This study investigated the chemical composition of Cirsium japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura essential oil and the quantitative changes of major volatile flavor compounds according to the harvesting season. The essential oils obtained by the method of hydrodistillation extraction from aerial parts of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Sixty-four volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in May 2012; hexadecanoic acid (49.31%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.72%), phytol (13.40%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.16%). Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in October 2012; phytol (40.56%), hexadecanoic acid (17.69%), 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.71%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.15%) were the most abundant compounds. Types and levels of volatile compounds from different harvesting seasons varied. The essential oil composition of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in the spring and autumn was characterized by higher contents of aliphatic fatty acid, diterpene and sesquiterpene, respectively.

Abstract In this study, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts from Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum, Zizania latifolia and Kalopanax pictus for functional food source were examined. The optimal conditions for phenolic compounds extraction from medicinal plants were at 50% ethanol with Hibiscus esculentus and Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, at 40% ethanol with Kalopanax pictus and at 60% ethanol with Zizania latifolia. The total phenolic contents from the extracts of medical plants were determined to be 2.72~34.15 mg/g in the water extracts and 2.83~34.23 mg/g in the ethanol extracts. The electron-donating abilities (EDA) of the water and ethanol extracts were both above 74% at the low concentration of 50 μg/mL. The ABTS radical-cation decolorization was above 88% at 100 μg/mL concentration in all the extracts of various medicinal plants. The antioxidant protection factor (PF) in the water and ethanol extracts of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense extracts was 1.73 ± 0.02 PF and 1.76 ± 0.01 PF at 50 μg/mL concentration respectively, and was higher than those of the other medicinal-plant extracts. The TBARs inhibition rates of all the medicinal-plant extracts, were above 80% at the 50 μg/mL concentration except Hibiscus esculentus. These results confirmed that the various oriental medicinal plants (Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, Kalopanax pictus and Zizania latifolia) that were included in this study are useful anti-oxidant and functional-food resources.

우리나라에 자생하는 엉겅퀴를 대상으로 식물부위, 건조방법에 따른 총플라보노이드와 apigenin 함량 분석 및 엉겅퀴차의 소비자 기호도 검사를 수행한 결과, 잎에서 추출된 총플라보노이드 함량이 가장 높았으며, 꽃 및 줄기의 순서로 나타났다. 건조 방법에 따른 총플라보노이드의 함량은 잎과 꽃에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 줄기에서는 동결건조와 오븐건조가 자연건조보다 높게 나타났다. Apigenin함량도 잎에서 가장 많이 확인되었으며 꽃, 줄기의 순서로 나타났다. 건조방법에 따른 apigenin함량 변화는 엉겅퀴의 잎과 줄기에서는 나타나지 않았으나, 꽃에서는 동결건조와 자연건조보다 오븐건조에서 그 함량이 높게 나타났다. 소비자 기호도 검사에서는 엉겅퀴꽃잎혼합차의 선호도가 엉겅퀴잎차 보다 높았으며, 이러한 제품이 시판될 때의 구매의향도 엉겅퀴꽃잎혼합차가 엉겅퀴잎차보다 높게 나타났다.

Background : Cirsium japonicum is a perennial medicinal crop, characterized by the fact that it does not bloom in the first year. Therefore, annual C. japonicum leaves and roots are used as medicinal materials, and biennial do not harvest for seed gathering. In addition, thistle has a very low germination rate, which means that it takes a lot of seed in planting. In order to solve these problems, we conduct to determine the optimum maturity stage and the location of the inflorescence in C. japonicum. Methods and Results : The test material was a biennial C. japonicum. The harvesting time was sampled at intervals of 10 days (7 treatments) from the beginning of June to the beginning of August, and the location of the inflorescence was sampled from 1 to 3 inflorescence, 4 to 6 inflorescence, and 7 to 9 inflorescence. The buds collected for seed selection were dried for 10 days and used as germination test seeds. Seeds to investigated germination rate were soaked in 70% alcohol for 10 minutes and then washed with distilled water. Then, 20 seeds were arranged in a petri-dish, After standing at 25℃ for 7 days, germinated seeds were counted. As a result of the germination rate, at the beginning of June, the germination rate of seeds collected from 1 to 3 inflorescence was the highest at 35%. In the middle of June, it decreased by 2 times to 3.8%, and the germination rate tended to decrease as location of the inflorescence was lowered. In late June, it decreased to 1 - 2%, and most seeds collected after July did not germinate. The decrease of germination rate according to the harvesting time and the location of the inflorescence, it is considered that sufficient nutrients are delivered in the early stage but the number of immature seeds is decreased as the amount of nutrients is decreased. Conclusion : Appropriate sampling methods for the production of high quality seed in C. japonicum, the germination rate could be maximized by sampling from 1 to 3 inflorescence at the beginning of June. but, sufficient nutrient supply is required to increase the ripened seeds. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate further research on the additional fertilizer technology.

Background : Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disorder related with oxidative stress and apoptosis leading to cartilage damage. Recently, Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) was reported to play a protective role in various inflammatory response. However, the role of CJM in cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis progression is still unknown. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the protective effect of CJM in a animal model of osteoarthritis and cartilage degradation. Methods and Results : First, in order to determine active ingredient contents of CJM, we were carried out total polyphenolic content and total flavonoid content analyses. As a result, dried aerial parts of CJM were found to contain 149.2 ± 24.1 ㎎·GAE/g dry weight and 27.9 ± 2.0 ㎎·NE/g dry weight in boiling water extraction. Also, the HPLC analysis of CJM showed major compounds identified as cirsimarin and cirsimaritin. In addition, CJM protected against osteoarthritic cartilage destruction in an osteoarthritis mouse model induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus, as demonstrated by histopathological analysis. Conclusion : The results of this study demonstrate that CJM may protect against the osteoarthritis and cartilage destruction. Further study is needed to identify the mechanism for their improvement effects of osteoarthritis and cartilage destruction.

Background : Cellular damage caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generations has been implicated in several human diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro ROS and ONOO- scavenging activities of Cirsium japonicum parts. Methods and Results : The dried Cirsium japonicum parts (whole plant, leaf, seed coat) were extracted by EtOH, at room temperature. In order to determine antioxidant activity of Cirsium japonicum parts, we were carried out ROS and ONOO- scavenging analyses. As a result , the IC50 in ROS scavenge were showed 203.99 ± 22.04 μg/ml, 174.44 ± 7.78 μg/ml, 86.77 ± 7.02 μg/ml. The IC50 in ONOO- scavenge were showed 15.68 ± 0.57 μg/ml, 12.99 ± 0.15 μ g/ml, 10.33 ± 0.19 μg/ml, respectively. Active compound content in C. japonicum was determined using a HPLC/UV, reverse-phase column with gradient elution program (water in 0.5% formic acid : acetonitrile = 100:0 to 0:100 for 45 min, 0.8 ml/min). UV detection was conducted at 340 nm. The content of apigenin was measured in whole plant (1.04±0.06 mg/g), leaf (0.91±0.02 mg/g), seed coat (33.33±0.93 mg/g). Conclusion : Each part of Cirsium japonicum was analyzed antioxidant activity and the content of apigenin with EtOH extract. In result antioxidant activity, seed coat > leaf > whole plant. Seed coat were showed a very strong antioxidant activity. The comparative patterns between the antioxidant capacity and HPLC analysis results for the apigenin contained in Cirsium japonicum may also prove to be significant.

Background : Cirsium japonicum seeds is the high price, less than 40% germination rate is low. There is a need for a method developed to increase seed germination rate increases consumption. Also, by measuring the harvest season each functional ingredients contents was performed to investigate the optimal timing harvest of ingredients that target. Methods and Results : Test materials were used Cirsium japonicum seeds harvested from late May until mid-June in medicinal testing ground. GA3(0, 25, 50, 100 ppm), Kinetin(0, 25, 50, 100 ppm) and KNO3(0, 25, 50, 100 ppm) of Growth regulator were treated, it examined the population grew more than 1 ㎜. Contents of functional components to harvest season analyzed by HPLC after pre-treatment harvested and drying the leaves and roots in late august until early November. Germination rate of the growth regulator treatment was higher by 52% from the full ripening brown seeds GA3 100 ppm, 56% in the Kinetin 50 ppm, KNO3 treatment in 52% germination in 25 mM. The white seed germination rate was low at less than 10% of all growth regulator treatment. Functional ingredient content of leaf according to harvest time were higher respectively Rutin is 8.61 ug/g in late october, apigenin is 59.6 ug/g in beginning november, quercetin is 8.61 ug/g in beginning september, kaemferol is 32.9 ug/g in late september. Very low content in roots, there was no significant difference. The main ingredient silymarin was highest 4.36 ㎎/g at the late september in case of leaf, and syringin was maintained at a high level from mid-september to early october. Conclusion : Seed germination is thought to be able to increase the germination through the growth regulator treatment and assort brown seed. Functional components according to the harvest time is determined to be able to improve effective component when processing harvest to select a high yield by the component for the purpose.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense (C. japonicum)extract on serum level of hormones from induced osteoporosis by ovariectomized rats. Two month-old rats were ovariecto-mized (OVX), remained untreated for 8 weeks, and were subsequently administered C. japonicum (200㎎/㎏) every day for8 weeks. We examined the effects of treated C. japonicum on ovariectomy-related changes in Insulin-like Growth Factors(IGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor binding protein-3 (IGBF-3), Estrogen, Calcium, and Phosporus. After 8 weeks, the serumlevels of IGF-I, -II, and IGFBP-3 were higher presented as compared to the other two groups (P<0.05), in the C. japonicumextract treatment on OVX rats. There were differences between OVX and C. japonicum extract treated OVX rats in serumlevels of Ca2+, but Ca2+ levels for the normal group was higher than for the other two groups. The C. japonicum extractincreased both serum IGFs and IGFBP-3 levels on induced osteoporotic rat by ovariectomized. Thus, these results revealedthat the C. japonicum extract is a possible role for improvement of osteoporosis induced-ovariectomized rats and has a greatpotential as an alternative tool for the treatment of osteoporosis.

엉겅퀴 부위별 메탄을 추출 수율을 구한 결과 뿌리 및 잎 추출물은 10% 정도의 수율을 보였으나 줄기 추출물은 2.8%의 낮은 수율을 보였다. 항산화활성 실험 결과 부위별 ethyl acetate 분획물과 butanol분획물에서 강한 항산화 활성을 보였으며, 특히 뿌리의 ethyl acetate 분획물(RC50:11μg/ml)과 butanol 분획물(RC50:14μg/ml), 잎의 butanol 분획물(RC50:15μg/ml)에서 대조구인 α-tocopherol(RC50:12μg/ml)이나 BHA(RC50:14μg/ml)정도의 항산화활성을 보였다. 곰팡이에 대한 포자발아 억제시험에서는 전반적으로 물분획물에서 우수한 활성을 나타냈다. Yeasts에 대한 실험에서는 ethyl acetate 분획물에서 대조구와 유사한 활성을 나타냈다. 박테리아에 대한 항균시험은 역시 ethyl acetate 분획물에서 활성을 나타냈다. Ames test결과 MNNG(0.4μg/plate)의 경우 S. typhimurium TA100 균주에서 시료농도 1000μg/plate에서 핵산 분획물이 88.18%로 가장 높은 억제효과가 나타났다. 4NQO(0.15μg/plate)에 대한 S. typhymurium TA98 균주에서 시료농도 1000μg/plate에서는 엉겅퀴 뿌리 추출물 및 에칠아세테이트 분획물이 77, 75.8%의 억제효과를 나타냈으며, TA100 균주에서도 엉겅퀴 뿌리 추출물 및 에칠아세테이트 분획물이 72.5, 74.3%의 억제효과를 나타냈다. Trp-P-1(0.15μg/plate)을 사용한 S. typhimurium TA98 균주에서는 시료농도 1000μg/plate에서 엉겅퀴 뿌리 추출물(1000μg/plate)에서 82.25%의 가장 높은 억제효과를 보였으며, TA100균주의 경우, 시료농도 1000μg/plate에서 부탄을 분획물에서 77.75%의 가장 높은 억제효과를 보였다. 엉겅퀴 뿌리 추출물 및 용매 극성을 이용한 분획물을 대상으로 암세포주에 대한 증식 억제 효과를 실험한 결과, A549, Hep3B, MCF-7 세포주에서 메탄올 추출물이 가장 우수한 억제효과를 나타내었으며 인간유래의 정상 간세포 293에 대하여 시료농도에 따른 세포독성 효과는1000μg/ml 시료 첨가 시 암세포에 대하여 대부분 60% 전후의 억제율을 보이는데 반해 293에 대해서는 25% 이하의 생육억제율을 보였다. 이는 암세포에 대한 높은 억제효과에 비해 정상세포에 대해서는 비교적 낮은 독성효과를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.