This paper reviews the genetic evolution and zoonotic potential of Alphacoronavirus suis (CCoV and FCoV), highlighting the emergence of highly virulent, recombinant variants. CCoV evolved from enteric strain into pantropic variants (e.g., CB/05, CCoV-2c, CCoV10/22) and gaining enhanced virulence, systemic dissemination, and severe clinical signs including lymphopenia. FCoV saw the emergence of the highly virulent FCoV-23 in 2023, which exhibits near-universal progression to FIP, increased neurological involvement, and exceptional direct cat-to-cat transmission efficiency, a major deviation from classical FCoV. The detection of CCoV-HuPn-2018 in humans and ongoing recombination in wildlife confirm the zoonotic potential. Alphacoronavirus suis was historically confined to the veterinary field, and attention to this group, apart from FCoV causing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), was relatively limited. However, recent emergence of variants exhibiting altered host tropism and direct transmission capability, coupled with the detection of CCoV in humans, necessitates integrated surveillance for pandemic preparedness against these rapidly evolving alphacoronaviruses.

The defensive system of the Jilin General’s jurisdiction during the Qing dynasty was the key to maintaining long-term stability in the northeastern frontier. Based on a systematic review of historical sources, this paper analyzes the system from three dimensions: institutions, spatial organization, and dynamic evolution. Rooted in defensive thought and core principles, the system constructed a hierarchical spatial structure centered on the Jilin garrison city, with other garrison cities at various levels forming its supporting framework, and integrated them into an organic whole through an efficient and interconnected courier-road network. Furthermore, the defensive focus of this system was not static; rather, it dynamically adjusted as external threats waxed and waned, moving from Ningguta as the frontier in the early Qing Dynasty, to Jilin as the core in the mid-Qing Dynasty, and then to Hunchun in the late Qing Dynasty, where the focus shifted eastward and then southward. This defensive model combined ideology, structure, and mechanism into a unified whole, while also demonstrating a high degree of adaptability.

This study systematically investigates the diachronic evolution and synchronic distribution of Chinese verbs denoting “affectionate care”, developing an integrated research framework of “diachronic sorting-synchronic comparison-motivational interpretation”. In the diachronic dimension, the semantic field exhibits distinct phased successions: During Archaic Chinese, it was centered on core verbs including ai (愛), ci (慈), and lian (憐); in Medieval Chinese, ai further consolidated its dominance while peripheral terms underwent gradual attrition; by Early Modern Chinese, tong (痛) and teng (疼) entered the semantic field, with teng eventually securing dominance—coupled with a prominent disyllabization trend. In the synchronic dimension, modern Chinese dialects form a distribution pattern characterized by the dual-core dominance of teng (疼) and tong (痛) and a north-south distributional contrast, supplemented by dialect-specific lexemes endowed with regional distinctiveness, such as xi (惜) and zhitian (值鈿). The research further reveals four key findings: First, dialectal lexical differences stem from the divergence of cognitive construal patterns. Second, their synchronic distribution constitutes the spatial superimposition of historical lexical layers in Chinese. Third, the primary categorization of lexical meanings and the evolution of hyponymic-hypernymic structures jointly drive the refinement of semantic representation. Fourth, dialectal diffusion paths align closely with historical transportation arteries such as the “Yangtze-Huaihe radiation route” and the “Grand Canal-Yellow River corridor”. This study not only advances the specialized research on the “affectionate care” semantic field but also offers new data and insights for research on Chinese lexical history, semantic field theory, and emotion verbs.

Efficient energy conversion technologies require cost-effective and durable catalysts for water oxidation. This study presents SnS2/ C composite synthesized via solvothermal method to enhance electrocatalytic performance in water splitting. Morphological analysis reveals that carbon incorporation disrupts the flower-like SnS2 nanosheets, increasing active site accessibility and improving charge transfer efficiency. Three different electrolytes (KOH, PBS and H2SO4) are systematically employed to evaluate the material’s electrocatalytic activity comprehensively. The electrochemical tests indicate that pure SnS₂ exhibits an overpotential (η) of 410 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH. Integration of carbon significantly lowers this value to 180 mV with a tafel slope of 103 mV/dec for SSC12 (1:2 SnS₂/C) composite. For hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media, SSC12 achieves an η of 275 mV at 500 mA/cm2 with a tafel slope of 121 mV/dec. The catalyst further demonstrates strong durability for OER in 1 M KOH but shows diminished HER activity in 0.5 M H2SO4. This study demonstrates the synergistic role of carbon in enhancing SnS₂ catalytic attributes, emphasizing the potential of these composites for sustainable energy conversion applications.

본 연구는 김정은 시대 북한의 정치적 불평등 구조를 분석하고, 그 심화 과정과 정치적 함의를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 북한의 정치적 불평 등을 권력 배분, 정치참여, 자원 접근성의 종합적 불균형으로 정의하고, 이를 체제 유지 논리와 연계해 해석하였다. 이를 위해 정치적 불평등 이론 과 체제전환국 사례를 분석틀로 삼아 북한의 권력 구조, 통제 장치, 사회 분할 메커니즘을 체계적으로 검토하였다. 분석 결과, 김정은 체제의 정치 적 불평등은 ① 형식적 참여와 정치조직의 포섭·통제, ② 충성도 기반 정 치자원 접근 통제, ➂ 권력 독점과 엘리트 지배 강화라는 세 축을 중심으 로 작동하고 있었다. 이러한 구조적 불평등은 최근 정보 접근성 확대, 세 대교체, 지역 불균형 심화를 매개로 청년층 탈조직화와 ‘비가시적 저항’ 등 내부 균열 조짐을 낳고 있다. 북한 당국은 선별적 복지, 지도자 신성 화, 생활 밀착형 관리형 개혁을 병행하며 정당성 유지에 나서고 있으나, 이는 구조적 불평등을 해소하지 못한 채 국면 전환용 임시 처방에 그치고 있어 장기적 효과가 제한적이다. 결과적으로 북한은 강압적 통치로의 회귀 와 제한적 제도 유연성 도입이라는 기로에 서 있으며, 어느 경로를 택하든 정치적 불평등의 구조를 재조정하지 않는 한 정당성 위기는 누적될 가능 성이 크다. 김정은 체제의 향후 경로는 정치적 불평등을 어떻게 관리·재구 성하느냐에 달려있으며, 본 연구는 이러한 변화 가능성을 전망하고 북한 정치 연구와 한반도 정책 논의에 기초자료를 제공한다.