본 논문은 외르크 임멘도르프(Jörg Immendorff, 1945-2007)의 회화 <카페 도이칠랜 드 Café Deutschland>(1978-1982) 연작에 나타난 임멘도르프의 자화상을 통해 당대 독 일의 시대상을 알아 볼 수 있는 연구이다. 임멘도르프는 독일 서독 태생의 작가이며 신 표현주의(Neo-expressionism) 화파의 대표적인 화가이다. 임멘도르프는 뒤셀도르프 아 카데미(Düsseldorff Academy)시절 스승인 요셉 보이스(Joseph Beuys, 1921-1986)로부 터 서독 자본주의와 물질주의의 지배에 대한 비판의식에 강한 자극을 받아 서독 자본주 의 이면에 팽배한 모순적 현상에 대해 주목하게 된다. 이러한 의식 아래 임멘도르프는 정형화된 예술에서 탈피하여 다양한 기존 사회 체제를 비판하는 반(反)예술 성향의 사 회 운동가적 퍼포먼스를 펼치며 대중사회에 자신의 이념을 전달하였다. 또한 임멘도르 프는 분단된 독일 사회에도 깊은 관심을 가지고 1976년부터 동독 작가 펭크(A.R.Penck, 1939-)와 교류하게 되었다. 이후 1978년을 기점으로 회화 <카페 도이칠랜드>에서 냉전 후 동독과 서독으로 분리된 혼란한 독일의 모습을 혼잡한 카페(café)라는 독일 사회의 축소판으로 설정하였다. 이렇듯 임멘도르프는 사회적 문제점들을 다양한 상징적 요소들 을 사용함으로써 예술이 사회 변혁을 이룰 수 있는 도구로 보았으며, 예술과 사회가 통 합된 삶을 이룩하기를 원하는 일종의 사회적 예술가의 사명감을 가지고 있었다. 또한 임멘도르프는 <카페 도이칠랜드>의 역사적 함의를 강조하기위해 실제 당대 독일에서 일어난 사건들을 겪은 본인의 자화상을 다양한 모습으로 <카페 도이칠랜드>에 표현했 다. 이와 같은 점은 <카페 도이칠랜드>가 시대상을 투영함으로써 역사적 가치를 가지는 동시에 그 시대를 직접 경험한 임멘도르프 개인의 일대기적인 회화라고도 볼 수 있다. 따라서 임멘도르프는 <카페 도이칠랜드>에 다양한 본인의 자화상을 직접적으로 화면에 등장시킴으로써 그가 예술가로서 실행할 수 있는 정치, 사회적 역할에 대한 깊은 고심과 사회의 부조리에 맞서는 모습들을 캔버스에 생생히 표출했다고 볼 수 있다.

In this study, we used flow a cytometric assay to evaluate plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity in post-thawed sperm that was supplemented with ginsenoside-Rg1. Varying concentrations of ginsenoside-Rg1 (0, 25, 50 and 100 μM/ml) were used in the extender during cryopreservation to protect the DNA of thawed sperm, thereby increasing the viability and motility rate as evaluated using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) method. The results derived from CASA were used to compare the fresh, control, and ginsenoside-Rg1 groups. Sperm motility and the number of progressively motile sperm were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 50 μM/ml ginsenoside-Rg1 group (61.0±4.65%) than in the control (46.6±7.02%), 25 μM/ml (46.2±4.76%), and 100 μM/ml ginsenoside-Rg1 (52.0± 1.90%) groups. However, the velocity distribution of post-thawed sperm did not differ significantly. Membrane integrity and MMP staining as revealed using flow cytometry were significantly (p<0.05) higher (91.6±0.82%) in the 50 μM/ml ginsenoside-Rg1 group than in the other groups. Here, we report that ginsenoside-Rg1 affects the motility and viability of boar spermatozoa. Moreover, ginsenoside- Rg1 can be used as a protective additive for the suppression of intracellular mitochondrial oxidative stress caused by cryopreservation.

팽화홍삼으로부터 용매추출, 용매분획 및 silica gel column chromatography를 반복하여 두 개의 화합물을 분리하였다. 이들 두 화합물의 결정특성, 녹는점, 비선광도, Infrared spectrum 분석 결과, TLC에서의 Rf값, HPLC에서의 retention time 및 NMR 데이터를 측정하여 고찰한 결과 두 개의 화합물은 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3와 ginsenoside Rg5임을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 1H- 및 13C-NMR 데이터를 HSQC 및 HMBC와 같은 2D-NMR 실험을 통하여 더욱 정확하게 동정하였다.

Background : Obesity, a global health problem and a chronic diseases, is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseases. A wide variety of natural remedies have been explored for their obesity treatment potential. To elucidate the anti-obesity effect of ginsenoside Rg5 : Rk1 (Rg5 : Rk1), a mixture of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer in a 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods and Results : In order to determinate the anti-obesity effect of Rg5 : Rk1, Oil Red O staining and triglyceride (TG) content was assessed. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible mechanism whether Rg5:Rk1 affects lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression analyses of adipocyte markers such as STAT3, PPARγ, CBEPα and ap2 were carried out. Rg5:Rk1 treatment showed an inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation and decrease on TG content. In addition, expression of STAT3, PPARγ, CEBPα and ap2 were decreased in dose dependent manner. Similar to these results, Rg5:Rk1 treatment reduced PPARγ and CEBPα protein expression. Conclusion : Rg5 : Rk1 treatment exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by down-regulation of the STAT3PPARγ/CEBPα pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line.

Background : Korean mountain ginseng adventitious roots culture extract fermentation product (KGEF) is increased the content of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 by purifying, steaming, and fermentation of the wild ginseng adventitious roots culture. In Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, the analysis method of low molecular weight ginsenoside (Rk1, Rg5, Rh2, compound K, etc.) has not been proven, therefore we conducted validation to confirm the suitability of the qualitative and quantitative analysis method for Rk1 and Rg5. Methods and Results : Quantitative analysis was performed at a maximum absorption wavelength of 203 ㎚ (specificity). It was confirmed that the retention time of each peak of Rk1 and Rg5 was separated by chromatogram. The separation degree of Rk1 and Rg5 was 2.15 more as 1.5 a result of calculation according to the formula to evaluate the separation limit. (accuracy). The recovery rate was 101.5% of Rk1 and 103.9% of Rg5 in KGEF. (repeatability). The area value of ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 showed high reproducibility with relative standard deviation Rk1 0.86% and Rg5 0.68%. Retention time was also reproducible with relative standard deviation Rk1 of 0.054% and Rg5 of 0.09%. (linearity). The correlation coefficients were 0.999 of Rk1 and 0.999 of Rg5. The reproducibility of retention time in linearity was also high, with relative standard deviation Rk1 0.0017% and Rg5 0.0017% (limit of quantification, limit of detection). The quantitative limit of Rk1 was 53.73 ㎍/㎖ and the detection limit was 17.73 ㎍/㎖ and the detection limit of Rg5 was 259.03 ㎍/㎖ and detection limit was 85.48 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : In this study, we validated ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 for identification and content testing. It will be enables to verify physicochemical differentiation and analytical methods, and to be a research-based data of low molecular weight ginsenosides.

Background : While the anti-inflammatory effects of 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) have been studied, it remains unclear how Rg3 regulates lipid metabolism in inflammatory macrophages. Thus, in this study, we characterized some eicosanoids related to the anti-inflammatory effects of 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in murine macrophages. Methods and Results : UPLC-MS/MS was used to profile various eicosanoids from RAW264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Rg3. The profiling data were statistically analyzed by principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis and analysis of variance. The anti-inflammatory effect of Rg3 was validated by assessing the levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 in the activated macrophages treated with Rg3. A total of 69 eicosanoids were analyzed in RAW264.7 cells. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses differentiated control cells from cells treated with LPS, Rg3, or LPS + Rg3 for 12 or 24 h. Furthermore, some differentially regulated compounds were found between macrophages treated with LPS for 24 h and those treated with LPS + Rg3 for 24 h. Conclusion : Rg3 alters eicosanoid metabolism in activated macrophages treated with LPS. Furthermore, we identified several eicosanoids correlated with the anti-inflammatory activity of Rg3.

Background : The minor saponins produced by the hydrolysis of a major saponins sugar. The minor saponins has high absorption and efficacy compared to major saponin. The acid treatment, heat treatment and fermentation with minor saponin research has been actively conducted. This study was performed in order to investigate the bioconversion of ginsenoside Rg5 of fermented wild ginseng adventitious roots by using lactic acid bacteria. Methods and Results : 20g adventitious roots of ginseng was added to water (10-fold v/w). 10% (v/v) of lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702[KACC 81017BP]) were inoculated with wild ginseng adventitious roots. For the fermentation process the inoculated samples were transferred to culture room for 1, 3 and 5 days. The fermented samples were dried at room temperature and extracted with 70% ethanol. Extract was concentrated completely at 50 ℃ and Rg5 was analysed by using HPLC. Results showed no significant difference the dry weight of non-fermented and fermented wild ginseng adventitious roots. During the fermentation process, the pH changed from 5.7 to 4.2. HPLC analysis showed higher ginsenoside Rg5 (39.588 mg/g) at 3 days. Conclusion : The fermentation of ginseng root can increase the Rg5 contents and minor saponin composition. This process may be used to enhance the minor saponin thereby increasing in fermented property of wild ginseng adventitious roots.

방사선과 paraquat에 의해서 유도된 간 손상에 대한 홍삼추출물의 보호효과를 비교 연구하였다. ICR계 생쥐에게 X선의 5Gy조사와 paraquat투여 7일 전부터 홍삼추출물(200mg/kg/day)을 투여하였다. 대조군은 생리적 식염수를 투여하고 방사선조사군은 생리적 식염수를 투여하면서 5Gy를 조사하였다. 홍삼추출물 투여군은 7일 전부터 홍삼추출물(200mg/kg/day)을 투여하면서 5Gy를 조사하였다. Paraquat투여군은 7일 전부터 홍삼추출물(200mg/kg/day)을 투여하면서 paraquat(30mg/kg/day)를 투여하였다. 그리고 각각의 실험군에서 간조직의 H2O2, catalase, MDA를 측정하였다. 그 결과 방사선조사군과 paraquat투여군보다 홍삼추출물 투여군에서 catalase함량이 유의성 있게 증가하여 간의 보호효과가 있었으며 H2O2와 MDA함량도 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 홍삼추출물은 간 조직에 대한 방사선조사 및 paraquat투여로부터 매우 우수한 방호제라고 할 수가 있다.

Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) contained only in red ginseng has been found to show various pharmacological effects such as an anticancer, antiangiogenetic, antimetastastic, liver protective, neuroprotective immunomodulating, vasorelaxative, antidiabetic, insulin secretion promoting and antioxidant activities. It is well known that G-Rg3 could be divided into 20(R)-Rg3 and 20(S)-Rg3 according to the hydroxyl group attached to C-20 of aglycone, whose structural characteristics show different pharmacological activities. It has been reported that G-Rg3 is metabolized to G-Rh2 and protopanaxadiol by the conditions of the gastric acid or intestinal bacteria, thereby these metabolites could be absorbed, suggesting its absolute bioavailability (2.63%) to be very low. Therefore, we reviewed the chemical, physical and biological transformation methods for the production on a large scale of G-Rg3 with various pharmacological effects. We also examined the influence of acid and heat treatment-induced potentials on for the preparation method of higher G-Rg3 content in ginseng and ginseng products. Futhermore, the microbial and enzymatic bio-conversion technologies could be more efficient in terms of high selectivity, efficiency and productivity. The present review discusses the available technologies for G-Rg3 production on a large scale using chemical and biological transformation.

최근 들어 홍삼의 발모효과가 실험적으로 입증이 되었으나 임상적인 효능에 대해서는 아직 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 임상시험에서는 홍삼사포닌 Rg3 0.003%가 함유된 샴푸(Somang Co., Korea)의 사용에 따른 탈모방지 및 발모 탈모 및 발모효과를 인체적용시험을 통해 확인하고자 한다. 탈모로 진단된 42명의 환자가 참여하였으며, 홍삼사포닌 Rg3 0.003%가 함유된 헤어샴푸를 사용하는 군과 홍삼사포닌 Rg3 0.003%를 제외한 헤어샴푸를 사용하는 군으로 나누어 16주간 제품 사용 후 모발의 굵기, 밀도, 성장속도를 측정하였고, 탈모 개선 정도의 전문가 육안평가 및 피험자의 주관적 만족도로 평가하였다. 또한 제품사용의 피험자 주관적 기호도를 추가적으로 조사하였다. 시험 결과 시험제품 사용 후 16주에서 모발의 굵기, 모발의 밀도 및 모발 성장속도가 모두 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였으며 전문가 육안평가와 피험자의 주관적 설문평가, 환자의 기호도 면에서도 시험제품이 더 우수한 결과를 보였다. 결론적으로 홍삼사포닌 Rg3가 함유된 샴푸는 피부에 자극 없이 탈모방지 및 양모개선 효과에 도움을 주는 제품으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at 90℃ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[α]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.