The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency conducts a targeted sampling plan and analysis for veterinary drugs within the country every year. Target compounds included tetrachlorvinphos as an organophosphate, diminazene as an anti-infective medication, ketoprofen as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, triclabendazole and clorsulon as flukicides in 2022. These compounds were not included in National Residues Program (NRP), despite their high sales ranking. A total of 94 bovine muscle samples and 20 equine muscle samples were collected from various locations across the country. The analysis of target compounds in muscle was performed using LC-MS/MS coupled with Food code 8.3.1 revised in 2022. A 2 g sample of muscle tissue was extracted using a water: acetonitrile (1:4, v/v) solution, then cleaned up with C18 and hexane saturated with acetonitrile. Compounds were separated with C18 column and mobile phases consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). All analytes exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.992. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of these compounds ranged from 0.21 to 2.79 μg/kg except for diminazene (3.85~6.86 μg/kg). The average recoveries of these analytes were 89.45~129.13% in muscle at spiked level of 10 or 20 μg/kg. Relative standard deviations (%) (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 20% for all target compounds, except for diminazene and triclabendazole, whose intra-day RSD % was slightly higher than 20% in equine muscle. Testing confirmed that all 94 bovine and 20 equine muscle samples from 9 provinces were free from residues of veterinary drugs. Monitoring of compounds not included in the NRP should continue to ensure consumer health and food safety.

목적: 항혈소판제를 사용했던 심방세동 환자들을 장기적으로 추적 관찰하여 유리체 출혈의 발생률 및 위험요인을 연구하였다. 방법 : 2002년도부터 2006년까지 건강보험공단 자료에서 심방세동으로 진단받은 환자들을 2007년부터 2013 년 12월까지 유리체 출혈의 발생을 경과 관찰하였다. 아스피린, 실로스타졸 사용과 유리체 출혈과의 관계를 알아 보기 위해 투여 기간을 1년 이하 복용, 1년 이상 4년 이하 복용, 4년 이상 복용으로 나누어 검토하였다. 결과 : 총 7,471명의 환자가 선택되었다. 유리체 출혈은 98명이 발생하였다. 아스피린을 먹고 있던 총 25명 중 1년 이하로 복용한 환자는 9명(36%), 1년 이상~4년 이하로 복용한 환자는 9명(36%), 4년 이상 복용한 환자 는 7명(28%)이었다. 아스피린을 1년 이상~4년 이하로 복용 후 유리체 출혈 발생의 위험도는 0.799(p=0.634), 4 년 이상은 0.489(p=0.158)이었다. 실로스타졸을 먹고 있던 총 13명 중 1년 이하로 복용한 환자는 7명(53.8%), 1 년 이상~4년 이하로 복용한 환자는 4명(30.8%), 4년 이상 복용한 환자는 2명(15.4%)이었다. 실로스타졸을 1년 이상~4년 이하로 복용 후 유리체 출혈 발생의 위험도는 0.757(p=0.657), 4년 이상은 1.202(p=0.819)이었다. 12년간 추적관찰한 유리체 출혈은 4.6%의 누적 발생률을 보였다. 결론 : 심방세동 환자를 장기간 추적 관찰한 결과, 아스피린과 실로스타졸의 사용이 유리체 출혈의 위험을 증 가시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 유리체 출혈이 있는 환자에서는 당뇨병과 고혈압의 빈도가 높기 때문에 유리체 출혈은 다인성인 것으로 나타났다.

A simple and fast analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for detection of the veterinary drugs acetanilide, anthranilic acid, antipyrine, cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine, DLmethylephedrine, and phenacetin in bovine milk. The target analytes were extracted from milk samples by using acetonitrile followed by clean-up with C18 and liquid-liquid purification with saturated n-hexane. A reverse-phase analytical column was employed with a mobile phase comprising (A) 0.1% formic acid in distilled water and (B) 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile to achieve the best chromatographic separation. Matrix-matched calibration curves (r2 ≥ 0.9986) were constructed using six concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/kg) of drugs in the milk matrix. Recoveries at three drug-spiking levels (5, 10, and 20 μg/kg) ranged from 71.2% to 103.8% with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) values of ≤ 8.6%. The calculated limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.19-7.1 μg/kg.

Osteoporosis is a common disease characterized by bone mass reduction, leading to an increased risk of bone fracture, and it is caused by an imbalance of osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Current osteoporosis drugs aim to reduce the risk of bone fracture, either by increasing osteoblastic bone formation or decreasing osteoclastic bone resorption. However, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are closely coupled, such that any reagent altering the differentiation or activity of one eventually affects the other. This tight coupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts not only limits the therapeutic efficacy but also threatens the safety of osteoporosis drugs. This review will discuss the biological mechanisms of action of currently approved medications for osteoporosis treatment, focusing on the osteoblast–osteoclast coupling.

Most commercially available detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) require further processing to qualify for use in biomedical applications, as they often contain many impurities and exhibit poor dispersibility in aqueous media. In this work, DNDs are modified to improve purity and impart a high colloidal stability to the particles. The dispersive and adsorption properties of modified DNDs are evaluated in terms of the suitability of DNDs as carriers for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in transdermal delivery. The study of adsorption on strongly positively and strongly negatively charged DNDs showed their high loading capacity for NSAIDs, and a pronounced relationship between the drugs and the particles’ charges. Experiments on long-term desorption carried out with DND/NSAID complexes indicate that the nanoparticles exert a sustained effect on the drug release process.

시스플라틴은 지난 몇 십년간 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 항암제 중 하나이다. 2가의 시스플라틴의 가장 큰 단점은 암세포 뿐만 아니라 정상세포도 공격하여 부작용을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 줄이기 위해 목표로 한 타겟을 공격하여 빠른 시간 내에 암세포를 죽일 수 있는 4가의 백금화합물 3과 4를 합성하였다. 합성된 Pt(IV)-Bu2 3 and Pt(IV)-Val2 4는 NMR과 질량분석기를 통하여 구조를 확인 하였다. 합성된 Pt(IV) 화합물 3과 4는 위암세포주인 MCF-7을 대상으로 한 MTT assay를 통해 항암효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 시스플라틴은 39%, Pt(IV)-Bu2 3와 Pt(IV-Val2 4는 50μM 농도에서 각각 54%와 84%의 세포사멸을 보였다.

In this study, graphene oxide(GO) was used as drug carriers to amorphize poorly watersoluble drugs via a co-spray drying process. Two poorly water-soluble drugs, fenofibrate and ibuprofen, were investigated. It was found that the drug molecules could be in the graphene nanosheets in amorphous or nano crystalline forms and thus have a significantly enhanced dissolution rate compared with the counterpart crystalline form. In addition, the dissolution of the amorphous drug enwrapped with the graphene oxide was higher than that of the amorphous drug in activated carbon (AC) even though the AC possessed a larger specific surface area than that of the graphene oxide. The amorphous formulations also remained stable under accelerated storage conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity) for a study period of 14 months. Therefore, graphene oxide could be a potential drug carrier and amorphization agent for poorly water-soluble drugs to enhance their bioavailability.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was understanding of real experiences of the subjects taking anti-psychotics medication. Methods: The subjects of this study were 14 mentally ill patients hospitalized in C National Hospital. The interview data were analyzed with ethnography researchmethod. Results: 26 themes were drawn, and they were categorized into 5 categories. The 1st category was the stage not to acknowledge themselves as mentally ill patients, as mentally ill patients were forced to be hospitalized in the mental hospital by their family, when their mental illness developed. The second category was the stage to endure difficulties while taking medication. The third category was the stage to experience recurrence of disease. The fourth category is the stage to experience improvement of mental illness with medication. The fifth category is the stage to reflect thembecause of the improvement of mental illness, and to express confidence and will about medication after being discharged from the hospital. Conclusion:Nurses actually have to provide total care bymaking thementally ill patients feel comfortable not to have resistance about medication, when they are hospitalized, closely observing medication actions and side effects, and sharing difficulties felt by the patients.

In this study, we described a suitable prioritisation scheme on these exempted drugs and established fundamental rules for residue monitoring enforcement in Korea. The principles of exempted materials were established. Based on these established criteria, 75 materials with high priority were selected and grouped. Among these materials, we have decided that 25 substances required further review for monitoring. Important factors for determining the priority for monitoring, product factor during the recent 4 years, veterinary medicine factors, including applied symptoms and component conditions, animal factors, including applied animals, and toxicological factors including acceptable daily intake (ADI), establishment of residual quantity permitted (MRL) or withdrawal periods, various provisory clauses and so on were set. High priority substances were acethylsalicylic acid, bromhexine, chlorpheniramine, and acetaminophen. In addition, we surveyed and provided analysis on the above mentioned materials in this study. The derived results will be suggested to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) for development of guidelines of policy direction and the effective targeting for their monitoring program.

일반적으로 우리 사회에서 마약류는 사회악 이라 여겨진다. 마약류의 이용은 이용자 본인뿐만 아니라 가족과 주변사람들 그리고 나아가 사회 질서를 해친다는 전제 아래 우리나라의 마약류법은 마약류를 원칙적으로 금지하며, 의료적 이용과 같은 예외적 허용을 두고 있을 뿐이다. 처벌의 강도 역시 높다는 점에서 엄벌주의적 마약류법이라 할 수 있다. 이처럼 마약류이용을 금지하는 것은 국가가 개인의 자율영역에 개입하 는 후견이다. 그런데 마약류에 대한 국가의 후견을 견인하는 바탕에는 공 동체주의 가 작동하고 있다. 공동체주의란 개인의 자유보다 공동체를 우 선하는 태도로, 사회속의 자아를 강조한다. 그러므로 공동체주의적 마약 류법은 개인들이 마약류를 향유할 자유보다 공동체구성원으로서의 책임 을 강조한다. 자유를 제한한다는 점에서 공동체주의적 마약류법에 대한 사회구성원들의 반발이 예상되지만, 우리사회에서는 마약류의 금지를 옹 호하는 여론이 매우 강하다. 그 배경에는 사회적 문제를 야기했던 마약 류의 확산경험과 국가경제 발전이라는 역사문화가 있는 것으로 보인다. 하지만 사회구성원들의 공동체적 합의와 지지가 존재하더라도, 공동체 주의가 견인하는 엄벌주의 마약류법에 대한 반성적 고찰이 필요하다. 공 동체가치는 고정적인 것이 아니라 사회구성원들간의 대화를 통해 지속적 으로 재구성된다. 따라서 공동체주의적 마약류법은 그 변화를 지속적으 로 반영하고자 하는 노력이 필요하다. 한편, 마약류법에서는 공동체가치 를 구현하는 수단으로써 형벌을 이용하고 있는데, 공동체주의적 타당성 과 법적 정당성은 다른 차원이다. 공동체가치에 관한 타당성은 별론으로, 그 실현수단으로써 형벌에 대한 검토가 요청된다. 현재의 마약류법에 대한 우리사회의 지지는 굳건하다. 마약청정국 이라 는 표현에 자부심을 가진 시민들도 상당수이다. 현재의 마약류법의 배경 이 된 공동체주의에 대한 이해와 이를 바탕으로 한 반성적 고찰은 앞으 로도 마약류법에 대한 긍정적 지지를 보전하는 연구가 될 것으로 보인 다.

The Korean National Residue Program (KNRP) use three plans for the sampling of domestic meats: monitoring, surveillance, and exploratory testing. We analyzed the results of monitoring and surveillance for residual veterinary drugs and pesticides in meat during 2012 and 2013. KNRP targets food-producing animals including cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, sheep (goats), and horses. Sampling mainly focuses on veterinary drugs and pesticide residues found in tissues such as muscle, kidney, and liver. A total of 548 residue violations occurred between 2012 and 2013, mainly in pigs (427 violations) and cattle (113 violations). The most commonly found compounds were antimicrobials such as penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and macrolides. Pig residue violations were mainly for the presence of penicillins (34%) and fluoroquinolones (28%), while most residue violations in cattle were due to the presence of penicillins (32%) and aminoglycosides (27%). The overall rates of violations were 0.21% in 2012 and 0.10% in 2013. A major cause of violations was the failure to follow the appropriate withdrawal periods (68.8%). The results of the KNRP were analyzed to provide information on agricultural chemical residues that are of public health concern and to help control and prevent residue violations for ensuring food safety.

지난 1990년 '범죄와의 전쟁'이 선포된 이후 24년 만에 검찰이 다시 집중적인 조직폭력배 단속에 나서기로 한 바 있다. 이 중 마약사범은 마약경제의 주된 소비층으로 마약거래의 결정적인 요소로서 기능한다. 최근 마약중독사범들에게 끊임없는 마약 공급 외에도 청소년들에게까지 파고드는 등 마약류 범죄가 확산되고 있는 실정에 있다. 이러한 마약류 불법거래에 대한 공급차단정책은 마약사범을 줄이는데 중요한 부분이 된다. 마약범죄는 제조, 밀매, 투약 등의 유형으로 대별되는데 본 논문에서는 투약으로 인한 마약중독범죄에 관해 관련법규 등을 중심으로 그 대책을 강구하고자 하였다. 마약중독자의 형사처벌의 정당성과 아울러 치료중심의 대책도 병행할 필요가 있다. 이러한 점에서 비범죄화의 영역을 함께 검토하고자 하였다. 한편 마약류 불법수요의 차단정책은 마약류사범 퇴치 전략의 중요한 부분으로 관련법의 정비에 이어 전담부서의 확정이 시급한 부분이다. 중독사범에 대한 자연치유 능력의 강화를 위해서는 마약류 중독치료를 위한 국가기관의 확충은 물론 민간치료 시설의 건립에 많은 지원이 있어야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to estimate usage of vitamin and mineral supplements as over-the-counter (VM-OTC) drugs as well as examine factors associated with VM-OTC usage in Korean adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high school in all parts of country were included in the analysis. Prevalence of VM-OTC usage was 56.1%, and it was higher as monthly income, father’s education level, and socioeconomic status of family increased (p<0.001). VMOTC intake was higher in middle school students than in high school students as well as in rural areas or small & mediumsized city residents than big city residents (p<0.01). Subjects mainly received information on VM-OTC mainly from ‘family and relatives’ (46.6%), whereas only 20.3% received information from experts. Subjects took VM-OTC ‘when they are healthy’ (49.1%), ‘when they feel sick’ (17.7%), ‘when they are on a diet’ (17.3%), and ‘when they are stressful’ (15.9%). The effectiveness of taking VM-OTC were mainly ‘fatigue recovery’ (35.0%), ‘health improvement’ (30.6%), and ‘nutritional status improvement’ (13.2%). The most frequently used VM-OTC was vitamin C (49.1%), multi-vitamins (18.6%), multi vitamins & minerals (13.2%), and calcium (9.2%). Among VM-OTC users, only 21.9% replied that they usually check the nutrition facts when they buy products, 62.4% follow the recommended dosage, and 9.7% fully understand the nutrition labels of the products. According to logistic regression analysis, the most influential factor affecting VM-OTC use was parents’ and siblings’ VM-OTC consumption (p<0.001). In addition, school type (middle or high school) (p<0.01), residence (p<0.05), self-concerns about health (p<0.05), father’s education level (p<0.05), and socioeconomic status of family (p<0.05) all influenced VM-OTC use. These results show that VM-OTC use is widespread among adolescents, few users actually check and fully understand the nutrition labels when they purchase VM-OTC, and they are highly dependent on unprofessional advice and information. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them select proper VM-OTC and read nutrition labels.

The safety of fake anti-impotence drugs (fake Viagra : 26 samples, fake Cialis : 25 samples) distributed in Gyeonggi province was studied by monitoring the concentrations of anti-impotence pharmaceutical ingredient and their analogues. The concentrations of anti-impotence pharmaceutical ingredient 4 specis and their analogues 17 specis were estimated using by HPLC/PDA, LC-MS/MS. The range of concentration of sildenafil in fake viagra was 40~199 mg/tablet, among them the portion of the concentrations of sildenafil over 150 mg/tablet exceeded 65%. 3 cases in tested samples contained sildenafil and tadalafil. The range of concentration of sildenafil in fake cialis was 102~249 mg/tablet, among them the portion of the concentrations of sildenafil over 150 mg/tablet exceeded 88%. One case in tested samples contained demethylhongdenafil (90 mg/tablet). These results indicate that there were many fake anti-impotence drug contained high level of anti-impotence pharmaceutical ingredients, a sustainable monitoring and the blocked distribution of fake anti-impotence drugs recommended.

소염·진통 의약품 성분인 beclomethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone 5종에 대 한 동시분석을 위해 LC-MS/MS 분석 조건 중 MRM 방식 으로 각 성분의 MS 분석 최적조건을 결정하고, 정량이온 으로 beclomethasone 409.1/391.0, dexamethasone은 393.1/ 372.9, prednisolone은 361.0/343.1, ketoprofen은 255.0/209.0, phenylbutazone은 309.1/160.1 을 분석하였다. 혼합표준용 액을 기울기용매 조건으로 이동상 A(0.1% 개미산), B(0.1% 개미산을 함유한 아세토니트릴)를 이용하여 17분 동안 분 석한 결과, prednisolone (tR: 7.34 min), dexamethasone (tR: 7.73 min), beclomethasone (tR: 7.82 min), phenylbutazone (tR: 8.31 min), ketoprofen (tR: 9.24 min) 순서로 검출되었 다. 5종 성분 모두 약 2-100 ng/mL 농도 수준의 검정곡선 에서 R2 값이 0.999 이상의 우수한 직선성을 나타내었고, prednisolone을 제외한 4종 성분의 검출한계는 0.4-0.9 ng/ mL, 정량한계는 0.81-2.22 ng/mL 였으며, prednisolone은 그보다 다소 높은 4.60, 11.46 ng/mL 이었다. 환제품의 기 타가공품 공시료에 5종 성분 혼합표준용액을 최종농도가 5, 20, 50 ng/mL 이 되도록 직접 첨가하여 분석한 결과, 모든 농도에서 80% 이상의 우수한 회수율을 얻을 수 있 었고, 일내 일간 반복 분석의 상대표준편차(%)를 통해 모 든 성분에서 비교적 재현성 있는 결과가 나타났다. 실제 인터넷 상에서 유통중인 식품에 이 분석법을 적용한 결과 모든 제품에서 검출되진 않았으나, 소비자들의 건강상 위 해를 끼칠 수 있는 이들 성분의 동시분석법을 활용한 지 속적인 모니터링이 필요한 실정이다.

It is well understood that developing new drugs is one of the highest value-added businesses in a country; however, the current governments' spending in pharmaceutical research and development(R&D) is minimal in Korea. This paper suggests that different governmental bodies should take in charge of different stages of the R&D process in order to maximize the use of limited government research funding. First, during the initial phase of the drug development, including clinical trials, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is the most appropriate governmental organization to support the research. For later procedures such as supporting the industries for exporting developed drugs, legislative approvals, and building infrastructure for future clinical trials should be supported by the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy and the Ministry of Health and Welfare along with the Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). The KFDA, which is the main governmental agency approving newly developed drugs in the market, will need to take a crucial responsibility in the initial phase of the pharmaceutical R&D by guiding the industries with timely and proper information. As a first step, it is recommended to set up and operate a center for supporting new drugs, so that the industries can facilitate the development of marketable drugs which meet customers' needs. Later, in order to expedite the process of exporting and getting approvals of the newly developed drugs from foreign countries, it is necessary to develop new approval system, which includes introduction of the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), mandatory validation system, and education program for supporting expertise. Lastly, the KFDA needs to take an active role in developing Korean pharmaceutical industries by communicating with other foreign governments with regards to the globalization of the Korean pharmaceutical industries. For example, as a follow up after the Free Trade Agreement(FTA), active discussion on GLP of Mutual Recognition Agreement(MRA) with the United States of America, should be seriously considered.