Onion (Allium cepa L.) contains high levels of dietary fibers and antioxidants, including vitamin C, D, and folates. Onion is also known as a quercetin-rich vegetable with high flavonoid content. Onion peel contains over 20 times more quercetin than onion flesh. The aim of this study was to examine the question of whether onion peel extract supplementation has an effect on maximal exercise performance in rat. Onion peel extracts were extracted with hot water. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were maintained on a pellet diet for one week, and then randomly divided into five groups: Normal control, Positive control (quercetin 20 mg/kg), Onion peel 4 mg/kg, Onion peel 20 mg/kg, and Onion peel 100 mg/kg. Oral administration was performed daily. The experimental period was four weeks. Thereafter, animals were then forced to swim in water and the maximal exercise performance period from the swimming start time to the exhausted time, in which they failed to rise to the surface of the water to breathe within a 7 second period, was measured. After necropsy, weights of gastrocnemius muscles were measured. Lactate dehydrogenase concentration in serum was measured using an enzymatic method, using a commercial kit. The maximal exercise performance period was significantly longer in the onion peel extracts fed groups, compared with the control group. The lactate dehydrogenase concentration of the onion peel extracts fed groups was significantly lower, compared with the control group. Based on these results, we suggest that onion peel water extract supplementation can enhance exercise capacity caused by the mechanism of decreasing lactate dehydrogenase concentration.

The present study was conducted to develop persimmon peel, a by-product of dried persimmon manufacturing, as a feed additive via lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and three strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides were used as a starter culture in the solid state fermentation of persimmon peel, and antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content were assessed. Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCTC 3100 showed high antioxidant activity (p<0.05), whereas Pediococcus pentosaceus showed high total polyphenol content (p<0.05). These two strains were thus selected as starter culture strains. Glucose, sucrose and molasses were used as variables for optimization and a total 15 experimental runs were produced according to Box-Behnken design. Regarding significant effects of variables, molasses showed linear and square effects on antioxidant activity of persimmon peel fermentation (p<0.05). In conclusion, optimum concentrations of glucose, sucrose, and molasses were determined to be 4.2, 3.9 and 5.3 g/L, respectively, using a response surface model. Antioxidant activity was also improved 2.5 fold after optimization.

Orange peel (OP) exhibits a sorption capacity towards anionic dyes such as reactive blue 19 (RB19). Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant was used to modify the surface nature of OP to enhance its adsorption capacity for anionic dyes from an aqueous solution. Four adsorbents were investigated: the OP, sodium hydroxide-treated OP (SOP), CTAB-modified OP and CTAB-modified SOP. The physical and chemical properties of these sorbents were determined using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The adsorption of the RB19 dye was assessed with these sorbents at different solution pH levels and temperatures. The effect of the contact time was considered to determine the order and rate constants of the adsorption process. The adsorption data were analyzed considering the Freundlich, Langmuir, Elovich and Tempkin models. The adsorption of RB19 by the assessed sorbents is of the chemisorption type following pseudo-first-order kinetics. CTAB modification brought about a significant increase in RB19 adsorption, which was ascribed to the grafting of the sorbent with a cationic surfactant.

호박과피는 과육에 비해 매우 높은 16%의 식이섬유를 함유하고 있었고, 이로부터 분리된 호박과피펙틴은 53%의 galactuonic acid를 함량을 나타내었으나, 타 펙틴에 비해 매우 높은 메틸기를 함유한 high methoxyl pectin(HMP)로 확인되었다. 또한 0.34%의 낮은 수준이나, 일부 아세틸기를 함유하고 있어, 기존의 펙틴질과 차별화될 수 있는 구조적 특징을 보유하고 있었다. 담즙산과의 결합능에 있어서는 다른 펙틴질에 비해 비교적 높은 9%의 결합능을 보여, 식품 소재로서의 우수한 특성을 보유하고 있어 향후 식품 소재로서의 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

UV-C와 -B type의 lamp를 이용한 혼합 자외선(UV)조사의 조사시간, 조사온도 및 광 촉매제인 H2O2의분사농도변화를 이용하여 감귤껍질에 부착되어있는 농약을 제거하기 위한 공정의 최적화를 이루고자 하였다. Chloropyrifos에 대한 독립변수들의 영향력은 조사온도가 가장 컸으며 그 다음 조사시간, H2O2 분사농도 순 이었다. Methidathion은 조사시간이 가장 컸으며 조사온도, H2O2 분사농도 순으로 나타났다. EPN은 조사온도와 조사시간이 비슷하게 나타났고 H2O2 분사농도가 가장 작았다. UV감귤껍질의 농약 잔존량이 가장 작게 나타난 처리조건으로 chloropyrifos와 EPN에 대한 최적조건으로는 조사시간 60분, 조사온도 45oC, H2O2 분사농도 1000 ppm으로 나타났다. 반면에 methidathion의 경우에는 최적조건으로는 조사시간 60분, 조사온도 40oC, H2O2 분사농도 1000 ppm으로 나타났다. 최적공정조건에서 chloropyrifos, methidathion 및 EPN의 잔존 량은 조사 전의 각각 46, 49 및 28% 수준이었다.

본 연구에서는 감귤 과피 가공부산물로부터 기능성 polyphenol 및 flavonoid가 새로운 추출방법인 아임계 추출법을 통해 추출되었고, 열수(80oC), 에탄올, 설탕용액을 이용한 기존 추출법과의 추출효율이 비교 분석되었다. 건조된 감귤 과피로부터 총 polyphenol(27.25±1.33 mg QE/g DCP) 및 flavonoid(7.31±0.41 mg QE/g DCP)에 대한 최대 수율이 아임계 추출법(190°C, 1300 psi, 10 min)을 통해 획득되었으며, 이것은 기존 추출법 가운데 가장 높은 수율을 보인 에탄올 추출법을 통한 총 polyphenol(3.79±0.73 mg QE/g DCP) 및 flavonoid(0.86±0.27 mg QE/g DCP) 수율 대비 7.2배와 8.5배 이상 더 높은 것이었다. 추출방법에 따른 감귤 과피 추출물의 항산화 활성은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 이러한 결과는 건조 감귤 과피 1 g 당 아임계 추출법(190oC, 1300 psi, 10 min)에 의한 항산화 성분의 상대 수율(relative yield, %)이 다른 추출방법을 통해 획득된 것보다 대략 9.5배 이상 더 높다는 것을 설명하는 결과로, 아임계 추출법이 기존의 전통적 추출법에 비하여 감귤 과피의 기능성 polyphenol 및 flavonoid를 추출하는데 매우 적합한 방법임을 제시하고 있다.

Central composite design was applied for the ultrasound-assisted extraction from peel and seed of Campbell Early grapes and the extraction processes were optimized for the antiradical activities of the extracts by using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were 53.45% of ethanol concentration, 45.99oC of extraction temperature and 23.93 min of extraction time for the maximum antiradical activity of grape peel extract (54.98%) and 53.14% of ethanol 56.03oC of temperature and 29.03 min of time for maximum antiradical activity of grape seed extract (90.60%).

본 연구 결과 동결건조된 감귤과피 70% 메탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 836.8 ㎎%였으며 감귤과피 추출물 0.01, 0.02와 0.1%의 EDA는 각각 89.6, 86, 81.3%로 높았으며 아질산염 소거능은 pH 1.2에서 34.4%, pH 7.0에서 19.5%를 나타내어 산성 영역에서 높은 소거작용을 보였다. 또한 이들 추출물의 항산화효과는 옥배유의 경우 TBHQ 〉 BHT 〉 TOC 〉 ChEx 〉 EaEx 〉 EtEx 〉 WaEx 〉 Control 순이었고, 채종유의 경우 TBHQ 〉 ChEx 〉 EaEx 〉 BHT 〉 EtEx 〉 WaEx 〉 TOC 〉 Control 순이었다. 두 유지모두에서 에틸아세이트추출물(EaEx)과 클로로포름추출물(ChEx)이 에탄올추출물(EtEx)과 물추출물(WaEx) 보다 항산화 효과가 높았으며 첨가농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화 효과도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 감귤과피의 각 용매별 추출물의 공액이중산가도 에틸아세테이트추출물(EaEx)과 클로로포름추출물(ChEx)이 높았으며 이들의 항산화 효과는 TBHQ보다는 낮았으나 BHT, tocopherol과 비교하였을 때 거의 유사하거나 좀 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 한편 감귤과피 추출물은 우수한 항균력을 보여주었고 농도가 상승함에 따라 항균효과도 상승하였으며 이 효과는 그램 양성, 음성균주에서 고르게 나타나 천연 항균소재로서의 이용가능성을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과에서 감귤 과피는 총 폴리페놀 함량과 전자공여능 활성이 높아 항산화효과와 항균효과가 우수하게 나타나 감귤 과피의 기능성 이용도가 매우 높을 것으로 생각되며 감귤 가공 후 생기는 부산물들의 식품산업에서의 유용성도 높을 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, epidemiological evidence has raised concerns that moderate elevation in body iron stores may increase oxidative stress and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Onion flesh or peel contains antioxidant such as flavonoids and alk(en)ylcysteine sulphoxides. This study was conducted to examine the effect of onion flesh or peel feeding on antioxidative capacity in aged rats supplemented with high dietary iron. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male 16-month-old rats weighing 618±6g were acclimated for 10 days with medium-iron diet (35ppm in diet), and blocked into 4 groups according to their body weights and raised for 3 months on either control diets (adequate iron-35ppm or high iron-350ppm) or experimental diets containing onion flesh/peel (5% w/w in diet) with high iron (350ppm). Rats fed high iron-onion peel diet had significantly high quercetin and isorhamnetin levels in plasma whereas rats fed high iron-onion flesh diet did not show. Plasma TBARS level was lowered by onion flesh or peel diet with high iron supplementation. However, there was no significant difference in cellular DNA damage in brain and kidney tissue among all experimental groups. We concluded that high iron diet (10 times higher than requirement) tend to increase oxidative stress and it is plausible that onion flesh or peel feeding enhances antioxidative capacity in the elderly even with iron supplementation.

Aloe vera 껍질에서 항우식 및 항염증제재를 개발하기 위해 항우식 및 항염증 활성이 있는 물질을 분리, 정제하였고, 활성이 우수한 ethylacetate층을 silica gel column chromatography 및 preparative thin layer chromatography를 통해 두 가지 활성물질을 정제하였다. 정제된 두 가지 물질은 UV spectrum과 FT-IR, ^1H-NMR 및 Mass spectrum 분석을 통해 aloe-emodin과 barbaloin으로 동정하였다.

Aloe vera peel에서 항우식 및 함염증 활성이 있는 물질로 분리, 동정한 aloe-emodin과 barbaloin에 대한 Streptococcus mutans JC-2의 항균활성 및 glucosyltransferase (GTase)활성에 대한 저해 효과를 조사하였다, Aloe-emodin과 barbaloin은 Streptococcus mutans JC-2에 대해 강한 항균활성을 나타내었으며 100ug/mL 첨가농도에서는 lag phase가 연장되고 대수기의 생육도 저하되는 뚜렷한 항균효과가 있었다. 배양액의 pH의 감소폭은 대조군에 비해 aloe-emodin과 barbaloin의 첨가로 적게 나타났다. Streptococcus mutans JC-2의 세포질 성분들은 aloe-emodin과 barbaloin의 첨가농도가 증가할수록 많은 양이 누출되었으며, aloe-emodin과 barbaloin간의 세포막 손상에 있어 큰 차이는 없었다. GTase의 활성은 aloe-emodin과 barbaloin에 의해 저해되었으며 각각 100ug/mL 첨가 농도에서 각각 99.8, 98.4%의 저해율을 나타내었다.

Cu/Cr/polyimide 계에서 금속박막 두께와 폴리이미드 표면의 플라즈마 전처리 조건에 따른 필 테스트 결과로부터 Park와 Yu의 X-선 측정에 의한 방법과 Moidu등의 이론적 방법을 통애 Cr/polyimide 계면균열의 계면파괴에너지를 구했다. 두 방법으로 구한 박막의 소성일과 계면파괴어네지는 대부분의 경우에 대해 서로 잘 일치하였으며, 이와 같은 실험적 방법과 이론적 방법 모두 계면파괴에너지의 측정에 유용함을 알 수 있었다. 계면파괴에너지는 박막 두께에 거의 무관하였으며, 0.03, 0.036 그리고 0.05 W/cm2의 rf플라즈마 밀도에 대해 각각 46.8±17.8, 170.3±42.9 그리고 253.9±44.4 J/m2의 계면파괴에너지를 얻었다.

강유전체 재료의 하부전극으로 사용되고 있는 Pt/Ti 박막의 접착력에 대한 열처리 분위기의 영향을 연구하였다. 시편의 접착력은 90˚ 필 테스트 방법을 사용하여 정량적으로 측정하였다. 열처리 후 사용된 분이기에 관계없이 모두 접착력이 감소하였는데 특히 산소분위기에서 열처리 한 시편의 접착력이 매우 크게 감소하였다. AES depth profile과 단면 TEM을 이용하여 계면반응을 관찰한 결과 산소열처리시에는 Ti가 외부에서 확산해 온 산소와 반응하여 rutile TiO2상이 형성됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 산소열처리 후에 일어나는 접착력의 급격한 감소 원인은 열처리시 취약한 TiO2상이 형성되며 이로 인해 Ti 접착층이 고갈되기 때문임을 알 수 있었다.

감과육과 곶감 제조시에 폐기되는 많은 양의 감껍질의 유효성분을 비교 조사하였다. 감껍질은 과육부보다 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분 함량이 높았으며 그 중 조지방 및 조단백질의 함량이 크게 높았고 가용성 탄닌의 함량은 과육이 다소 높았다. 총당의 함량은 과육부의 함량이 크게 높았으며 구성당의 조성은 껍질부가 과육부보다 glucose와 fructose가 각각 약 절반씩 함유되어 있었으며 sucrose의 함량은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 전아미노산 함량은 껍질부가 과육부보다 높은 함량을 나타내었으나 유리아미노산은 과육부가 껍질부보다 오히려 높았다. 감과육의 주요 지방산은 oleic acid, palmitic acid 및 linoleic acid 였으며 감껍질은 oleic acid, linoleic acid 및 palmltic acid의 순으로 많았으며 특히 불포화지방산의 함량이 높았다. 과육분말 및 껍질분말을 이용하여 당과자를 제조하였으며 5~10% 첨가할 경우 기호성이 인정되었으며 곶감떡의 경우 감 절편(slice)제품은 10~20% 첨가시 기호도가 향상되었으나 껍질은 기호도가 낮았다. 감과육분말을 이용하여 개발한 죽제품의 경우 과육 3%외에 쌀가루, 찹쌀가루, 옥수수전분, 탈지분유 등을 첨가하였을 때 기호도가 높게 나타났으나 껍질로서는 죽제품의 개발이 어려웠다.

Magnetic activated carbon was prepared by adding a magnetic material to activated carbon that had been prepared from waste citrus peel in Jeju. The adsorption characteristics of an aqueous solution of the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) were investigated using the magnetic activated carbon, as an adsorbent, and response surface methodology (RSM). Batch experiments were carried out according to a four-factor Box-Behnken experimental design affecting TMP adsorption with their input parameters (TMP concentration: 50～150 mg/L; pH: 4～10; temperature: 293～323 K; adsorbent dose: 0.05～0.15 g). The significance of the independent variables and their interaction was assessed by ANOVA and t-test statistical techniques. Statistical results showed that TMP concentration was the most effective parameter, compared with others. The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of TMP, estimated with the Langmuir isotherm model were 115.9-130.5 mg/g at 293-323 K. Also, both the thermodynamic parameters, △H and △G, have both positive values, indicating that the adsorption of TMP by the magnetic activated carbon is an endothermic reaction and proceeds via an involuntary process.

Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C. (ZP) peels has been used as a natural spice and herb medicine for hypertension reduction, for strokes, and for its anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms employed by ZP have yet to be completely understood. In this study, we elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ZP in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. We evaluated the effects of ZP in LPS-induced levels of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and caspase-1 using ELISA. The expression levels of inflammatoryrelated genes, including cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were assayed by Western blot analysis. We elucidated the effect of ZP on nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation by means of a luciferase activity assay. The findings of this study demonstrated that ZP inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokine and PGE2 and inhibited the increased levels of COX-2 and iNOS caused by LPS. Additionally, we showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of ZP arises by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and caspase-1 in LPS- induced RAW264.7 cells. These results provide novel insights into the pharmacological actions of ZP as a potential candidate for development of new drugs to treat inflammatory diseases.

The adsorption characteristics of bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated using activated carbon based on waste citrus peel (which is abandoned in large quantities in Jeju Island), denoted as WCP-AC, and surface-modified with various P2O5 concentrations (WCP-SM-AC). Moreover, coconut-based activated carbon (which is marketed in large amounts) was surface-modified in an identical manner for comparison. The adsorption equilibrium of BPA using the activated carbons before and after surface modification was obtained at nearly 48 h. The adsorption process of BPA by activated carbons and surface-modified activated carbons was well-described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The experimental data in the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm model. With increasing P2O5 concentration (250-2,000 mg/L), the amounts of BPA adsorbed by WCP-SM-AC increased till 1,000 mg/L of P2O5; however, above 1,000 mg/L of P2O5, the same amounts adsorbed at 1,000 mg/L of P2O5 were obtained. With increasing reaction temperature, the reaction rate increased, but the adsorbed amounts decreased, especially for the activated carbon before surface modification. The amounts of BPA adsorbed by WCP-AC and WCP-SM-AC were similar in the pH range of 5-9, but significantly decreased at pH 11, and increased with increasing ionic strength due to screening and salting-out effects.

Waste citrus peel-based activated carbon (WCAC) was prepared from waste citrus peels by activation with KOH. The removal of Cu and Pb ions from aqueous solution by the prepared WCAC was investigated in batch experiments. The solution pH significantly influenced Cu and Pb adsorption capacity and the optimum pH was 4 to 6. The adsorption of Cu and Pb ions by WCAC followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir isotherm model was 31.91 mg/g for Cu and 92.22 mg/g for Pb. As the temperature was increased from 303 K to 323 K, the ΔG˚ value decreased from –7.01 to –8.57 kJ/mol for Cu ions and from –0.87 to –2.06 kJ/mol for Pb ions. These results indicated that the adsorption of Cu and Pb by WCAC is a spontaneous process.