This study was carried out to get information on the concentration and species of airborne fungi in wood ear mushroom (Auricularia heimuer) cultivation houses. Air samplings were conducted at three wood ear mushroom farms located in Iksan and Wando in 2022. Two out of the three cultivation houses exceeded the Ministry of Environment’s recommended indoor air quality standards for fungi concentration in multi-use facilities. A total of 12 genera and 15 species of airborne fungi were isolated and identified. There were species belonging to 6 genera at the genus level. Overall, the genus Cladosporium accounted for the majority with three species. Among the identified species, there were fungi that affect the human body, such as Aspergillus niger, Lichtheimia ramose, and Rhizomucor pusillus, as well as Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium ramotenellum, Cladosporium subuliforme, and Curvularia lunata, which cause diseases in plants. Penicillium brevicompactum was detected as a fungus affecting mushroom cultivation. This study is the first report in Korea on airborne fungi in wood ear cultivation houses and provides useful information for environmental hygiene management of cultivation houses.

발효 느타리버섯재배부산물을 급이한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 영양성과 안전성을 검증하고자 참나무 발효톱밥으로 사육한 유충의 영양성분 과 유해물질을 비교분석하였다. 조단백질 함량은 발효 느타리버섯재배부산물을 급이한 유충(OMCB)에서 54.0%로 참나무 발효톱밥을 급이한 유 충(FOS) 47.2%보다 1.1배 많았다. 필수아미노산 중 류신은 OMCB에서 2.8%로 가장 높았고, FOS에서는 2.7%로 비슷한 수치였다. 비필수아미 노산은 OMCB에서 프롤린의 함량이 7.2%로 가장 높았고 FOS (5.6%)보다 1.3배 더 높았다. 무기질 중 칼륨은 OMCB (2771.2 mg/100 g)와 FOS (2765.0 mg/100 g)에서 비슷한 수치였고, 불포화지방산 중 올레산은 OMCB (58.2%)와 FOS (59.6%)에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 유 해물질 분석 결과, OMCB와 FOS에서 납, 카드뮴, 비소 모두 식용곤충 중금속 기준에 적합하였고, 식중독균에 속하는 대장균과 살모넬라균은 모두 불검출되었다. 위 연구 결과에 따르면, 발효 느타리버섯재배부산물 급이 흰점박이꽃무지 유충은 단백질과 불포화지방산뿐만 아니라 다양한 영양성 분을 포함하고 있으며, 안전성 또한 검증되었으므로 식용으로 활용하기에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

Oyster mushrooms were analyzed to confirm the effect of installing a convection fan on the uniformity of the environment inside the cultivation house, the quantity of fruiting bodies, and marketability for stable production. When using a convection fan, it was confirmed that the temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were maintained more uniformly than when not used.As for the characteristics of the fruiting bodies, the quantity per bottle was 177.3 g when using a convection fan, which was 17% higher than when not used, and the individual weight was 49% higher. In addition, the cap diameter, cap thickness, and stem thickness increased slightly in the convection fan treatment, and the stem length was shorter.

In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus were grown in bottles at temperatures set to 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C inside the cultivation room. Changes in temperature, CO2 concentration, and humidity inside the bottles were measured, and growth characteristics according to the temperature conditions were evaluated. CO2 concentration increased overall as the temperature increased and was particularly stable at 20°C, suggesting that 20°C is the optimal condition for the physiological respiration of P. ostreatus . While humidity was relatively constant at 15°C, it decreased over time at 20°C and was maintained at a stable level at 25°C, suggesting that water retention capacity may occur at high temperatures. As a result of the growth investigation, the yield per bottle and individual weight were the highest at 20°C, confirming that 20°C is the most suitable temperature condition for the growth of oyster mushrooms. At 25°C, the yield per bottle was maintained but the individual weight decreased and the color tended to change. These results suggest that the interaction between CO2 concentration, humidity, and temperature has a significant effect on the growth and quality of oyster mushrooms, and that it is effective to control the cultivation room temperature to 20°C for optimal growth.

A new oak mushroom cultivar ‘K815’ was bred from monokaryotic strains of ‘Jadam-2’ and ‘LE191732-118’. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth of ‘K815’ was 25oC, and the temperature for primordia formation and fruiting body development was 15~20oC. The fruiting body morphology is hemispherical and the fruiting form is sporadic. Total cultivation period of the new cultivar, from inoculation to its first harvest, was 133 days, which was 3 days longer than control cultivar ‘Jadam’ (129 days), with 32 days for spawn running, 89 days for browning, 4 days for primordia formation, and 8 days for fruiting body development. In the fruiting body, the thickness and diameter of pileus of the new cultivar were 32.2 mm and 58.3mm, respectively, and the length of stipe was 35.6 mm. Compared to the control cultivar ('Jadam', 'L808'), the pileus of the new cultivar was thicker and smaller and the length of stipe was shorter. The total number of fruiting bodies of ‘K815’ was 58.9, which was higher than the control varieties and total yield of 2 crop cycle of ‘K815’ was 580 g (per 3 kg substrate), which was similar to the control variety.

Airborne bacteria are an important environmental factor that affects the hygiene of mushroom cultivation houses, as they can act as contaminants or pathogens in mushroom cultivation. To determine the distribution of airborne bacteria in the air of wood ear mushroom cultivation houses, air sampling and temperature and humidity measurements were conducted at three wood ear mushroom farms located in Iksan and Wando in 2022. Sampled air was analyzed to measure bacterial concentration levels and identify bacterial species. There was no significant difference in temperature and humidity changes detected between the three mushroom growing houses. Additionally, the concentration of bacteria in the air did not exceed 800 CFU/m², which is the maximum amount of airborne bacteria allowed by the Ministry of Environment’s indoor air quality maintenance standards. Eleven species of bacteria belonging to 11 genera were isolated and identified from air samples. These include five species of Micrococcales, four species of Bacilli, one species of Actinomycetia, and one species of Mycobacteriales. Of the 11 species identified, five are known to affect human health. However, no mushroom pathogens or species causing food poisoning were found.

The present study was carried out to investigate the concentration and species diversity of airborne fungi in thermophilic mushroom cultivation houses. Fungal concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne fungal concentration was 2.95 × 102 CFU/m3~105CFU/m3, above 105CFU/m3, and 1.12 × 103 CFU/m3~ 9.17 × 103 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 8 genera and 22 species of airborne fungi were isolated from three mushroom cultivation houses. 5 genera and 7 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera 6 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 5 genera and15 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the fungi isolated, the class of Eurotiomycetes was the most common. Among the 22 fungal species, Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus A. sydowii, A. tubingensis, A. westerdijkiae, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. citrinum, and P. steckii have been reported as harmful species to mushrooms, food, and human.

Airborne bacteria in mushroom growing environments are a potential risk of contamination in commercial mushroom production. Controlling contamination in mushroom farms requires understanding the bacterial ecology in the cultivation environment. This study was conducted to investigate the concentration and species diversity of floating bacteria in a thermophilic mushroom cultivation room. Temperature, humidity, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and a Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne bacterial concentration was 5.27 × 103~105 CFU/m3, 3.81 × 102 ~1.37 × 103 CFU/m3, and 2.55 × 102 ~1.37 × 102 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 23 genera and 37 species of airborne bacteria were isolated from the three mushroom cultivation houses. 12 genera and 18 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera and 4 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 11 genera and 18 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the bacteria isolated, the Bacilli class was the most common, followed by Gammaproteobacteria. Among the 37 bacterial species, it was determined that Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, Cedecea neteri, Exiguobacterium acetylicum and Raoultella terrigena could negatively affect humans or foodstuff. Cedecea neteri is also known to cause diseases among mushrooms.

This study was carried out to investigate how airborne bacteria are distributed under different temperature conditions while cultivating oyster mushrooms by setting the indoor temperature of the cultivation room to 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C. The surveys were conducted in April and May, respectively. Airborne bacterial concentrations were distributed in the range of 1.61 × 102 ~ 3.67 × 102 CFU/m3 in April and 5.47 × 102 ~ 7 × 103 CFU/ m3 in May. In May, the indoor air quality maintenance standard (8.0 × 102 CFU/m3) was exceeded in the 10°C, 20°C, and 25°C cultivation rooms. Bacterial concentrations increased significantly in May compared to April. Bacterial concentrations were different between the cultivation rooms at different temperatures. The difference was more pronounced in May than in April. A total of 15 genera and 20 species were isolated from the indoor air of the oyster mushroom cultivation rooms. Overall, it was most abundant in Actinomycetia. Among the species identified, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Kocuria palustris, K. salsicia, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and Sphingobacterium siyangense are known to affect human health. This is the first report of airborne bacteria in cultivation rooms at different temperatures used for oyster mushroom cultivation. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to understand the indoor environment of thermophilic mushroom cultivation facilities.

High-income mushroom crops require complex farming. Therefore, we conducted a test to identify the optimum temperature for the production of antler-shaped Ganoderma lucidum using the King Oyster mushroom cultivation facility. T-N showed 0.28% of oak sawdust and 2.2% of nutritional source. The pH of oak sawdust was 6.0, indicating weak acidity, and that of rice steel was 6.6, indicating neutrality in nutrition source. Study on the quality characteristics of mushrooms showed that the number of days at 25°C were 5~6 and those at 30°C were 3~5; the representative length at 25°C was 57.5 mm and that at 30°C was 92.2 mm; the biological weight at 25 °C was 43 g, which was greater than that at 30°C.

Effects of substrate bed interior environments on mushroom qualities were investigated in oyster mushroom cultivation facilities in which either Reversible Air-Circulation Fans (RACF) blowing air in two directions (upwards and downwards) or customary Convection Fans (CF) with air blowing only upwards were operated throughout the cultivation period. Two days before harvest, the deviation ranges of the bed interior temperature and relative humidity in the facility using RACF were in the ranges of 1.0-1.3oC and 7.8-9.0% in the first growing cycle, and within 0.7-1.1oC and 10.0-11.4% in the second cycle. In the facility using CF, the ranges of variation in the indoor environment parameters (5.8-6.4oC and 21.3-23.1% in the first growing cycle, and 3.4-5.7oC and 14.6-18.3% in the second growing cycle) were much enlarged compared to those associated with RACF. These results strongly indicate that RACF significantly enhances air uniformity. Some mushroom qualities differed between growing cycles. For instance RACF in the first cycle gave somewhat better qualities than CF, but some qualities, like pileus diameter and stipe length, were slightly lower than those described for CF in the second cycle when the cultivation substrate weakened. The observation that some qualities worsened under RACF conditions, despite better air uniformity during the growing cycle, revealed the possibility that downward wind may exert a non-negligible negative effect on mushroom growth. Therefore in the future, making wind measurements on the interior and exterior of substrate beds is necessary to obtain insights into their influences on mushroom qualities. The RACF operation manual needs to be edited to convey this necessity.

Airborne bacteria are expected to float in the mushroom cultivation house, as it is a special environment with high humidity and high temperatures. Their concentration and diversity in the indoor air of the cultivation house could effect the health of farmers and the quality of mushrooms. To examine whether microbiota of airborne bacteria change from year to year, we measured the indoor temperature, humidity, and airborne bacterial concentration from mushroom cultivation houses located in six regions in Korea from 2020 to 2021, and isolated and identified airborne bacteria. The surveyed data were compared and the bacterial diversity of the 1st year and the 2nd year were determined. Based on the average temperature and humidity data surveyed, it can be seen that the temperature and humidity environment in the cultivation houses is such that bacteria can easily reproduce. It was observed that the temperature inside the cultivation houses tends to be higher or lower depending on the season and correlates with the temperature outside the cultivation houses. In the first year survey, 32 species of 20 genera were identified, and in the second year survey, bacteria belonging to 29 species of 22 genera were identified. Among them, the most detected species were all species belonging to the genus Bacillus. There were only three species (Bacillus altitudinis, Brevibacterium frigoritolerans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) that were continuously isolated in common. Our results showed that the species of floating bacteria greatly vary from year to year even for the same cultivation houses.

느타리버섯은 재배사 내부환경에 크게 영향을 받으며 강제 공기순환팬에 의해 공기를 교반하여 내부환경의 균일도를 향상시키고 있다. 본 연구는 느타리버섯 일부 시범 농가에서의 대류팬 작동방법 등 이용 실태를 조사하고, FCU를 가동하지 않은 버섯의 수확이 끝날 무렵이고 폐상 직전인 7.1－10까지 10일 간 느타리 균상재배사에 상향과 하향 등 양방향으로 번 갈아 바람을 토출하는 정역 제어 대류팬과 단일 방향인 상향으로만 바람을 토출하는 관행 방식의 유동팬을 설치하여 재배 사 내부환경의 균일도를 평가하고자 수행하였다. 조사 농가의 대류팬 작동방법(작동시간과 멈춤시간의 조합 방법)은 대부분 5－15분 작동 후 5－30분 멈춤을 반복적으로 적용하고 있는 것으로 조사되었으며 냉방장치를 가동하지 않은 폐상 무렵의 느타리 균상재배사에 정역 제어 대류팬을 설치하여 내부 환경 균일도를 평가한 결과, 최대 기온 편차는 1.4－1.8°C, 최대 상대습도 편차는 7.8－8.7%로 나타나 최대 기온 편차 3.2 －3.7°C, 최대 상대습도 편차 14.0－15.4%를 보인 관행 방식의 유동팬에 비해 내부환경 균일도가 향상된 것으로 나타났 다. 20가지의 정역 제어 대류팬 작동방법 중에서는 10－15분 간 상향으로 바람을 토출한 후 5－10분 간 멈추고 바람의 방 향을 바꾸어 하향으로 10－15분 간 바람을 토출하는 경우가 가장 적은 기온 편차(1.4－1.5°C)를 보였으나 센서의 오차범위 수준에 있어 설정별 차이를 보인다고는 판단할 수 없었다. 향후 버섯의 호흡이 온전히 고려되고 냉방장치가 가동되는 실제 재배기간 중 정역 제어 대류팬이 공기 균일도와 느타리버섯 품질에 미치는 영향을 평가할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단되었으며 재배사 내 공기교반 정도를 확인하기 위한 유동 가시화 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

In this study, durability and reliability were verified by developing a compost crushing equipment for mushroom cultivation that can perform both the compost turning process and the rice straw grinding process. Structural analysis and vibration analysis were performed. The designed compost crusher is designed with sufficient strength within the range that satisfies the safety factor as a result of structural analysis. In the case of the basic frame, it is judged to have sufficient safety against various impacts that may occur during transport or operation. As a result of the performance evaluation of the compost grinding device, it was measured to be capable of crushing and turning 11,630kg of compost in one hour, and it showed excellent performance in terms of work volume and loadable height.

본 시험은 재배과정 중 배지에서 분리한 미생물의 특성을 조사하여 이들 미생물과 버섯균의 생육과 연관관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 짚, 계분 등 배지 재료에서 분리한 미생 물의 양송이 균주에 대한 억제 정도는 국내 육성 양송이 균주가 외국에서 수입한 양송이 균주 보다 생육 억제 정도가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 양송이 배지 발효 단계별 분리 미생물의 양송이 품종간 균사 생육 억제 정도는 국내 육성 품종인 새도가 다른 품종보다는 생육이 좋았다. 그리고 발효과정이 진행됨에 따라 버섯균에 대한 억제 정도는 약해지는 경향을 보였다. 양송이 배지에서 분리한 미생물을 합성배지(CDA)에 도말한 뒤 버섯균사를 접종하여 균사의 생육을 조사한 결과와 분리균을 도말하고 항온기에서 2일간 배양한 후 배지를 완전히 뒤집어 배지의 뒷면 중앙에 버섯 균사를 접종하여 균사 생육을 조사한 결과를 비교 분석한 결과 양송이균의 생육 정도가 비슷한 경향을 보이는 것으로 보아 양송이 배지에서 분리한 미생물은 분비성 물질을 통해서 버섯균의 생육과 증식에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 양송이 균의 생육을 촉진하는 미생물을 분리한 결과 21균주가 선발되었고 대부분 4차 뒤집기 이후에서 많이 선발되었다. 대표적인 균주로는 Alcaligenes faecalis B-4-28, Comamonas testosteroni B- 4-31, Acinetobacter soli B-4-40 등이 있다.

표고 재배사내 진균류의 발생특성을 분석하기 위해 골목에서 발생한 진균류를 분리·동정하고 재배사내 온·습도 환경을 분석하였다. 표고골목에서 발생한 진균을 분석한 결과 Cladosporium sp., C. cladosporioides, C. anthropophilum, Pleosporales sp., Trichoderma harzianum, Acremonium sp. 6종으로 확인되었다. 재배사내 환경을 조사한 결과는 5월 1일부터 10월 12일 사이에 재배사내 최고·저 온도가 14.0~30.1oC, 평균습도는 82.8%으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 표고 재배과정 중 진균류의 발생이 활발한 초여름부터 가을철 사이에 철저한 재배관리가 중요하며, 한번 발병한 진균류는 연중 재배사내 생존이 가능하기 때문에 주기적으로 모니터링하여 사전에 유해 진균류 발생에 유리한 생육환경을 예방해야 한다.