본 연구는 라이프 시뮬레이션 장르 게임 『모여봐요 동물의 숲』의 주요 음악을 대상으로, 라이 트 모티프 기법이 어떠한 양상으로 활용되는지를 분석하고, 이를 통해 본 작품의 음악이 라이프 시뮬레이션 장르의 일상적 시간 구조와 어떻게 결합되는지 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 작품의 주요 BGM과 SFX 트랙을 대상으로 메인 테마 <Welcome Horizons>로부터 파생되는 라이트 모티프의 분포와 변형 양상을 음향, 화성, 선율, 리듬의 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과 본 작품 의 라이트 모티프 활용 양상은 다음 세 영역에 걸쳐 나타남을 확인하였다. 첫째는 24시간 BGM 사 이클을 가로지르는 메인 테마 동기의 분산·변형 등장이며, 둘째는 시리즈 전반의 캐릭터 및 장소 테마에 나타나는 동기적 결속이고, 셋째는 짧은 효과음으로의 모티프 확장이다. 이러한 양상은 본 작품의 음악이 모티프의 웅장하고 점진적인 전개 대신 작은 모티프 단위의 지속적 변주를 반복 함으로써 친숙한 멜로디의 미감을 형성하고, 본 작품의 일상적 시간 구조와 결합하여 플레이어의 몰입 경험을 지지하는 음악적 전략으로 기능하고 있음을 보여준다. 본 연구의 발견은 일차적으로 본 작품에 한정되나, BGM·효과음·캐릭터/장소 테마 전반에 걸친 라이트 모티프의 통합적 운용 이라는 본 작품의 사례는, 라이프 시뮬레이션 장르 게임 음악 연구 및 작곡 실천이 참조할 수 있는 분석 틀과 작곡 전략의 가능성을 시사한다.

Drought stress represents a major threat to global agricultural productivity, particularly affecting cereal crops such as Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. This study investigated the role of silicon (Si) in alleviating drought-induced oxidative stress through the modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities in sorghum seedlings. Using a drought-tolerant Sudanese cultivar (cv. Gadambalia), plants were treated with sodium silicate (1.67 mM) and subjected to osmotic stress via sorbitol treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were significantly elevated under drought stress, reaching 3.48-fold and 8.00-fold increases in shoots and roots, respectively. Si application substantially reduced H₂O₂ accumulation to 1.95-fold and 3.81-fold in shoots and roots. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that ascorbate peroxidase (APX) remained relatively stable across treatments, while catalase (CAT) showed a sparing effect under Si application. Peroxidase (POD) activity remained elevated in Si-treated plants under stress, indicating maintained antioxidant defense capacity. These results demonstrate that Si mitigates drought-induced oxidative stress not only through enzymatic regulation but primarily by reducing primary ROS generation, thereby enhancing plant stress tolerance and growth performance under water-deficit conditions.

최근 해운산업은 국제해사기구(IMO)의 2050 온실가스(GHG) Net-Zero 목표에 따라 강력한 탈탄소 압력에 직면해 있다. 하지만 5,000GT 미만의 중소형 연안 선박은 이러한 규제의 사각지대에 놓여있다. 본 연구는 중소형 선박을 위한 현실적인 친환경 대안으로, 메탄 올 엔진과 고온형 고분자전해질 연료전지(HT-PEMFC)를 결합한 하이브리드 시스템을 제안하고 그 타당성을 검증하였다. 실제 주기관 2기 가 설치된 연안 차도선을 대상으로 두 가지 구성 방안을 설계하여 CO2 감축 효과를 정량적으로 비교 분석한 결과, 유의미한 시사점을 도 출하였다. 보조 동력 모델(구성 A)은 기존 디젤 발전기를 150kW급 HT-PEMFC 2기로 교체하는 방식으로, 최소한의 투자로 연간 CO2를 14.8% 감축하고 항만 내 무공해 운전을 실현하였다. 반면, 추진 보조 모델(구성 B)은 2기의 PTI 모터를 장착하여 19.6%의 감축률을 달성하 였다. 두 구성 간의 감축 효과 차이는 약 4.8%p에 그치나, 구성 B는 구성 A 대비 약 1.8배의 막대한 초기 투자비와 치명적인 물리적 공간 제약(대용량 ESS실 및 모터 간섭)을 수반한다. 이를 고려할 때, 구성 A가 중소형 선박에 가장 현실적이고 비용 효율적인 초기 진입 모델 임을 입증하였다. 본 연구는 메탄올 하이브리드 시스템을 실용적인 브릿지 기술로 제시하며, 향후 그린 메탄올 사용 시 탄소 중립 달성의 가능성을 확인한 데 의의가 있다.

β-Glucan is a biologically active polysaccharide widely found in fungi, yeast, cereals, and algae, attracting attention for its immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects. However, its extraction efficiency and physicochemical properties vary significantly depending on its source and structural characteristics, highlighting the need for efficient and standardized extraction processes for industrial applications. This review categorizes β-glucan extraction methods into four groups based on technological advancement and operational principles: conventional, assisted, advanced, and emerging methods. Conventional methods (hot-water, alkaline, and acid extraction) are widely used due to their simplicity and scalability but are limited by low efficiency and structural degradation. Assisted methods, including ultrasound, microwave, and enzyme-assisted extraction, improve extraction efficiency and reduce processing time. Advanced techniques such as supercritical fluid and subcritical water extraction enhance selectivity while preserving functional properties, whereas emerging methods, including deep eutectic solvents and pulsed electric fields, offer environmentally friendly alternatives. Sparassis crispa, containing over 40% β-glucan (dry basis), is a promising resource due to its highly branched β-(1→3)/(1→6) structure and strong biological activity. However, its high viscosity and gel-forming properties pose challenges in extraction and processing. Future research should focus on optimized extraction and purification processes and standardized quality evaluation systems for effective utilization.

본 연구는 CIPP 평가모형을 적용하여 공동연구 프로그램을 대학원생 관점에서 평가하였다. 연구 대 상은 프로그램 참여 대학원생 15명이며, 방문연구 직후 실시한 대면 인터뷰 자료(15명)와 CIPP 평가모 형에 기반한 설문 18문항(7점 리커트 척도) 및 서면 인터뷰 11문항 응답자료(각 13명)를 수집·분석하 였다. 설문 분석 결과, 영역별 평균은 상황(Context) 6.00점, 투입(Input) 5.25점, 과정(Process) 5.71 점, 산출(Product) 5.95점으로 CIPP 네 영역 전반에서 대체로 긍정적 인식을 보였다. 상황 영역에서는 프로그램 필요성과 개인의 연구·학습 요구의 적합성이 높았고, 대학 간 공동연구·교류 경험을 통해 연구 수준 제고와 타 기관 연계 경험 보완을 기대하였다. 투입 영역은 운영 체계에 대한 평가는 긍정적이었 으나 일정·자원 지원 방식에서는 참여자 간 체감 차가 확인되었다. 과정 영역에서는 활동의 유익성과 몰입도가 높았으나 행정 지원 지연 문제가 일부 제기되었다. 산출 영역에서는 역량 향상, 네트워크 유 지, 진로 영향이 높게 평가되었다. 본 연구는 다기관 공동연구를 ‘교육 프로그램’ 관점에서 조망하여, 과 정과 맥락을 포함한 평가의 필요성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study reviewed previous research on livestock manure application in forage crop fields, with a focus on forage productivity, forage quality, and Hanwoo carrying capacity per unit area. This work was conducted as a narrative review, not as a systematic review or meta-analysis. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 were collected from the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), the Korean Citation Index (KCI), DBpia, and Google Scholar. Many studies reported that manure application increased dry matter yield and improved forage nutritional components such as crude protein and total digestible nutrients. However, the size of these effects differed depending on crop type, soil condition, weather, and application rate. In several cases, nutrient use efficiency was lower under high rainfall or unstable temperature conditions, especially when liquid manure was applied. Carrying capacity was estimated using assumed animal body weight and forage contribution. When different assumptions were applied, the calculated values changed. This shows that carrying capacity is not a fixed number but a relative measure, and the results should not be used directly without considering farm management conditions. Livestock manure application increased forage production and helped nutrient movement in crop–livestock systems. However, similar results cannot be expected in all environments. Future studies should consider soil characteristics, forage productivity, forage use, and livestock performance together.

Based on previously established probiotic function of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SC65, this study aimed to produce synbiotic yogurt using L. pentosus SC65 as a probiotic and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) as a prebiotic. Functional properties of the resulting yogurt were evaluated after incubating for 21 days. The pH of the yogurt slightly decreased with the increase in incubation time, whereas titratable acidity and lactic acid production increased. Syneresis degree in the FOS-containing yogurt decreased as the water-holding capacity increased. Moreover, the antioxidant effect of probiotic-supplemented yogurt was higher than that of nonprobioticsupplemented yogurt. In addition, RAW 264.7 macrophages showed higher nitric oxide production when treated with probiotic or synbiotic yogurt than when treated with probiotic alone, suggesting that probiotic or synbiotic yogurt is beneficial to human health. Therefore, L. pentosus SC65 shows promise as a candidate ingredient for synbiotic yogurt.

도시숲은 개발로 인해 훼손된 도시 생태계에 중요한 역할을 하고 있으나 인간활동으로 인해 지속적 인 영향을 받고 있어 체계적인 관리의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시숲 식생 생육 상태를 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 무인항공기(UAV) 기반 다중 스펙트럼 영샹을 통해 도시숲 식생 모니터링을 진행하였다. 도시숲 내부 촬영 영상을 통해 대상지 내의 인공지반, 경작지, 산림 지역으 로 구분하고 촬영 영상 분석을 통해 NDVI 값을 도출하여 구역별 식생 활력도를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 산림지역은 평균 NDVI 0.889로 높은 값을 보여 전반적으로 양호한 식생 생육 상태를 보였으 며 일부 지역을 제외하고는 매우 높은 활력도를 보였다. 경작지에서는 산림지역에 비해 낮은 NDVI 값을 나타냈으며 일부 지역에서는 인간 활동으로 인한 영향으로 생태적으로 매우 훼손되어 있는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 무인항공기와 센서를 기반으로 식생지수 분석을 통해 도시숲에 대한 생태 모니터링과 도시숲의 지속적인 관리와 정책 수립이 필요함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 림프드레나지(Manual Lymph Drainage, MLD) 교육 효과가 현장 적용 도, 고객 만족도, 웰니스 산업 성장 인식 간의 구조적 관계를 규명하였다. 림프드레 나지는 신체 항상성 유지에 기여하는 대표적 수기요법으로 활용이 확대되고 있으나, 국내 교육은 국가자격시험 중심의 형식적 교육에 머물러 현장 적용성과 기술 표준화 에 한계를 보였다. 이에 본 연구는 시장 문화적 장벽의 조절효과와 림프 도구 활용 인식의 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 정규대학 림프드레나지 교과목을 이 수한 현직 피부미용사 205명이며, SPSS와 AMOS를 활용한 구조방정식 모형(SEM) 및 조절회귀 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 교육 효과→현장 적용도→고객 만족도 → 웰니스 산업 성장에 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 특히, 교 육의 질적 측면과 상담 역량이 현장 적용의 핵심 동력임이 확인되었다. 또한 시장 문화적 장벽(강한 압 선호)은 현장 적용도와 고객 만족도 간 관계를 부(-)적으로 조 절하였으며, 림프 도구 활용 인식은 고객 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다 (p>.05). 본 연구는 림프드레나지 교육의 실무적 가치와 현장의 문화적 장벽을 극복하고 과학적 근거 기반(EBP)의 웰니스 솔루션의 산업적 확장 가능성을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Chinese consumers’ preferences for seafood distribution channels using conjoint analysis. The survey for this study was conducted on 600 Chinese consumers in their 20s to 60s. The conjoint analysis showed that consumers prioritize the type of distribution channel(offline, online, omni-channel) when choosing seafood distribution channels, and that they also value delivery time and price attributes. This can be seen as a result of Chinese consumers focusing on extrinsic cues such as the spatial location of purchase, price, and the delivery time required to receive the final purchased product rather than focusing on specific factors when choosing a place to purchase seafood. In the future, it is expected that the Chinese seafood distribution channel will be dominated by platforms that provide a complex experience, short delivery times, and low prices to be chosen by consumers. Now, seafood distribution channels are expected to continue to develop into complex distribution channels that can provide consumers with new experiences and high satisfaction by complexly implementing new functions.

최근 도로 포장 분야에서는 시공성과 공용성 확보를 위해 모듈러 형식의 프리캐스트 콘크리트 포장 공법을 적용하는 추 세이다. 프리캐스트 콘크리트 포장은 사전 제작한 슬래브를 현장에서 조립 및 시공함으로써 시공 시간을 단축할 수 있어 장 기간 교통통제가 어려운 구간의 신속한 유지보수에 활용되고 있다. 국내에서는 도심지 버스정류장을 중심으로 적용 사례가 증가하고 있으나 고속도로에 적용된 사례는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 고속도로 환경에 적합한 프리캐스트 콘크리트 포장 시공 방안을 마련하기 위해 시험시공을 수행하고자 줄눈 콘크리트 포장(JCP) 형식의 프리캐스트 슬래브를 설 계 및 제작하였다.

싱가포르는 고온다습한 기후조건과 중차량의 잦은 가감속에 따른 피로 하중으로 인해 아스팔트 포장이 빈번하게 파손되어 도심지 교차로 구간에 콘크리트 포장을 적용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 싱가포르의 도심지 교차로 구간에 시공된 콘크리트 포장의 적용 특성 및 공용성 분석을 위해 현장 조사를 수행하였다. 현장 조사를 통해 도심지 교차로에 적용된 콘크리트 포 장의 형식, 연장, 줄눈 간격 및 파손 유형 등을 분석하였다. 조사 결과, 도심지 교차로 구간에 적용된 콘크리트 포장의 연장 은 약 38~40m로 측정되었으며 포장 형식은 줄눈 철근콘크리트 포장과 반강성 포장으로 분석되었다. 줄눈 철근콘크리트 포 장은 줄눈 간격이 약 15~18m로 구성되어 있었으며 반강성 포장은 줄눈이 별도로 형성되어 있지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 파 손의 경우 줄눈 철근콘크리트 포장에서는 줄눈부 스폴링 및 줄눈재 파손 등을 관찰할 수 있었으며 반강성 포장에서는 표면 균열과 박리 등의 파손을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 파손들은 포장 공용성에 악영향을 미칠 정도는 아닌 것으로 분석되었다.

본 연구는 신기술 기반 식품과 데이터 기반 서비스의 확산으로 규제의 유연성이 국가 경쟁력의 핵심 요인으로 부상하는 상황에서, 식품 규제 영역에서 네거티브 규제 도 입의 가능성과 한계를 검토하였다. 그 결과 식품 원료·첨 가물 및 공정 사용물질과 같이 인체 노출과 위해의 인과 관계가 직접적으로 연결되는 영역에서는 원칙적 허용을 전제로 하는 네거티브 규제 방식이 안전성 확보 수단으로 서 구조적 한계를 가지며, 적절한 규제 수단으로 기능하 기 어려울 것으로 판단된다. 반면 정밀 영양, 맞춤형 건강 기능식품 등 정보 기반 서비스 영역은 금지행위의 구체화, 개인정보 보호, 사후 통제와 책임체계가 결합될 경우 네 거티브 규제 요소를 적용할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 결론 적으로 식품 분야의 네거티브 규제는 단순한 규제 완화나 산업 혁신의 촉진을 중심에 두기보다는, 공중보건 보호를 전제로 위험 기반 접근과 제도적 유연성을 조화시키는 방 향에서 신중하게 설계될 필요가 있다.

Background: In the South Korean private insurance sector, manual therapy faces increasing scrutiny, necessitating objective evidence for continued reimbursement. Traditional measurements often lack reproducibility or clinical practicality. Objectives: This study evaluated the feasibility of belt-stabilized hand-held dynamometry (HHD) as an objective tool for documenting strength changes and informing insurance coverage decisions. Design: A two-case clinical report. Methods: Two adult males undergoing post-operative knee rehabilitation with manual therapy were included: (1) ACL reconstruction with medial meniscus injury and (2) ORIF after knee trauma. With participants seated at the table edge and the trunk stabilized by gripping the table, knee flexion was set at 95°. Belt-stabilized HHD was used to measure isometric knee extension and flexion (three trials; maximum value recorded in N). A single examiner (>15 years’ experience) used a standardized protocol across sessions. Results: Case 1 improved from 44% (extension) and 42% (flexion) limb symmetry to 71.4% and 69.6% by session 20, supporting continued care and reimbursement after 30 sessions. Case 2 showed 60.2% extension symmetry at session 20, but subsequent reassessments lacked consistent improvement, contributing to discontinuation. Conclusion: Belt-stabilized HHD may provide a practical, low-cost method to quantify strength changes and support transparent clinician–patient–insurer communication; larger prospective studies are needed.

Microorganisms perform a crucial function in the biogeochemical processes that maintain soil quality. Nonetheless, the influence of biochar on soil microbial communities and their ecological functions remains poorly understood in black soils. To investigate this, a 2-year field experiment was conducted with four biochar application treatments: 0 t ha− 1 (CK), 6 t ha− 1 (BC6), 12 t ha− 1 (BC12), and 24 t ha− 1 (BC24). Microbial diversity and community composition under each treatment were assessed using high-throughput sequencing techniques. PICRUSt2 and FUNGuild were employed to predict microbial functional profiles. Compared to the control (CK), biochar addition led to notable shifts in both bacterial and fungal community structures. It also significantly enhanced bacterial α-diversity, as reflected by increased Shannon index, OTU counts, and Chao1 richness. However, a gradual decline in bacterial diversity was observed with rising biochar application rates. Taxonomic analysis revealed that biochar treatment significantly elevated the relative abundances of specific bacterial groups—such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Candidatus_Solibacter, and Bryobacter—as well as fungal groups such as Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierella, Penicillium, and Fusarium. These effects were most evident under the moderate application rate (BC6). These microbial community changes may contribute to maintaining agroecological functions and soil health in biochar-amended soils. Regarding ecological functions, biochar application enhanced soil bacterial metabolic potential and saprotrophic fungal abundance, with more significant effects in the BC6 treatment, while reducing plant pathogenic fungi. This suggests beneficial effects on soil health maintenance and elemental cycling. Therefore, from the perspective of soil microbial community characteristics, biochar application positively influences black soil quality improvement. Considering environmental and economic benefits, a lower biochar application rate (6 t ha⁻1) may represent an optimal strategy for carbon sequestration, soil quality enhancement, and agroecological function maintenance in the studied system.

This research highlights the use of a WO3: CeO2@MXene/gC3N4 (MGWC) nanodisk as a versatile material. MGWC demonstrates efficient photocatalytic degradation of moxifloxacin (MOF) in water under sunlight and also shows great promise for high-performance supercapacitor applications. MGWC was synthesized using a modified hydrothermal method and thoroughly characterized using various techniques. The MGWC showed a band gap energy of 2.79 eV determined through UV–Vis DRS analysis and an average crystallite size of 39.6 nm calculated from XRD. A promising photocatalytic activity was observed for the degradation of MOF, outperforming other photocatalysts. Additionally, preliminary studies examined variations in catalyst concentration, pH, kinetics, electrolytes, scavengers, reusability, and TOC, contributing valuable insights. Under optimal conditions, the MOF achieved almost complete degradation, reaching about 99.7% within 180 min using the MGWC photocatalyst. Additionally, MGWC exhibits promising potential in supercapacitor applications. EIS and CV studies have been used to examine MGWC’s exceptional charge transfer properties. CV tests confirm the pseudocapacitive nature of MGWC electrodes. GCD studies of MGWC exhibit a high specific capacitance of 551 F/g at 1 A/g with incomparable capacitance retention of 98.1% over 10,000 cycles. This research not only aids in reducing emerging environmental pollutants but also sets the stage for sustainable energy solutions.

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is a common forefoot deformity that can lead to pain, altered gait, and musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Accurate severity assessment is essential for clinical decision-making, yet radiographic methods, though accurate—are costly and less accessible. Objects: This study aimed to develop and clinically validate an end-to-end artificial intelligence (AI)-based mobile application for HV severity classification from smartphone-captured dorsal foot photographs. Methods: The study comprised two phases. In Phase 1 (App & Model Development), we developed a mobile application integrating foot Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image capture, HV severity classification, and immediate reporting. Paired (weight-bearing anteroposterior foot) radiographs and smartphone dorsal foot photographs were collected from 180 adults with HV. Radiographic HV angle and intermetatarsal angle were measured to categorize severity (mild, moderate, severe) as ground truth. A MobileNetV2 convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on dorsal foot images to predict severity. In Phase 2 (External Validation & Usability Assessment), 30 independent participants underwent both radiographic and app-based severity assessments. Diagnostic times were recorded for both assessments. Participants then completed a 10-item Likert-scale usability questionnaire, with internal consistency assessed using Cronbach’s α. Results: The CNN successfully classified HV severity based on radiographic ground truth and showed consistent performance on an external dataset. App-based assessment was on average approximately 12 minutes faster than radiographic evaluation (p < 0.001). Usability evaluation indicated positive user experience (overall mean = 3.84/5, Cronbach’s α = 0.706). Conclusion: This study presents fully operational mobile AI application that enables rapid, accurate, and user-friendly classification of HV severity directly from smartphone photographs. By combining machine learning with an accessible mobile platform, it can support point-ofcare screening, patient self-monitoring, and community-based care where radiographic evaluation is impractical.

The objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to investigate the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) score and its components as prognostic markers in dogs with acute pancreatitis. Forty-seven dogs were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis based on satisfying two criteria: the presence of two acute clinical signs (vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, or lethargy) and confirmation via specific canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) testing. cPL concentration within the intermediate range supported by compatible ultrasonographic evidence. The dogs were categorized into survival and non-survival groups. The APPLE score components (mentation, respiratory rate, fluid score, SpO₂, WBC, creatinine, albumin, total bilirubin, and lactate) were assessed within 24 hours of admission. Statistical comparisons between the groups showed that the non-surviving dogs had significantly higher APPLE scores (39.36 ± 4.41) compared to the survivors (25.67 ± 9.63, p < 0.01). The predictive ability of the APPLE score for distinguishing the survival group from the non-survival group was excellent, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.900. Using the optimal cut-off value, a sensitivity of 1.000 (100.0%) and a specificity of 0.750 (75.0%) were achieved. There were also differences in mentation score, fluid score, SpO₂, creatinine, lactate, and cPL levels between the two groups, indicating poorer prognoses in the non-survivor group. In conclusion, the APPLE score serves as a valuable tool for predicting outcomes in dogs suffering from acute pancreatitis. Its use can help clinicians identify patients at risk, enhance risk assessment, inform treatment decisions, and improve communication with dog owners regarding prognosis.

This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of bone regeneration following decortication and sequestrectomy combined with the application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) in 45 patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Each patient received 0.25 g of rhBMP-2/ACS at the surgical site. Facial computed tomography scans were obtained immediately postoperatively and at a six-month follow-up to assess volumetric changes in the alveolar bone. The results indicated that rhBMP-2 significantly enhanced bone regeneration. Notably, the number of residual bone walls was the only significant factor influencing the regenerative outcome (B = 19.47, standard error = 3.05, t = 6.39, p < 0.001). Four-wall defects exhibited the highest regeneration rate (85.2%), and the mandibular posterior region was the most frequently involved site (60.5%). Complications such as surgical site disruption did not significantly impact the regenerative outcomes. These findings suggest that the concomitant use of rhBMP-2 with decortication and sequestrectomy promotes bone healing, reduces recovery time, and improves treatment predictability for patients with MRONJ.

Occupational respiratory diseases induced by industrial chemicals are well documented. Among these diseases, asthma induced by low‑molecular‑weight agents such as isocyanates and acid anhydrides commonly used in manufacturing is characterized by dyspnea, chest tightness, and wheezing. We evaluated the effect of low‑molecular‑weight agents epidemiologically well‑established as associated with occupational asthma on normal or pathological states of the human airway epithelium using validated 3D-airway epithelial cell models. Treatment of MucilAir™, SmallAir™, and SmallAir-asthma™ models with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and trimellitic anhydride for 24 hours induced increased lactate dehydrogenase release and elicited morphologic alteration in the respiratory epithelium with characteristic cellular injury such as changes in the height of the epithelial cells, focal epithelial loss, and disorganization of the epithelium. Furthermore, histological modifications included epithelial hyperplasia, cyst formation and increased mucus secretion. We also examined reactive oxygen species as indicator of oxidative injury and profiled the cytokines, chemokines, and other markers of airway remodeling related to asthma pathogenesis. However, chemical exposure did not appear to induce concentration-dependent changes in reactive oxygen species, whereas MDI and TDI elicited alterations in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in SmallAir™ or SmallAir-asthma™ models. Although no meaningful alterations were observed in the parameters of oxidative damage or factors related with asthmatic mechanisms, likely due to methodological limitations, further investigation of 3D-cell airway models would support an advanced understanding of respiratory diseases, including asthma.