The effects of different plasma agent species ( CF4, N2) over the conductivity of CFX cathode material were identified. Both plasma treatments have surface etching effect, while the CF4 plasma treatment has C–F bond modification effect and the N2 plasma treatment has defluorination effect. The changes of surface chemical species and porosity along the plasma agent were elucidated. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of plasma-treated CFX confirmed the effects of plasma treatments. The charge-transfer resistance of plasma-treated CFX was maximum 60.3% reduced than the pristine CFX. The effects of surface chemical modification coupled with etching along the plasma gas agents were compared and identified with their reaction mechanisms.

This study analyzed the factors affecting the effectiveness of the Chemical Hazard Risk Management (CHARM). A survey was conducted on 104 learners who participated in the Risk Assessment training course at Occupational Safety and Health Training Institute. Through a self-administered questionnaire, the effect of personal characteristics, corporate characteristics, and safety and health level of the company on the effectiveness of chemical risk assessment was investigated. As a result of statistical analysis, the safety and health level of the company had a positive (+) effect on the effectiveness of Chemical Hazard Risk Management(CHARM), but personal characteristics and corporate characteristics had no relation to it. This study can be used as basic data for further research related to chemical risk assessment in workplaces.

본 연구는 고추 재배 시험을 통해서 발전소로부터 배출되는 저회 (BA, bottom ash)의 농업적 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 저회의 시용수준은 5 (BA5), 10 (BA10), 15 (BA15) 및 20 (BA20) ton ha-1으로 조절하였으며, 대조구는 퇴비를 일반 기비로 사용한 관행처리 방법으로 하였다. 고추의 생육 특성은 퇴비 처리구가 저회 처리구에 비해 생육이 증가되었고, 저회 사용수준에 따른 고추의 생육은 전반적으로 BA15 ≓ BA10 > BA20 > BA5 처리구 순으로 증가되었다. 고추 재배 후 조사된 토양의 화학적 특성은 저회의 시용수준이 증가될수록 pH, EC, SOC, 그리고 CEC 함량이 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 특히, 작물의 생육과 관련이 깊은 pH, SOC 및 CEC의 지표는 저회 처리구가 대조구에 비해 각각 0.20~0.82, 1.16~8.92 g kg-1 및 0.29~0.74 cmolc kg-1 범위로 증가되어 저회가 토양 탄소 함량 증진을 포함한 토양 비옥도 개선에 효과적인 역할을 한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 시험의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 저회의 시용은 관행처리에 비해 고추의 수확량은 적지만 토양환경을 개선하는데 효과적인 것으로 판단되어 토양개량제로서 저회의 농업적 활용은 가능하다고 판단된다.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of high moisture rye silage. Rye forage (Secale cereale L.) was harvested at the heading stage (27.3% of dry matter (DM)) and cut into approximately 3-5 cm lengths. Then, the forage divided into 4 treatments with different inoculants: 1) No additives (CON); 2) Lactobacillus brevis strain 100D8 at a 1.2 x 105 colony-forming unit (cfu)/g of fresh forage (LBR); 3) Leuconostoc holzapfelii strain 5H4 at a 1.0 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (LHO); and 4) Mixture of LBR and LHO (1:1 ratio) applied at a 1.0 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (MIX). About 3 kg of forage from each treatment was ensiled into a 20 L mini-bucket silo in quadruplicate for 100 days. After silo opening, silage was collected for analyses of chemical compositions, in vitro nutrient digestibilities, fermentation characteristics, and microbial enumerations. The CON silage had the highest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.006; p = 0.008) and a lowest in vitro DM digestibility (p < 0.001). The pH was highest in CON silage, while lowest in LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). The concentrations of ammonia-N, lactate, and acetate were highest in LBR silage (p = 0.008; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Propionate and butyrate concentrations were highest in CON silage (p = 0.004; p < 0.001). The LAB and yeast counts were higher in CON and LHO silages compare to LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). However, the mold did not detect in all treatments. Therefore, this study could conclude that L. brevis 100D8 and Leu. holzapfelii strain 5H4 can improve the digestibility and anti-fungal activity of high moisture rye silage.

To predict the long-term behaviors of actinides in aqueous environments, complexation behaviors of actinides should be understood. Various organic ligands of chelating aromatic structure appearing in humic substances are known to form stable aqueous complexes. In this study, a benzene diol (or catechol) derivative, i.e., 4-nitrocatechol (nCA) is selected and its chemical equilibria including acid dissociation and complexation with U(VI) ion were examined using spectroscopic methods. In addition, the effect of ionic strength (Is) on those equilibria was evaluated by adjusting the level of NaClO4 in aqueous solutions. First, the experiments to determine the acid dissociation constant (pKa) of nCA were carried out in aqueous solutions with different ionic strengths from 0.01–2.0 M. The acid dissociation constants of nCA (pKa1) were measured to 6.73 ± 0.07, 6.69 ± 0.03, 6.38 ± 0.03, 6.09 ± 0.12, and 6.04 ± 0.07 at Is = 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. These results were confirmed through the UV-Vis absorption spectral data analysis using the HypSpec program. As the pKa1 decreases as the ionic strength increases, except for Is = 2.0, these data were further analyzed with SIT (Specific ion Interaction Theory). Typically, as the solution becomes basic, a red shift is shown in the absorption spectrum. This effect can be understood from the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) occurring in the deprotonated structures of nCA. At higher pH similar trends were also observed for measurement of pKa2. However, the determination of pKa2 is found not to be straightforward since a dimer formation equilibrium of nCA was observed as the ionic strength increased. This phenomenon will be discussed in detail with other supporting experimental results. Second of all, the complexation between the U(VI) and nCA in aqueous solutions was also examined. It was shown that nCA can easily form complexes with U(VI) ions at a wide range of pH via the deprotonation of their hydroxyl groups. U(VI)-nCA complexation will be further characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR and NMR by varying the solution ionic strength. The metal-ligand binding stoichiometry will be confirmed, for example, through the Job’s method. Finally, the acid dissociations constant and stability constants that were determined in this study will be used to provide species diagrams of aqueous U(VI)-nCA systems at a wide range of pH considering the effect of solution ionic strengths.

A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing commonly used effective microorganisms on the chemical properties of swine liquid manure. Effective microorganisms used in this study were Bacillus subtilis (1.3×109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml), Enterococcus faecium (1.9×1010 CFU/ml), Aspergillus oryzae (2.0×109 CFU/ml), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6.4×109 CFU/ml), Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1.2×108 CFU/ml), and Streptomyces griseus (6.2×108 CFU/ml). Swine liquid manure collected and decanted from a swine farm was used in this study. Treatments included control (distilled water supplementation), Treatment 1 (T1) (mixed microbes, 109 CFU/ml), and Treatment 2 (T2) (mixed microbes, 107 CFU/ml). Microbial mix was supplemented every 3.5 days and aerated six times (15 min each) a day to facilitate compositing. Ten ml of sample was collected at 2-, 4-, 6-, and 7-week intervals for the measurement of pH, ammonia-N, volatile fatty acid (VFA), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium. At seven weeks, samples were further collected to analyze biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Ammonia-N was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in T1 and T2 by 36% and 30%, respectively, compared with control (23%). VFAs including butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, iso-valerate, and caproate were not detected in T1 from the four-week aerated sample. The BOD and COD were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in T1 by 96% and 58%, respectively. In conclusion, ammonia-N, VFA, BOD, and COD, known as odor indicators, were decreased in T1 and T2 compared with control, suggesting that effective microorganisms are useful for compositing swine liquid manure

본 연구에서는 기존에 인체에 유익한 효과가 있고 부작 용 없이 장기간 안전하게 사용할 수 있으며 간보호 및 간 기능 개선에 탁월한 효과가 있는 표고를 추출 및 농축하여 원유에 농도별로 첨가하여, 3종의 유산균을 이용하여 발효하였다. 표고의 농도를 달리하여 유산균을 배양하였을 때 면역관련 물질인 ergothioneine 및 β-glucan의 함량 을 측정한 결과 ergothioneine함량은 30% 표고추출농축액에 L. plantarum이 첨가되어 배양된 발효물이 40.48 mg/100 g로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. β-Glucan은 30 % 표고추출농축액에 L. brevis가 첨가된 발효물이 13.94 %로 가장 높은 함량이 나타났다. 두 면역관련 물질 모두 표고추출농축액 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. SD rat을 간을 적출하여 일차 간세포로 분리해 발효물의 간보호 효과를 측정하였다. 표고추출농축액과 유산균 발효물을 10, 50, 100, 500 μg/mL을 일차 간세포에 처리 하여 MTT assay 방법으로 세포독성을 측정한 결과, 모든 농도에서 독성을 보이지 않았다. 또한 10 mM 아세트아미 노펜을 처리하여 독성을 유발한 일차 간세포에 시료를 처리하여 AST, ALT, LDH를 측정한 결과, 효소의 농도가 감소하여 간보호 기능에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이중 L. brevis를 첨가하여 배양한 발효물 처리구에서 효소의 농도가 가장 감소한 것을 보았고, 가장 간보호 효과가 뛰어난 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 표고추출농축액에 유산균을 첨가하여 발효하였을 때, 기존의 표고보다 면역관련 물질의 함량이 증가하고, 간기능 보호에 더욱 효과가 있음을 입증하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 표고 유산균 발효물이 건강기능 소재로서 연구를 위한 기초 연구자료로 활용될 수 있 것으로 생각된다.

This study investigated the effect of the addition of various levels of pig head meat (HM) as a substitute for rear leg meat (RLM) on the physico-chemical quality characteristics of non-emulsified, smoked, and cooked sausage during refrigerated storage. Sausages were prepared in four variations according to the proportion (0%, 10%, 20%, or 30%) of HM added and maintained at 4°C. Quality measurements were taken for 28 days. The sausages added with the addition of 20% and 30% HM had significantly (p<0.05) higher moisture and lower protein content compared to those without the addition of HM. The pH value during the storage period was higher (p<0.05) in the sausages to which the HM had been added than in those without HM. The sausages with 30% HM showed the lowest (p<0.05) L* and b* values and the highest (p<0.05) a* value during the storage period. The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of the sausages showed no significant variations with the addition of various levels of HM. These data suggest that RLM could be substituted with 30% HM because it does not negatively affect the quality of the non-emulsified sausage. However, a further study on sausages made with 100% HM instead of RLM may be needed to improve its utilization.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary total mixed ration (TMR) supplementation and dry-aging period on the physico-chemical and sensory quality of striploin (longissimus lumborum) from multiparous Hanwoo cows. The experimental cows were divided into two treatments (n=3/treatment) according to the type of feed: in one treatment (slaughter age: 87±6 months old, parity: 5±1) the cows were fed on TMR for 7 months before slaughter, while in the other treatment (slaughter age: 83±9 months old, parity: 5±2) the cows were fed on concentrate and rice straw (CRS) for the whole rearing period. After slaughtering, the striploins were dry-aged for 20 or 40 days at 2±1℃, 85% relative humidity and 2 m/sec air flow velocity and then utilized for quality measurements. The pH value, cooking loss, and hypoxanthine content were higher (p<0.05) for the striploins dry-aged for 40 days than for those dry-aged for 20 days. Notably, the inosine 5’-monophosphate content was decreased (p<0.05) by increasing the dry-aging time. With regard to microbiological quality, the striploins dry-aged for 40 days exhibited lower (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria counts and higher (p<0.05) coliform counts than those dry-aged for 20 days. Moreover, the tenderness and overall liking scores based on sensory evaluation were higher (p<0.05) for the dry-aged striploins of the TMR treatment and those dry-aged for 40 days than for the CRS treatment and those dry-aged 20 days, respectively. These findings suggest that dietary TMR supplementation leads to an increase in the sensory preference of dry-aged striploins from multiparous Hanwoo cows, and alteration of the CRS into the TMR may improve the quality of dry-aged Hanwoo beef.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of storage temperature and pressure plate treatment on chemical composition in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs). Green Prunus mume fruit was mixed with an equal amount of commercial sugar and stored at 4 or 25oC for 9 mon with or without a pressure plate. The alcohol contents in PSEs stored at 4oC were lower than those stored at 25oC. The amygdalin contents in PSEs stored at 25oC with pressure plate were significantly low. The sucrose in PSEs was converted into glucose and fructose during storage. The glucose, fructose and total phenol contents in PSEs stored at 25oC were higher compared with those at 4oC. The total soluble solid and polyphenol contents in PSEs were increased at 25oC until 90 d and 4oC until 150 d and then the contents were constant. The total acidity in PSEs stored at 4oC were higher than those at 25oC. These results indicate that storage temperature plays an important role in controlling the alcohol, amygdalin and sucrose contents in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs).