 10 min significantly. We proposed that increasing thermal changes was caused by Meridan and Gi reaction.

This part comments the part related to filiform needle(小鍼) among the contents of Ku Chim Sip I Won(九鍼十二原) in Young Chu(靈樞) Ku Chim Sip I Won explains ① the name, the form and the use of nine kinds of neddles, ② and reinforcement and reduction through inserting the neddle in the same direction as the channels runs or in the opposite direction, and closing or enlarging the acupuncture hole etc., ③ and notice and contraindication in applying acupuncture, ④ and the close relationship of between diagnosis and acupuncture, ⑤ and the adverse reaction through a wrong treatment. Thus, it is very important to studying this part which comments Ku Chim Sip I Won. Summerizing the contents of the "So Chim Hae(小鍼解)" in reference to the contents of Ku Chim Sip I Won. the contents were as follows; What attracts our attention in chapter Ⅰ is the basic principles of applying acupuncture. What attracts our attention in chapter Ⅱ is reinforcement and reduction based on shortage and surplus, and their related reactions of human body. What attracts our attention in chapter Ⅲ is dividing the invasion of pathologic factors into three category(upper, medium, lower part) and then its mechanism and therapy, and the adverse effects through wrong treatmant. What attracts our attention in chapter Ⅳ is explaining the importance of observation of complexion and paltation of abdomen. Chim Hae(鍼解) in So Moon(素問) also comments Ku Chim Sip I Won in the same way that this part does, and yet there are not a few differences from this part in noting. Thus we need the comparative study of between this part and Chim Hae to understand Ku Chim Sip I Won. Besides we have to add the comparative study of views of distinguished physicians to correctly understand. I therefore made a comparative study both on the contents of those parts related to this part,and on the commentations of distinguished physicians to correctly understand Ku Chim Sip I Won, the important part about acupuncture.

This study was performed to prove the antithrombotic effects of paeonia japonica (赤芍葯, PJ) aqua-acupuncture solution by way of experimental methods. the thrombosis was induced by injection of collagen the mixture (0.1ml/10g, 2mg/kg B.W) plus serotonin (5mg/kg B.W) into the caudal vein of rats, 2 hours after liquid extract of paeonia japonica (PJ) was acupunctured into 'Taechung' (太衝:Liv3) of rats. The effect of aqua- acupunctures of paeonia japonica (PJ) was examined by the number of RBC and platelets, bleeding time, blood clotting time, death rate, platelet aggregation, plasma coagulation factor activity, exvivo and vitro fibrinolytic activicty of englobulin fracture in the rats. The results were summerized as followings. 1. The number of RBC and platelets was significantly increased in PJ-treated group in comparison with the control group. 2. Bleeding time was significantly shortened in PJ-treated group in comparison with the control group. 3. Blood clotting time was significantly prolonged in PJ-treated group in comparison with the control group. 4. The death rate of mouse was inhibited in PJ-treated group in comparison with the control group. 5. The platelet aggregation was inhibited in PJ-treated group in comparison with the control group. 6. The prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time on the test of plasma coagulation factor activity was prolonged but was not valuable in PJ-treated group. 7. Fibrinogen lyses time of rat was reduced and lyses area was increased in PJ-treated group in comparison with the control group. 8. Fibrinogen lyses time of rat in vitro assay was reduced in PJ-treated group. From the above results, it was thought that the aqua-acupuncture of PJ could be applied effectively in the thrombosis.

This study was conducted to examine the increasing effects of Ga-As-Al laser Koryo-hand acupuncture on experimental pressure threshold. Forty healthy subjects (female=20. male=20) aged 21 to 30 years were randomly assigned to two treatment groups with same ratio in sex. The subjects in the experimental group (n=20) received Ga-As-Al laser stimulation, and those in the control group (n=20) received sham stimulation on appropriate Koryo-hand acupuncture points M10 on the left hand which is reflex point of upper trapezius portion. Experimental pressure threshold at the contralateral upper trapezius was determined with a pressure algometer and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) before and after treatment. The change of pressure threshold between pretreatment and posttreatment in the experimental group was greater than that in the control group (p<0.05). The result indicates that Ga-As-Al laser Koryo-hand acupuncture increases experimental pressure threshold and suggests that it is an effective noninvasive pain management technique.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high intensity, high frequency microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation(MENS) of auricular and somatic acupuncture points and low intensity, low frequency microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation(MENS) of auricular and somatic acupuncture points on experimental pressure threshold at the elbow according to the time. Fifty healthy adults, aged 19 to 26 years, were assigned randomly to one of five groups: 1) the high intensity, high frequency somatic group(n=10) received MENS to somatic acupuncture points, 2) the high intensity, high frequency auricular group(n=10) received MENS to auricular acupuncture points, 3) the low intensity, low frequency somatic group(n=10) received MENS to somatic acupuncture points, 4) the low intensity, low frequency somatic group(n=10) receive MENS to somatic acupuncture points, and 5) the placebo group(n=10) received placebo treatment and served as controls. Pressure threshold was measured before, after, 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. Pressure threshold has increased significantly(p<.05) in the high intensity, high frequency auricular group following treatment after 5 minutes, with no statistically significant differences in pressure threshold change scores among five groups, Only the high intensity, high frequency auricular group demonstrated statistically significant change score in pressure threshold following treatment after, 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes after compared to the placebo group. The results indicated that MENS applied to the high intensity, high frequency auricular group increases pressure threshold.

The purpose of this study was to compare acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(ALTENS) with conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(C-TENS) for crossover effect in healthy subjects. Forty subjects recieved ALTENS(20 persons), C-TENS(20 persons) to one upper extremity. Each technic was applied to the motor point of the wrist extensor muscle group for twenty-minutes. With the subject placed in supine the technics were applied at 80 Hz, 2-10 mA(ALTENS) and 10 Hz, 4-12 mA(C-TENS). Results revealed: (1) a significant difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment in each group(p<.05) (2) no significant difference between ALTENS and C-TENS(p>.05). In conclusion, there was no difference between ALTENS and C-TENS for crossover effect.

The purpose of this study was to determine a more effective method for shoulder pain reduction. Forty-five normal subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups a control group, an acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(ALTENS) group, and a silver spike point(SSP) group. Each person in the ALTENS and SSP groups was measured for pressure pain threshold before and after a 20 minute treatment. The control group was also checked for pressure pain threshold before and after a 20 minute period but no "treatment" was given. The major findings were as follows ; 1)The ALTENS and SSP groups showed significant differences before and after treatment but the control group showed no significant difference. 2)When the three groups were compared, the only significant difference was between the SSP group and the control group. As mentioned above, it may be concluded that both ALTENS and SSP therapy were effective in reducing shoulder pain when measured directly after treatment. However, SSP did not show any superior effect. Further study should be done to determine the effective the maintained pain reduction with post-treatment time lapse.