Background: Various treatments are being tried for lumbar neuropathy. Among them, neural mobilization aims to reduce peripheral nerve sensitivity by stimulating them directly. Similarly, applying kinesiotape stimulates skin and joint receptors around the nerves, thereby affecting nerve function and movement. Objectives: To investigated the effect of low back pain on the neural mobilization and kinesiotaping. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic low back pain were randomly allocated to three groups: the neural mobilization exercise with kinesiotaping group (NEKTG, n=10), the neural mobilization exercise group (NEG, n=10), and the kinesiotaping group (KTG, n=10). Each group performed six intervention sessions over two weeks. The results were analyzed by measuring the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and straight leg raise (SLR) before and after the intervention in each group. Results: NEKTG, NEG, and KTG all indicated a significant decrease in the back pain index before and after the intervention. However, there were no differences observed between the three groups. The SLR angles before the experiment were identical across the three groups. The SLR angles before and after the intervention were as follows: the SLR angle significantly increased in NEKTG. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the SLR angle in NEKTG compared to both NEG and KTG. Conclusion: Neural mobilization combined with kinesiotaping provided better therapeutic effects regarding pain reduction and neurodynamic improvement compared to alone kinesiotaping and mobilization with chronic low back pain.

Background: Chronic back pain not only causes physical discomfort and decreased functionality but also affects emotional well-being, resulting in feelings of anxiety, depression, and other psychological issues. Studies have indicated that cognitive functional therapy and motor control exercises can alleviate chronic low back pain and associated psychological issues. Objectives: To investigated the effect of chronic low back pain on the cognitive functional therapy (CFT) and motor control exercises (MCE). Design: Quaxi-experimental study. Methods: Forty patients with chronic low back pain were randomly assigned and divided into 20 cognitive functional therapy group with motor control exercises group (CFTMG) and 20 patients in motor control exercises group (MCEG). After applying CFT with motor control exercises and motor control exercises for 8 weeks, changes in numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) and Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) were observed. Results: In the CFTMG, statistically significant changes were observed in NPRS, ODI, and FABQ before and after the intervention. In the MCEG, statistically significant changes were observed in VAS and ODI before and after the intervention. Conclusion: The application of CFTM and MCE in patients suffering from chronic low back pain has demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating pain, enhancing back function, and reducing kinesiophobia associated with the condition.

Potentillae Chinensis Herba 추출물의 항산화 효능 평가를 위해 DPPH 자유라디칼 소거 활성 과 ABTS 양이온 라디칼 활성 평가를 시행하였다. 세포 실험에서 항염증 평가를 위해 호흡기 점막 상피세 포 NCI,H292와 RAW264.7 세포 대상으로 항염증 효능을 평가하였다. 그 결과, DPPH 자유라디칼 소거 활성과 ABTS 양이온 라디칼 활성 모두 농도 의존적으로 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 세포 MTT 분석 결과, 각 농도 100 μg/ml로 처리한 경우 NCI-H292 세포의 생존율이 70% 미만으로 감소하 였고, 이후 실험은 50 μg/ml로 진행하였다. 항염증 효능 평가에서는 NO생성, TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2가 감소하였고, COX-2도 50 μg/ml에서 유의하게 감소하였다. Potentillae Chinensis Herba 추출물과 생물 전환 추출물의 뮤신 단백질 발현은 MUC5AC 발현이 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과 는 Potentillae Chinensis Herba의 호흡기 점액 단백질 발현을 도와 염증을 억제하는 기능성 소재로 활용하 는데 가치가 있음을 알 수 있다.

본 연구는 일회성 발목가동성 운동프로그램이 만성적인 발목불안정성(CAI)에 나타나는 발목가 동범위와 통증 수준에 미치는 영향을 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상자는 발목불안정성 설문지 검사에 서 좌, 우측 평균 점수가 24점 이하인 성인여성 20명을 선정 하였으며 집단은 일회성 발목 가동성 운동프 로그램 집단(Ankle mobility exercise program, AE, n=10)과 대조군(CON, n=10)으로 구분하였다. AE 처 치는 일회성 운동에 대한 반응을 확인하기 위해 좌·우측 발목을 각각 1회(20분) 실시하였으며 처치 전후 발목불안정성 검사, 통증 및 발목가동범위를 확인하였다. 먼저 AE 프로그램을 실시한 AE 집단의 통증 수 준은 사전과 비교하여 사후 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). 또한 AE 프로그램 처치한 AE 집 단에서 배측굴곡이 사전과 비교하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 이러한 결과를 종합해 보면 일회성 발목 가동성 운동 프로그램은 CAI에서 나타나는 발목 통증과 발목의 가동범위를 개선시켜 결과적으로 발 목 불안정성을 완화시킬 수 있는 효과적인 운동 중재 방법이라고 생각된다.

Background: Pain neuroscience education (PNE) combined with exercise and mobilisation with cognitive goals presented decreases in pain and disability and an increase in spinal function compared to physiotherapy intervention in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Objectives: To investigated the effect of forward head posture (FHP) with chronic neck pain on the PNE combined with cervical and thoracic mobilization. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: The subjects were randomly allocated to the MDT with PNE group (MPNEG, n=15) and the PNE group (PNEG, n=15). Pain neuroscience education was provided to both groups, and MDT exercise was additionally performed in the experimental group. Training was conducted 3 times a week for 8 weeks, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and numeric rating scale (NRS) were used to measure the level of back pain dysfunction, and each was evaluated before and after the experiment. Results: Results from the study indicated that statistically significant decrease in NRS and ODI in MPNEG. In PNEG, there was statistically significant decrease in NRS. And in MPMES, there was a statistically significant decrease in ODI than in PNEG. Conclusion: The MDT combined with PNE is more effective than PNE alone as a treatment method for improving lumbar dysfunction and reducing pain in chronic low back pain.

목적 : 본 연구는 몰입형 가상현실과 비몰입형 가상현실 두 가지 형태의 가상현실 기기를 이용한 중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상은 뇌졸중 발병 후 6개월 이상인 편마비 환자 3명이었다. 연구설계는 단일대상실험연 구(single-subject research design)인 AB 디자인과 교차 연구설계(alternating design)를 사용하였 다. 중재효과를 측정하기 위한 상지기능 평가는 Box and Block Test와 Fugl-Myer Assessment를 사 용하였고, 연구진행은 기초선 4회, 중재 기간 16회를 포함하여 총 20회기를 진행하였다. 연구결과는 시 각적 그래프와 2SD 구간을 설정하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 연구결과는 비몰입형과 몰입형 가상현실 중재법 모두 기초선과 비교하여 Box and Block Test, Fugl-Myer Assessment 점수가 확연히 증가하였다. 그러나 비몰입형 가상현실 중재와 몰입형 가상현 실 중재 간의 의미있는 차이는 발견할 수 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 몰입형 가상현실을 이용한 중재가 비몰입형 가상현실을 이용한 중재와 같이 만성 뇌졸중 대상자의 상지기능 향상에 긍정적인 효과를 줄 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 만성 뇌졸중 대상자들의 상지기능 향상을 목표로 하는 임상현장에서 가상현실 중재와 연구에 유용한 자료가 될 것이 라 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 만성요통을 가진 여성노인의 체형 및 요부안정화를 위해 12주간 필라테스 운동 프로그램을 적용한 후 체형에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 통증의 변화를 규명함으로써 노화를 늦추고 신체활 동 영역을 높일 수 있는 노인에게 적합한 운동 프로그램 개발에 필요한 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이에 3~5cm 중증도 통증범위의 만성요통을 가진 16명여성노인을 대상으로 주관적 통증척도지를 통해 실험집단 8명, 통제집단 8명을 단순무선표집(Simple Random Sampling)으로 선정하였다. 요부안정화 필라테스 운동 프로그램은 주 2회씩 총 12주간 50~60분간 실시하였으며, 1세트 종료 시 1분 휴식을 주는 방식으로 실시 하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 체형 및 통증에서는 경추 기울기에서 요부안정화 운동그룹의 경우 운동 전에 비해 감소하였으나 통제집단은 증가하였다. 둘째, 요부 통증의 결과 운동집단의 경우 운동에 비해 감소하였으나 통제집단은 증가하였다. 결론적으로 요부안정화 필라테스 운동은 만성요통을 가진 여성노인에게 있어서 통 증을 감소시킬 수 있는 프로그램으로 적용될 수 있으며, 체형을 개선시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) recommend therapeutic exercise, and recently, interventions for pain neuroscience education (PNE) are also recommended. Objectives: To investigate the effects of aquatic exercise combined with PNE on pain, disability, and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with CLBP. Design: Randomized control trial. Methods: The 27 participants recruited in this study were randomly allocated as pain neuroscience education combined with aquatic exercise group (PAEG, n=14) and aquatic exercise group (AEG, n=13). Both groups performed aquatic exercise for 50 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, and only PAEG received additional PNE. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), modified oswestry disability questionnaire (MODQ), and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) were used as evaluation methods before and after intervention. Results: Statistically significant decrease in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity and work score) before and after intervention in PAEG. However, there were statistically significant changes in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity score) before and after intervention in AEG. PAEG and AEG before and after intervention indicated statistically significant differences in MODQ and FABQ (work score). Conclusion: Aquatic exercise combined with PNE improved disability (MODQ) and fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ) has been shown to have additional benefits. Therefore, combining PNE as a clinical intervention for CLBP patients will enhance the therapeutic effect.

Background: Research has been conducted on pain neuroscience education (PNE) for the relief of pain and symptoms associated with chronic neck pain (CNP). Focusing on the neurophysiology and neurobiology of chronic pain, pain processing, and particularly the function of the central nervous system for chronic pain, PNE helps patients to understand the causes of pain. Objectives: To investigate and systematically review interventional studies on the effectiveness of PNE for patients with CNP and to analyze the effect size by performing a meta-analysis. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Methods: The following databases and electronic collections will be searched for primary studies without time limits: PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library. Reference lists from identified studies will be manually hand-searched for additional relevant works. Patients 18 years of age and older with nonspecific neck pain lasting 3 months or longer will be included in the study, with exclusion criteria as follows: cancer pain, fractures of the spine or surgical intervention, cognitive impairment that does not allow the patient to follow the PNE program, pregnancy, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and other related pathologies that may prevent full participation in the PNE program. There are no geographic restrictions; however, non- English studies will be excluded. Discussion: This study aims to evaluate the effects of PNE on pain and disability in chronic neck pain. Its results will help clarify whether the use of PNE alone can improve chronic pain. The advantages of systematic reviews include clear definitions and inclusion and exclusion criteria, standardized search formats, and objective independent reviews.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 최근 10년간 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 사용된 가상현실 중재들에 대해 알아보고 체계적으로 고찰을 실시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 2010년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지 Research Information Sharing Service(RISS), Koreanstudies Informatin Service System(KISS), DBpia, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus의 온라 인 데이터 베이스에 등록된 논문을 검색하였다. 최종적으로 18개의 Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT) 논문을 대상으로 PICO 방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 사용된 가상현실 중재방법은 9개였고, 총 18회 사용되었다. 그중 Nintendo Wii가 4회(22.22%), 가상현실 프로그램이 4회(22.22%)로 가장 많았다. 연구 분석 결과 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상에 Nintendo Wii와 가상현실 프로그램이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상을 위한 가상현실 중재방법의 종류와 빈도를 제시하였고 가장 많이 사용되는 Nintendo Wii와 가상현실 프로그램의 중재 방법에 대한 근거 논문들을 중재 방법, 중재 기간 및 횟수, 중재효과를 표로 만들어 제시하였다. 결과는 임상 치료사들이 치료방법 및 기간, 평가도구를 선택하는데 근거 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

Background: Chronic ankle instability is a common injury that decreases balance and negatively affects functional movements, such as jumping and landing. Objectives: To analyze the effect of taping types and jump heights on balance with eyes open and closed during jump landings in chronic ankle instability. Design: Within-subject design. Methods: The study involved 22 patients with chronic ankle instability. They performed both double-leg and single-leg drop jump landings using three conditions (elastic taping, non-elastic taping, and barefoot) on three different jump platforms (30, 38, and 46 cm). Balance was measured using the Romberg's test with eyes open and closed. Results: Interaction effect was not statistically significant. Balance with eyes open and closed was significantly improved in both the elastic taping and non-elastic taping conditions compared to the barefoot condition. There was no significant difference according to the jump height. Conclusion: Individuals with chronic ankle instability demonstrated increased balance ability with eyes open and closed when jump landing. Elastic taping and non-elastic taping on the ankle joint can positively affect balance during landing in individuals with chronic ankle instability.

Background: The foot drop stimulator is designed to improve the walking ability of foot drop in patients after stroke, however, studies on clinical effects are still lacking. Objective: To investigate the effect of a foot drop stimulator on the walking and balancing abilities of foot drop patients after a stroke. Design: One-Group (Pretest-Posttest) Design. Methods: All subjects walked in all three conditions: foot drop stimulator (FDS) ankle foot orthosis (AFO) and barefoot. Primary outcome measures were assessed for walking and balance using a 10-m walking test (10MWT) and a timed up and go test (TUG). Secondary outcome measures consisted of a brief user interview, and the patients recorded the advantages and disadvantages of each condition. Results: FDS, AFO, and barefoot conditions showed a statistically significant difference in 10MWT and TUG (P<.001) as a result of comparing three conditions. FDS and AFO were significantly different from the barefoot condition as post-hoc results; however, there was no significant difference between the two conditions (P>.05). Conclusion: In this study, the foot drop stimulator contributed to improving the balance ability, and the walking ability was similar to the effect of the anklefoot orthosis.

목적 : 본 연구는 완곡추적 안구운동과 경부신전근 진동자극법의 결합중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시와 일상생활활동 수행에 미치는 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 발병 후 6개월 이상 지난 3명의 뇌졸중 편측무시 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 단일대상연구 방법 중 ABAC디자인으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 기초선(A1) 1주, 중재기(B) 2주, 기초선(A2) 1주, 그리고 중재기(C) 2주로 총 6주간 진행되었으며, 중재기(B)에서는 완곡추적 안구운동(Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement; SPEM)의 단일중재를, 중재기(C)에서는 경부신전근 진동자극법(Neck Muscle Vibration; NMV)과 SPEM의 결합중재를 실시하였다. 평가는 매회기 선 나누기 검사와 벨 테스트(Bells test)를 실시하였으며, 한국판 캐서린 버지고 척도(Korean-Catherine Bergego Scale; K-CBS)와 한국판 일상생활활동 중심 작업기반 신경행동 평가(Korean version of ADL-focused Occupation-based Neurobehavioral Evaluation; K-A-ONE)를 기초선(A1)의 첫 회기와 각 중재기의 마지막 회기에 시행하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 SPEM과 NMV를 단일 또는 결합하여 적용하였을 때 편측무시의 지필검사(선 나누기 검사와 벨 테스트)와 관찰적 검사(K-CBS와 K-A-ONE)에서 편측무시가 개선됨을 확인하였고, 특히 결합중재시에 더 효과가 좋았던 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 편측무시가 개선됨에 따라 일상생활활동의 수행(K-A-ONE)에서도 향상을 보였는데, 편측무시 환자의 일상생활을 저해하는 신경행동 손상은 편측무시 뿐만 아니라 공간관계나 마비와 같은 손상 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 다양한 신경행동 손상의 중재를 포함하는 포괄적인 재활프로그램을 계획해야함을 확인하였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 SPEM과 NMV의 결합중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시를 감소시키고 일상생활 활동 수행을 향상시키는데 효과적인 중재라는 것을 확인하였다.

Angiotensin receptor blockers, such as telmisartan, are considered effective in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. It selectively blocks the AT1 receptor and does not affect the AT2 receptor, thus effectively blocking the activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. This study aims to compare over time the changes in various indicators, including systemic hypertension and proteinuria, before and after the administration of telmisartan in cats with CKD. Decrease in blood pressure (BP) (p<0.001) and urine protein to creatinine (UP/C) ratio (p<0.001) were found to be statistically significant over time after the administration of telmisartan. BP and the UP/C ratio were 160 ± 22.2 and 0.50 ± 0.647 before telmisartan administration (Day 0), 150 ± 21.0 and 0.27 ± 0.487 on the 30th day (Day 30), 150 ± 17.0 and 0.25 ± 0.376 on the 60th day (Day 60), and 140 ± 17.8 and 0.15 ± 0.233 on the 90th day (Day 90) after administration, respectively. BP and UP/C were statistically significantly lower in cats with CKD over time at each time point from Day 0 to Day 90 at 30 day intervals. Especially after 90 days of telmisartan administration, the improvement of BP and UP/C were estimated to be about 20 mmHg and 0.35, respectively. In conclusion, the oral administration of telmisartan to cats with CKD is effective in improving BP and proteinuria, which has a positive effect on long-term survival in cats with CKD.

Background: Posterior-anterior (PA) vertebral mobilization, a manual therapy technique has been used for relieving pain or stiffness treating in spinal segment for in clinical practice, however evidence to gauge efficacy is yet to be synthesised. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PA mobilization of the thoracic spine on the respiratory function in patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods: The study participants included 30 patients with chronic LBP. They were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. The experimental and control groups received PA mobilization of the T1-T8 level of the thoracic spine and placebo mobilization, respectively. All patients received interventions for 35 minutes a day, five times a week, over 2-week period, respectively. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow 25∼75% (FEF25∼75%), and chest wall expansion were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to compare the correlation between respiratory function and chest measurement. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25∼75% (p<.05), and chest wall expansion (p<.05) compared with the control group. Conclusion: PA mobilization of the upper thoracic spine may be beneficial for improving respiratory function parameters including FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25∼75%, and chest wall expansion in patients with chronic LBP.

Background: After a stroke, the patient may have abnormal muscle tone due to abnormal alignment. Physical therapists have used stretching, neural mobilization other methods to treat patients after stroke. In addition, joint mobilization is also used to stimulation in pathway of cervical segmental region and to normal cervical spine alignment. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Maitland cervical spine mobilization has an immediate effect on muscle tone and stiffness of upper extremity. Methods: Thirty subjects were divided into a experimental group (n1=10), a placebo group (n2=10), and a control group (n3=10). The Maitland cervical spine mobilization was applied in the supine position. Immediately after the intervention, muscle tone and stiffness of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, deltoid, and pectoralis major were measured using Myoton®PRO. In the placebo group, sham mobilization was applied to the fifth and sixth cervical vertebra, and the control group was instructed to control breathing. Results: In the experimental group, significant differences were found in muscle tone and stiffness of biceps brachii and brachioradialis in comparison with the affected side and the non-affected side before the intervention (p<.05), whereas there was no significant difference after the intervention (p>.05). Muscle tone of biceps brachii on the non-affected side and pectoralis major on the affected side was significantly decreased before and after the intervention (p<.05). The placebo and control group showed no changes on the non-affected and affected side, and no significant differences were detected before and after the intervention. All the groups revealed no significant differences in muscle tone and stiffness of upper extremity before and after the intervention. Conclusion: This study suggests that the application of Maitland cervical spine mobilization enhanced muscle tone of upper extremity on the involved side symmetrically, and influenced a decrease in muscle tone

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of central posteroanterior mobilization on the pain, muscle tone, flexibility of trunk flexion, lumbar lordosis in patient with chronic back pain has been studied. The target subject was a 23 year old man, who had chronic back pain without surgical history within six months. The pain has been indicated by the pressure pain threshold, when the subject was pressed his spinous process of L3-L1 by the pressure of grade Ⅳ. The muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness were measured by the MYOTONEⓇ PRO, and the flexibility of trunk flexion was evaluated by the distance from the figure tips to the floor, when subjects flexed their body. The lumbar lordosis was measured from the X-ray picture. The lumbar central posteroanterior mobilization of Maitland orthopedic physical therapy has been applied to the spinous process of L3-L1 in grade Ⅳ by five sets and 10 times for each set. According to the measurement result right after the intervention, the pain decreased from 2/10 to 1/10 based on the visual analogue scale. The flexibility of trunk flexion (distance from the finger tips to the floor) increased The muscle tone decreased from 15.3 to 14.65 and the muscle stiffness also decreased 53.5 from 310 to 256.5. However, the muscle elasticity increased from 0.89 to 1.04 and there was no changed on the lumbar lordosis as 25°. The results of the present study suggest that the central posteroanterior mobilization decrease the pain, muscle tone, and muscle stiffness of the lumbar area, however increase the muscle elasticity and flexibility of the trunk flexion.

목 적: 담배 흡연이 동공크기, 시력, 조절력 및 눈물막에 미치는 급성 및 만성효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법: 성인 남성 중 비흡연자 30명, 흡연자 25명의 지원자를 대상으로 하였다. 흡연의 급성효과를 관찰 하기 위하여 흡연자에게는 0.5 mg의 니코틴이 함유된 동일한 담배 1 개비를 피우도록 하고 흡연 직후 명소 시와 박명시 상태에서 동공크기, 대비시력, 대비감도, 고위수차, 조절력 및 눈물막안정성을 측정하였다. 동 공크기는 동공측정계(VIP™-200 Pupillometer)로, 안구수차는 파면수차계(KR-1W)를 사용하여 4 ㎜ 동공 크기에서 측정하였으며, 100%와 10% 대비시력, 대비감도를 측정하고, 조절력은 Push-up test 검사로, 눈 물막 안정성은 눈물막파괴시간(TBUT)을 측정하여 흡연 전과 비교하였다. 만성효과는 비흡연자와 흡연자의 흡연 전 상태에서 측정한 결과값을 비교하였다. 결 과: 흡연의 급성효과로 동공크기는 조도와 휘도에 상관없이 모두 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 명 소시와 박명시에서 측정한 저대비 시력은 유의하게 향상되었다(p<0.05). 대비감도와 고위수차는 차이가 없 었고(p>0.05), 흡연 후 조절력과 TBUT는 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 흡연자와 비흡연자의 동공크기는 모든 조도와 휘도에서 차이가 없었고, 대비시력, 대비감도, 고위수차, 조절력 및 TBUT도 유의한 차이가 관 찰되지 않았다. 결 론: 흡연의 급성효과로 동공이 축동되고, 조절력 및 눈물막 안정성이 감소하며, 저대비 시력이 향상되 었다. 그러나 흡연은 만성적으로 동공크기, 시력, 조절력 및 눈물안정성에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타나 흡연은 일시적으로 시기능에 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다.

산업화를 위한 지구자 및 12가지 식물성 원료 추출물의 생리학적 효과를 평가하기 위하여, 만성 에탄 올을 투여한 마우스 혈청 내에서의 생리학적 지표 및 간과 뇌 조직 내에서의 산화적 스트레스에 대한 보호효과를 확인하였다. 에탄올을 투여한 마우스의 혈당은 정상 대조군 그룹(NG)과 에탄올 투여 그룹 (EG)에서 각각 119.43mg/dL, 305.25mg/dL로 나타났고, 에탄올과 혼합 추출물을 동시에 투여한 그룹 (100, 200mg/kg body weight + 25% ethanol 5g/kg body weight, ME100, ME200)에서 각각 272.76mg/dL, 234.60mg/dL로 감소하였다. 혈중 에탄올 함량은 EG에서 4.08mg/dL를 나타내었고 ME100, 200에서 각각 3.85mg/dL, 3.08mg/dL로 감소하였으며, 혈중 아세트알데하이드 함량은 18.72mg/dL에서 각각 15.76mg/dL, 15.16mg/dL로 감소하였다. 또한 ME100, ME200은 혈청 내의 생 리학적 지표에서 간 독성 지표인 glutamine pyruvic transaminase(GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT)와 신장 독성 지표인 blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatine(CRE), 혈중 total cholesterol(TCHO), triglyceride(TG)의 함량이 유의하게 감소하였다. 뇌 조직에서 에탄올에 의해 acetylcholinesterase(AChE)가 EG(116.10%)에서 NG(100.00%)와 비교하였을 때 증가된 활성을 나타냈 으나, ME에서 각각 109.00%와 108.47%로 유의적으로 감소하였다. ME에서 EG에 비해 간과 뇌 조직에 서 superoxide dismutase(SOD)의 함량이 증가하였고, oxidized glutathione(GSH)/total GSH 비율과 malondialdehyde(MDA)의 함량이 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 지구자를 포함한 혼합 추출물은 간, 뇌 조직 및 혈액 등에서 만성 에탄올 섭취에 의해 유발된 산화적 스트레스를 효과적으로 보호할 수 있는 제품으로의 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lumbar stabilization training and additional thoracic mobilization on pain, proprioception and static balance in patients with chronic low back pain. The subjects of this study were 48 chronic low back pain patients who were randomly allocated to an experimental group 1 (n1=16, lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization, thoracic hypomobility), experimental group 2 (n2=16, lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization, thoracic normal mobility), and a control group (n3=16, lumbar stabilization, thoracic hypomobility) after a thoracic mobility test. Both experimental groups underwent lumbar stabilization training and additional thoracic mobilization. The control group underwent only lumbar stabilization training. The intervention was performed 3 times per week, 30 minutes each time, for a total of 6 weeks. Thoraco-lumbar joint reposition error was measured using an electrogoniometer and static balance ability was measured using the Tetrax posture analysis system. Subjects’ pain level was measured using a 100 ㎜ visual analogue scale. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance and a paired t-test. Post-hoc testing was carried out with a Bonferroni test. The pain level was significantly lower in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Both experimental groups showed significant reductions in joint reposition error angle (flexion, extension, and side bending) compared to the control group. The static balance level was significantly lower in both experimental groups than in the control group. In summary, lumbar stabilization exercises and additional thoracic mobilization significantly improved the pain level, proprioception, and static balance in patients with chronic low back pain.