As the demand for p-type semiconductors increases, much effort is being put into developing new p-type materials. This demand has led to the development of novel new p-type semiconductors that go beyond existing p-type semiconductors. Copper iodide (CuI) has recently received much attention due to its wide band gap, excellent optical and electrical properties, and low temperature synthesis. However, there are limits to its use as a semiconductor material for thin film transistor devices due to the uncontrolled generation of copper vacancies and excessive hole doping. In this work, p-type CuI semiconductors were fabricated using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for thin-film transistor (TFT) applications. The vacuum process has advantages over conventional solution processes, including conformal coating, large area uniformity, easy thickness control and so on. CuI thin films were fabricated at various deposition temperatures from 150 to 250 °C The surface roughness root mean square (RMS) value, which is related to carrier transport, decreases with increasing deposition temperature. Hall effect measurements showed that all fabricated CuI films had p-type behavior and that the Hall mobility decreased with increasing deposition temperature. The CuI TFTs showed no clear on/off because of the high concentration of carriers. By adopting a Zn capping layer, carrier concentrations decreased, leading to clear on and off behavior. Finally, stability tests of the PBS and NBS showed a threshold voltage shift within ±1 V.
This study aims to measure sedimentation status change with the changes in internal pressure for dry chemical extinguishers of various use periods and analyze the suitability of the fire extinguishers' performance criteria. When the internal pressure of the fire extinguisher is 0%, 2 out of 10 new dry chemical powders for the 5 elapsed years were noted to be suitable, including 3 recycled dry chemical powders with 5 elapsed years that were found eligible. One out of 10 new dry chemical powders for 10 elapsed years was shown as suitable. Also, one new dry chemical powder for 13 elapsed years was suitable. When the internal pressure of the fire extinguisher was 50%, all 10 out of 10 new dry chemical powders for 5 years, recycled one with 5 elapsed years, and a new one with 10 elapsed years were found to be suitable, while 9 new dry chemical powders for 13 years were shown as suitable. When the internal pressure of the fire extinguisher was normal, new ones with 5 elapsed years, recycled ones with 5 elapsed years, new ones with 10 elapsed years, and new ones with 13 elapsed years were all 10 out of 10 samples noted as suitable. In summarizing the experiment results, it was found that the sedimentation status, one of the fire extinguisher's physical properties experiments, affects the fire extinguisher's performance criteria rather than the change with use periods.
본 연구는 아질산나트륨 및 비타민 C의 대체로 첨가한 수벌번데기 분말이 유화형 소시지의 이화학적 품질 특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 시료는 아질산염, 비타민 C 및 수벌번데기 분말의 첨가 수준에 따라 각각 아질산나트륨 150 ppm+비타민 C 200 ppm(대조구), 아질산나트륨 75 ppm+ 비타민C 100 ppm+수벌번데기 분말 6.015%(T1) 또는 수벌번데기 분말 12.03%(T2)을 첨가하여 제조한 후 4℃에 30일 동안 저장하였다. pH는 수벌번데기 분말의 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 현저하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 일반성분 함량은 수벌번데기 분말의 첨가 수준이 높은 소시지에서 낮은 수분 및 조단백질 함량과 높은 조지방 및 조회분 함량을 보였다 (p<0.05). 지방산 조성은 T1과 T2가 대조구에 비해 포화지방산 함량이 높았으나(p<0.05), 불포화지방산 및 다가불포화지 방산 함량은 낮았다(p<0.05). 색깔은 T1과 T2가 대조구보다 현저하게 낮은 명도(L*) 및 적색도(a*)와 높은 황색도(b*) 및 hue-angle(h°)을 보였으며(p<0.05), T2의 경우 가장 낮은 chroma(C*)를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 지방산화물(TBARS) 함량은 T2가 가장 높았으며(p<0.05), 특히, 대조구보다 2배 이상 높았다. 조직감은 T1과 T2가 저장기간 동안 대조구에 비해 단단한 특성을 보였다(p<0.05). 따라서 유화형 소시지에서 수벌번데기 분말의 첨가는 색깔, 지방산화안정성 및 조직감에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 아질산나트륨 및 비타민 C 대체 효과가 없었다
Alane(aluminum trihydride, AlH3)으로 명명되는 고에너지 물질인 삼수소알루미늄은 수소저장 물질로서 뿐만 아니라 우주항공분야의 고체 추진제나 방위산업의 화약제조용으로도 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구는 습식공정을 통하여 합성하고, 에테르를 세밀하게 분리하는 결정화 공정을 통하여 최종 수소화물을 추출하였다. 결정화 공정에서 삼수소알루미늄-에테레이트(AlH3·(C2H5)2O)가 alane으로 상변이하면서 입자가 성장하고, 85℃에서 2 시간의 결정화 시간이 이루어졌을 때 가장 안정된 결정상이 나타나는 모습을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 추출된 고체상 삼수소알루미늄은 막대모양의 γ-형태가 가장 많은 양을 차지하는 것으로 나타났으며, 크기는 50-100 μm 수준이었다
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the moisture content and pellet mill type on the physical and chemical characteristics of Italian ryegrass (IRG) pellet. Moisture content of raw material significantly (p<0.05) affected IRG pellet formation. Moisture content at 25% was the best condition for IRG pellet formation in terms of shape, power load and temperature changes. The hardness of pellet was decreased when moisture content was increase. However, the hardness of pellet was not affected by pellet mill type. Moisture content at 30% dramatically (p<0.05) decreased the durability compared to moisture content at 25%. Dry matter content of IRG pellet was increased (p<0.05) after pelleting. Total count of microorganism was decreased in pellet due to pressure heat and moisture losses during the pelleting process. These results indicated that the proper moisture content of Italian ryegrass pelleting would be at 25%. In addition, Roll & flat die type would be more suitable than Ring die and Die & flat die type in IRG pelleting. Pelleting works would be beneficial for improving forage quality and long storage.
We have carried out optical spectroscopic measurements of emission lines for a sample of Galactic plan- etary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars and weak emission-line stars (wels). The plasma diagnostics and elemental abundance analysis have been done using both collisionally excited lines (CELs) and optical recombination lines (ORLs). It was found that the abundance discrepancy factors (ADF = ORL/CEL) are closely correlated with the difference between temperatures derived from forbidden lines and those from He i recombination lines, implying the existence of H-deficient materials embedded in the nebula. The Hβ surface brightness correlations suggest that they might be also related to the nebular evolution.
본 연구는 스프링클러식 관개에서 관비재배가 대추 유목의 생육 및 토양 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 수행하였다. 2012년에 1년생 대추나무를 시험포장에 식재하고 2012년부터 2013년까지 시험을 수행하였다. 시험처리는 토양검정 추천 시비량을 기준으로 관비 50%, 관비 75%, 관비 100%, 관비 125%, 관비 150%와 고형 비료 100%처리를 두었다. 대추나무의 줄기 길이 및 줄기 직경은 관비 125% 및 150%에서 가장 좋았다. 8월에 채취된 대추나무 잎의 T-N, P, K, Ca 및 Mg의 함량은 각각 21.7~ 25.5 g/kg, 1.97~ 2.10 g/kg, 26.8~ 30.5 g/kg, 7.64~ 8.71 g/kg, 2.31~ 3.05 g/kg 범위에 있었다. T-N, P, K 및 Mg함량은 8월에 채취된 잎에서 10월에 채취된 잎 보다 많았다. 2013년 시험후 토양은 시험전 토양에 비하여 pH는 낮아지고 EC, 질산태 질소 및 치환성 칼륨은 다소 높아졌다.
PURPOSES: The liquid-type chemical warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additive has been developed. This study evaluates the basic properties of the additive and the mechanical properties of WMA asphalt and mixture manufactured by using the newly developed chemical additive. METHODS: First, the newly developed WMA additive was applied to the original asphalt by various composition of additive components and dosage ratio of additive. These WMA asphalt binders were evaluated in terms of penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, and PG grade. Based on the binder test results, one best candidate was chosen to apply to the mixture and then the mechanical properties of WMA mixture were evaluated for moisture susceptibility, dynamic modulus, and rutting and fatigue resistance. RESULTS : According to the binder test, WMA asphalt binders showed the similar properties to the original asphalt binder except the penetraion index of WMA additive was a little higher than original binder. From the Superpave mix design, the optimum asphalt content and volumetric properties of WMA mixture were almost the same with those of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture even though the production and compaction temperatures were 30℃ lower for the WMA mixture. From the first set of performance evaluation, it was found that the WMA mixture would have some problem in moisture susceptibility. The additive was modified to improve the resistance to moisture and the second set of performance evaluation showed that the WMA mixture with modified chemical additive would have the similar performance to HMA mixture. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the various laboratory tests, it was concluded that the newly developed chemical WMA additve could be successfully used to produce the WMA mixture with the comparable performance to the HMA mixture. These laboratory evaluations should be confirmed by applying this additive to the field and monitoring the long-term performance of the pavement, which are scheduled in the near future.
High resolution spectroscopic observation of V1719 Cyg were made at 1.8 meter telescope of Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy observatory in Korea. Spectral resolving power was R=45,000, signal to noise ratio S/N>100. The abundances of 28 chemical elements from carbon to dysprosium were found with the spectrum synthesis method. The abundances of oxygen, titanium, vanadium and elements with Z>30 are overabundant by 0.2–0.9 dex with respect to the solar values. Correlations of derived abundances with condensation temperatures and second ionization potentials of these elements are discussed. The possible influence of accretion from interstellar environment is not so strong as for ρ Pup and other stars with similar temperatures. The signs of accretion are absent. The comparison of chemical composition with solar system r- & s-process abundance patterns shows the enhancement of the photosphere by s-process elements.
High-resolution spectroscopic observations of the eclipsing binary system RR Lyn were made using the 1.8 m telescope at the Bohuynsan Optical Astronomical Observatory in Korea. The spectral resolving power was R = 82,000, with a signal to noise ratio of S/N > 150. We found the effective temperatures and surface gravities of the primary and secondary components to be equal to Teff = 7,920 & 7,210 K and log(g) = 3.80 & 4.16, respectively. The abundances of 34 and 17 different chemical elements were found in the atmospheric components. Correlations between the derived abundances with condensation temperatures and the second ionization potentials of these elements are discussed. The primary component is a typical metallic line star with the abundances of light and iron group elements close to solar values, while elements with atomic numbers Z > 30 are overabundant by 0.5–1.5 dex with respect to solar values. The secondary component is a λ Boo type star. In this type of stars, CNO abundances are close to solar values, while the abundance pattern shows a negative correlation with condensation temperatures.
Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the growth of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. rootstock.Methods and Results:Rootstocks of S. chinensis were stored in either soil or vermiculite that had been treated with a control treatment, diluted wood vinegar (50 or 100-fold), DF-100 (50-fold), or 1-naphthylacetamide and at 5°C or 15°C. After 8 weeks, the stored roots were planted in the field, and both plant height and leaf number were observed after transplantation. The greatest number of leaves (5.60 ± 0.80) was produced by roots that had been stored in soil treated with 100 fold dilution of wood vinegar and at 5°C. Meanwhile the maximum plant height (6.92 ± 0.78 ㎝) at 30 d after transplanting was observed for rootstocks that had been stored in soil treated with the 100 fold dilution of wood vinegar and at 15°C, whereas the maximum plant height at 60 d after transplanting (26.46 ± 0.71㎝) was observed for rootstocks that had been stored in soil treated with the 100-fold dilution of wood vinegar and at 5°C. Therefore, the storage of rootstocks in soil treated with the 100-fold dilution of wood vinegar and at temperatures at or below 5°C was most effective, and it can be used to prevent the decay of roots during the postharvest management of S. chinensis rootstocks.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicate that, among the parameters examined, the storage of roots in soil that had been treated with the 100-foil dilution of wood vinegar is the most effective method for improving the growth of S. chinensis.
This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality ofthe panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yel-low-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivatedfield divided into two types:type I ‘such as, yellow spot’ consist of single disorder symptom; type II ‘such as, yellow spotand yellow-brown spot’ consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties tothe occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na>NO3-N>salinity (EC) in soil. The same results wasobserved in red skin. Atrophy was affected by NO3-N>salinity (EC)>Ca>Mg. Rough skin was affected by P2O5>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to P2O5, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simulta-neous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected byNO3-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order :NO3-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > NO3-N > K > Na. Soilchemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and NO3-N.The salinity (EC) and NO3-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play criticalroles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.
The plant Rubus species (Rosaceae) mainly contains 19α-hydroxyurane-type triterpenoids (19α-HUT) as bioactive components. Available functional food includes blackberry (the fruit of thornless Rubus sp.), red raspberry (R. idaeus) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis). However, the fruit of R. coreanus, which is used in Korea as a functional food, substitutes black raspberry. Rubi Fructus, which has been traditionally used as an oriental medicinal drug, designates only unripe fruit of R. coreanus but not its ripe fruit which indicates that it needs high content of 19α-HUT as a crude drug. Throughout our experiment, we found that ripe fruits contain very little amount of 19α-HUT when compared to unripe fruits. In addition, various and rich 19α-HUT has been reported from Rubus species. The most common structure of 19α-HUT of Rubus species, euscaphic acid or tormentic acid with 3α-OH or 3β-OH, respectively, can be glycosylated or oxidized to produce a number of 19α-HUTs as euscaphic acid and tormentic acid derivatives and even esterified to form dimeric triterpenoids. In this review, the bioactivity and biosynthetic pathway and chemical characterization of 19α-HUTs found in Rubus species are discussed.