이 논문은 대한민국 국회 국민동의청원을 사례로 선정하여, 민주주의 기술 진화의 시민참여적 함의를 도출하고자 한다. 연구방법론은 양적·질 적 연구방법론을 적용하여 청원 플랫폼을 분석했다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 아 키텍처 분석에서 토론의 시각화(visualization)가 두드러졌다. 둘째, 국회 입법청원은 시민들이 참여하여 집합적인 의지로 법·제도 개선의 가능성 을 확인했다. 셋째, 국회 플랫폼은 「청원법」과 「국회법」이 개정되어 2021년 온라인과 오프라인의 하이브리드 청원으로 발전했다. 넷째, 청원 성립 79건 내용분석을 통해서 양적으로 증가하고, 질적으로 제도적 대안 을 모색이 증가하고 있음을 확인했다. 하지만 민주주의 기술의 단점도 확인했다. 국민동의청원과 같은 민주주의 기술은 설계와 운영이 중요하 다. 그리고 민주주의 기술의 적용에서 정보격차, 과대 대표 문제, 중복 참여, 탈집중화된 기술의 미사용 등 해결할 과제도 있음을 확인했다.

Electrochemical water splitting presents an optimal approach for generating hydrogen ( H2), a highly promising alternative energy source. Nevertheless, the slow kinetics of the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the exorbitant cost, limited availability, and susceptibility to oxidation of noble metal-based electrocatalysts have compelled scientists to investigate cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts. Bimetallic nanostructured materials have been demonstrated to exhibit improved catalytic performances for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report carbon aerogel (CA) decorated with different molar ratios of Fe and Ni with enhanced OER activity. Microwave irradiation was involved as a novel strategy during the synthesis process. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX spectra and EDAX mapping), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM), and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) were used for physical characterizations of as-prepared material. Electrochemical potential towards OER was examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The FeNi/CA with optimized molar ratios exhibits low overpotential 377 mV at 10 mAcm− 2, smaller Tafel slope (94.5 mV dec− 1), and high turnover frequency (1.09 s− 1 at 300 mV). Other electrocatalytic parameters were also calculated and compared with previously reported OER catalysts. Additionally, chronoamperometric studies confirmed excellent electrochemical stability, as the OER activity shows minimal change even after a stability test lasting 3600 s. Moreover, the bimetallic (Fe and Ni) carbon aerogel exhibits faster catalytic kinetics and higher conductivity than the monometallic (Fe), which was observed through EIS investigation. This research opens up possibilities for utilizing bi- or multi-metallic anchored carbon aerogel with high conductivities and exceptional electrocatalytic performances in electrochemical energy conversion.

Carbon fusion is important to understand the late stages in the evolution of a massive star. Astronomically interesting energy ranges for the 12C+12C reactions have been, however, poorly constrained by experiments. Theoretical studies on stellar evolution have relied on reaction rates that are extrapolated from those measured in higher energies. In this work, we update the carbon fusion reaction rates by fitting the astrophysical S-factor data obtained from direct measurements based on the Fowler, Caughlan, & Zimmerman (1975) formula. We examine the evolution of a 20M⊙ star with the updated 12C+12C reaction rates performing simulations with the MESA (Modules for Experiments for Stellar Astrophysics) code. Between 0.5 and 1 GK, the updated reaction rates are 0.35 to 0.5 times less than the rates suggested by Caughlan & Fowler (1988). The updated rates result in the increase of core temperature by about 7% and of the neutrino cooling by about a factor of three. Moreover, the carbon-burning lifetime is reduced by a factor of 2.7. The updated carbon fusion reaction rates lead to some changes in the details of the stellar evolution model, their impact seems relatively minor compared to other uncertain physical factors like convection, overshooting, rotation, and mass-loss history. The astrophysical S-factor measurements in lower energies have large errors below the Coulomb barrier. More precise measurements in lower energies for the carbon burning would be useful to improve our study and to understand the evolution of a massive star.

This study explores the development of English textbooks in North Korea through corpus-based analysis aimed at illuminating the differences between materials produced during the Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un regimes. In the context of educational reforms and changing political ideology, this study investigates BNC/COCA-based lexical coverage and the key lexical features of North Korean middle school English textbooks, highlighting the complexity, vocabulary, and readability of the learning materials. The findings revealed that the Kim Jong-un regime had implemented reforms to improve English language education, with increased lexical diversity, textual complexity, and vocabulary exposure. Although no significant differences were found between the two regimes regarding the lexical coverage of textbooks, the Kim Jong-un regime’s textbooks exhibited improvements in diversity, readability, and complexity. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the interplay between political ideology and English language education in North Korea, offering insights that have implications beyond the North Korean context and encouraging reflection on the nation-driven educational reform.

Purpose: This review study analyzes the impact of the Korean Society for Customized Visiting Health Care on the development of Home Visiting Care in public health centers since its inception in 2007. It also suggests potential future directions for both the Korean Society for Customized Visiting Health Care and Home Visiting Care in public health centers. Methods: The investigation scrutinized various sources including the white paper detailing the activities of the Korean Society for Customized Visiting Health Care, academic conference materials, minutes from general meetings, research papers from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Korea Health Promotion Institute. Results: The Korean Society for Customized Visiting Health Care has been actively involved in advancing and assessing home-visiting health care services. The society has been focused on developing and evaluating the effectiveness of home visit health care services offered by public health centers. Conclusions: The Korean Society for Customized Visiting Health Care has achieved progress by continuous interaction with field staff, rigorous personnel training, technical assistance, field research, and policy recommendations. In 2024, the home visit health care sector could be advanced and improved using AI technology.

There is a widely distributed dialect classifier “蔸” in the area south of the Yangtze River. This classifier is grammaticalized from the noun “蔸” which means “roots (or stem close to the root) of plants” through a metonymy mechanism. The etymology of “蔸” is probably “株”. The classifier “蔸” was a plant classifier when it was first formed, collocating with nouns related to the plant category. Later, its usage expanded. And the word went through a process of categorization. In some areas of Guangxi and Guangdong, it developed the usage of appearance classifiers, which can be collocated with one-dimensional objects in non-plant categories and even abstract nouns. In more limited areas, such as Guangzhou, the classifier “蔸” can even be paired with a noun referring to a person, but in this case its counting function is weak and the whole expression’s subjectivity is strong.

After a comprehensive analysis of the meaning of chao (抄) and chaoshou (抄手) as well as depicting the extended series, it can be seen that no later than the tenth century, chao [抄(钞)] which means “picking by fingers” was extended to mean “arched hands salutation” and became the word chaoshou1 (抄手1). At least in the 1260s, the meaning of chao (抄) was infected by cha5 (叉5), and chao (抄) produced chuigong (垂拱, two-handed fork caged in the sleeve) meaning. At least in the first half of the 15th century, the meaning of chaoshou (抄手) was infected by chashou6 (叉手6), and chaoshou (抄手) produced the meaning of “hands crossed over the arms in front of the chest”; Between the 16th and 19th centuries, due to its prominent image characteristics, chaoshou3 (抄手3), which means “hands crossed over the arms in front of the chest”, had metonymic extended into a flour made food chaoshou4 (抄手4). The transmission path of the chaoshou4 (抄手4): Sichuan, Chongqing (do not distinguish which is the cradle) > Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hubei (do not distinguish the order). Under the dominant role of the implicit meaning of the chaoshou2 (抄手2), as the homomorphic word of the root word chaoshou4 (抄手4), maichaoshou4 (賣抄手4) reassembled: the meaning of maichaoshou4 (賣抄手4) evolved from “selling flour made food chaoshou (抄手)” into maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2, having nothing to do), resulting in the local characteristic maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2). As a phenomenon of word meaning development with backtracking characteristics, the emergence of maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2) deserves attention.

This research explores the complex interdependencies and dynamic interactions governing the adaptation of species co-evolving within the framework of Eco-Evo-Neuro-Devo, using the fascinating fig-wasp mutualism as a model system. Figs, which have many flowers blooming inside the fruit, are completely dependent on fig wasps as pollinators. The fig-wasp mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where fig trees provide a habitat and food source for specific wasp species, while the wasps, in turn, facilitate pollination and seed dispersal for the fig tree. The fig wasp is born and grows inside the fig fruit and becomes an adult. After mating, the female fig wasp is covered with pollen and enters another fruit, pollinates it and lays eggs there. In addition to the fig-wasp mutualism, additional interactions among hyperparasitic wasps, called non-pollinating fig wasp (NPFW), and flies, nematodes are frequently observed, shaping the co-evolution of the symbionts in the fig community. This study aims to identify the symbionts that make up the symbiotic system, their ecological interactions and genome evolution, and build a model to explore the mechanisms of symbiotic evolution at the molecular level. Sampling and identifying figs and fig-related insects through fieldwork in Korea, various techniques including GC-MS, in situ staining, electrophysiology, and diverse omics tools including WGS, RNA-seq will be implemented to investigate how chemical ecologies of the fig community shape the chemosensory systems of species. Additionally, we will build a cross-platform with Drosophila to narrow the distance between model species and non-model species, facilitating comparative studies across different model organism systems.

This paper offers a diachronic examination of how the love story between Zhangsheng and Yingying in Yuanzhen‘s novel “Yingying zhuan” has evolved through different literary conventions. “Yingying Love Story” has remained a beloved narrative, enduring from the Song to the Jin-Yuan periods and continuing to be performed on stage today. The interplay between external factors such as societal and cultural backgrounds and internal changes in literary conventions allows for an understanding of the modified narrative of the “Yingying Love Story” and sheds light on the processes of literary creation, reception, and adaptation. Additionally, it provides a more nuanced understanding of the genre characteristics across different epochs. The transformation of the ending of the “Yingying Love Story” from a tragic conclusion where the woman is forsaken to a happy ending where their love prevails reflects the societal and cultural contexts of the time. In particular, the empathy shown by Ci writers of the Song dynasty towards Yingying and the non-defensive attitude towards Zhangsheng played a crucial role in shaping the evolution of the story's conclusion. Subsequent urban commercial development and the flourishing of private literature altered audience expectations of Yingying, naturally propelling the original tragic ending toward a happy resolution.

본 연구는 2022년 2월 24일 러-우크라이나 전쟁 발발 이후의 러시아 문화정책의 변화와 특징을 고찰한다. 러시아의 문화정책은 우크라이나와 전쟁을 시작한 이후 강력한 민족주의적 성향을 보이며 우경화되고 있다. 우크라이나 전쟁 이후 한국과 러시아는 상호 비우호국가로 지정하여 얼 어붙은 양국 관계와 국제 정세 속에서도 여러 분야의 K-콘텐츠는 러시 아 사회에서 선전하고 있으며 경제적인 효과까지 창출하고 있다. 아직까 지 러시아 사회에서 한국의 대중문화는 러시아 청년들의 하위문화로 주 류문화에 영향을 줄 만큼 폭발적인 반응을 보이는 것은 아니지만 그 수 요는 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 대한민국 정부는 양국의 대중문화 분야의 인적·물적 교류 활성화를 전제로 실리적이고 실효성 있는 방안을 고려해야 한다.

본고의 연구대상은 서예의 이론적 개념이지만 연구방법은 창작과정의 경험을 바탕으로 노봉(露鋒), 장봉(藏鋒), 과봉(裹 鋒)의 운필(運筆)에 대한 분석을 집중적으로 했다. 노봉은 이왕(二王) 위주의 전통적인 ‘첩파(帖派)’에서 주로 사 용했는데, 이는 위진(魏晋)시기에 시작해 지금까지 이어져 오고 있다. 장봉과 과봉은 모두 장봉에 속하지만 두 가지 측면에서 차이 가 있다. 첫째, 여기에 말하는 장봉은 필봉을 드러내지 않고 붓 을 대어 쓰는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 안진경으로 대표되는 전 주(篆籀) 필의가 이러한 용례이다. 그러나 과봉은 글씨를 쓰기 전에 필봉을 거꾸로 감싸서 글씨를 쓸 때 필봉의 마찰력을 증 가시키기 위한 방법이다. 따라서 장봉과 과봉은 붓을 다루는 동작과 목적에서 모두 큰 차이를 보인다. 둘째, 시간적으로도 차이가 있다. 장봉은 주로 장욱과 안진경 이후에 유행했으며, 중국서예사에서 여전히 ‘첩파’의 서풍에 속한다. 그러나 과봉은 청나라 ‘비파(碑派)’에서 주로 유행했으며, 과봉은 ‘비파’의 주요 한 용필법이라고 할 수 있다. 대부분의 선행연구에서 비파와 첩파의 심미기준이 대립되어 양쪽이 경쟁한다고 생각하지만 필자는 비파의 심미기준과 품평 언어는 이전의 첩파 심미안을 토대로 보완하여 확장했다고 주 장한다. 서예의 발전은 기존에 형성된 최고의 기준을 계속해서 변형하고 재성장하는 과정이기 때문이다.

In this study, we report the microstructural evolution and shear strength of an Sn-Sb alloy, used for die attach process as a solder layer of backside metal (BSM). The Sb content in the binary system was less than 1 at%. A chip with the Sn-Sb BSM was attached to a Ag plated Cu lead frame. The microstructure evolution was investigated after die bonding at 330 °C, die bonding and isothermal heat treatment at 330 °C for 5 min and wire bonding at 260 °C, respectively. At the interface between the chip and lead frame, Ni3Sn4 and Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layers and pure Sn regions were confirmed after die bonding. When the isothermal heat treatment is conducted, pure Sn regions disappear at the interface because the Sn is consumed to form Ni3Sn4 and Ag3Sn IMCs. After the wire bonding process, the interface is composed of Ni3Sn4, Ag3Sn and (Ag,Cu)3Sn IMCs. The Sn-Sb BSM had a high maximum shear strength of 78.2 MPa, which is higher than the required specification of 6.2 MPa. In addition, it showed good wetting flow.

This study explores the profound impact of varying oxygen content on microstructural and mechanical properties in specimens HO and LO. The higher oxygen concentration in specimen HO is found to significantly influence alpha lath sizes, resulting in a size of 0.5-1 μm, contrasting with the 1-1.5 μm size observed in specimen LO. Pore fraction, governed by oxygen concentration, is high in specimen HO, registering a value of 0.11%, whereas specimen LO exhibits a lower pore fraction (0.02%). Varied pore types in each specimen further underscore the role of oxygen concentration in shaping microstructural morphology. Despite these microstructural variations, the average hardness remains consistent at ~370 HV. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of oxygen content in influencing microstructural features, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between elemental composition and material properties.

Exploring cheap and efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is extremely vital for the commercial application of advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Herein, a self-supporting Co3S4/ S-doped reduced graphene oxide ( Co3S4/S-rGO) film catalyst is successfully prepared by a blade coating coupled with high-temperature annealing strategy, and its morphology, structure and composition are measured and analyzed. It is substantiated that the as-synthesized Co3S4/ S-rGO film possesses unique self-supporting structure, and is composed of uniformly dispersed Co3S4 nanoparticles and highly conductive S-rGO, which benefit the exposure of catalytic sites and electron transfer. By reason of the synergistic effect of the two individual components, the self-supporting Co3S4/ S-rGO film catalyst displays outstanding catalytic performance towards OER. As a consequence, the Co3S4/ S-rGO film catalyst delivers an overpotential of 341 mV at 10 mA cm-2, and the current attenuation rate is only 2.6% after continuous operation for 4 h, verifying excellent catalytic activity and durability. Clearly, our results offers a good example for the construction of high-performance self-supporting carbon-based composite film catalysts for critical electrocatalytic reactions.

󰡔유몽천자(牖蒙千字)󰡕는 한국개신교선교사 게일(James Scarth Gale(한국명 : 奇一), 1863-1937)과 그의 조사(pundit) 이창직(李昌稙, 1866-1936)이 함께 편찬한 경신 학교와 정신여학교의 교과서이다. 이 책은 총 4권으로 구성된 교재다. 여기에 실린 내용 은 자연과학, 사회과학, 서양의 역사, 서양의 인물, 서양의 문학, 우리의 한문고전에 관한 것 등으로 이루어져 있다. 더불어 개화기에 우리의 어문 생활에 필요하다고 생각한 한자 와 관련 정보, 한자어, 국한문, 한문에 관한 지식을 정식 학교 교육을 받는 학생들에게 알 려 주기 위하여 편찬한 것이다. 본고에서는 이러한 󰡔유몽천자󰡕 전집의 체계와 구성, 전 집을 구성하는 3가지 문체 유형, 그리고 전집에 새겨져 있는 개신교선교사의 문체실험의 역사를 고찰했다.