Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) is perennial plant and commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat numerous diseases like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and some viral diseases. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral properties of crude extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza against Influenza virus. In an attempt to identify new potential anti-influenza virus agents, 200 natural oriental herbal medicines were screened and we found that Salvia miltiorrhiza has a potential anti-influenza effect. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effect of aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza against divergent influenza A subtypes using murine model of influenza A infection. Effective dose of aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza in BALB/c mice displayed higher survival rate and lower lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of influenza A subtypes ({A/Aquatic bird/Korea/ W81/2005(H5N2)}, {A/PR/8/34(H1N1)}, {A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W44/2005(H7N3)} and {A/Chicken/ Korea/116/2004(H9N2)}). In vivo results exhibited that Salvia miltiorrhiza induced prophylactic effect in BALB/c mice against Influenza virus by disrupting viral replication or preventing viral infection by creating an antiviral state in the lungs. Taken together, the use of aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza as an orally active antiviral agent, will be potential candidates for prophylactic treatments against Influenza A virus for humans and animals.

This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean cultivation Salvia miltiorrhiza forproduction of functional oyster mushroom. Mycerial growth was slow at addition of Salvia miltiorrhiza, and significant differenceby increase of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Yields of fruiting body show the highest to 139.5g/850ml of medium which are addition 5g/bottle of Salvia miltiorrhiza but rapid decrease by increase of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Diameter of pileus and thick of stipes were higherat addition Salvia miltiorrhiza than those of the controls. Thick of pileus and length of stipes were the highest at addition 30g, and20g and 30g of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The L value of stipes were the highest at addition 20g and 50g of Salvia miltiorrhiza and theL value of pileus were the highest at addition 30g of Salvia miltiorrhiza, but there was no significant difference in the a-value andthe b-value.

We previously prepared a standardized and purified extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, PF2401-SF, and showed that it protected against hepatic injury more effectively than ethanol based extraction. In this study, we determined the hepatoprotective mechanisms of PF2401-SF in vivo. Hepatic injury was induced in mice by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Treatment with PF2401-SF (1 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the plasma. PF2401-SF treatment resulted in further elevation of the CCl4-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which contributed to the PF2401-SF-mediated liver protection. Additionally, PF2401-SF treatment significantly reduced the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation induced by CCl4. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effect of PF2401-SF, a standardized fraction of S. miltiorrhiza, against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice arises from its induction effect on HO-1 and inhibitory effect on JNK phosphorylation.

The effect of the ethanol extract from salviae miltiorrhizae radix (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on the microbial growth and the stability of the extracted antimicrobial material were investigated. The ethanol extract had strong growth inhibition activity (MIC, 3.13-50.0 pg/ml) against Gram-positive bacteria such as B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus. Among Gram-positive bacteria tested, B. subtilis was the most susceptible to the extracted substance. While the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was weak (MIC, 400-800 ug/ml) to E. coli and yeasts (C. albicans. Sacch. diastaticus). The ethanol extract had bactericidal action at higher concentration than MIC against B. subtilis, while the extract had only bacteriostatic action against S. aureus. The extracted antimicrobial substance was stable in the pH range of 4.0 to 10.0, heat treatment at 121℃ for 15 min, and freezing and thawing

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term endurance exercise and Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar on body composition and insulin resistance of high-fat diet (30% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 20% protein) induced obese rats. After 8 weeks of high fat diet (50% of total calories), rats were divided into 4 groups (sedentary group, n=10; exercise group, n=10; Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10; exercise+Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10) for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, diet intake volume, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma total cholesterol were measured. The results showed that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar plus endurance exercise training for 8 weeks significantly improved body weight control, visceral fat weight, and insulin resistance. However, only Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar treatment did not significantly improve body composition and insulin resistance. In addition, there was no additive by the combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar and endurance exercise in insulin, body fat, and total cholesterol. The reduction of body fat, glucose, insulin and cholesterol by combination was resulted from the exercise. These results suggest that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar has slight effect on anti-hyperglycemia and anti-obesity.

Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used for treating heart and liver disease. In the present study, the influences of temperature on photosynthetical capacity of S. miltiorrhiza under controlled cultivation environment using growth chamber were investigated because of providing information about growth and secondary metabolite synthesis. And effect of harvesting time on growth properties and constituents such as salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA were evaluated. Maximum photosynthesis rate (5.102 μmol CO2/m2/s) and net apparent quantum yield (0.147 μmol CO2/m2/s), stomatal conductance (0.035 mmol/m2/s) and water use efficiency (7.108 μmol CO2/mmol H2O) was highest at 20℃. Results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that elevated temperature had contributed to reduce a quantum yield and electron flux in photosystem. This result demonstrated that favorable temperature condition was determined at 20℃. Contents of salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA was highest in root sample harvested at 20 March, whereas growth and yield of S. miltiorrhiza had no significant differences with harvesting time. Therefore, this study shows that temperature play an important role in photosynthetic activity and harvesting time have influence upon accumulation of constituents in root of S. miltiorrhiza.

본 연구는 국내산 단삼을 활용하여 amylase계, cellulase 계, pectinase계 및 protease계 효소제를 이용한 저온 추출법 에 따른 단삼 추출물의 이화학적 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 단삼 추출물의 수율, pH, 당도 및 색도 변화는 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 60℃, 4시간 처리구에서 58.3%, pH 6.04, 5.97°Brix와 65.06(L) 및 35.13(b)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, a값은 protease계 효소를 이용하여 60℃에서 처리구에서 14.88로 붉은색을 나타내었다. 효소제를 이용한 단삼 추출 물의 항산화능은 추출농도 55 ppm에서 DPPH 및 ABTs 소거능 84.25 및 74.11%로 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 6 0℃, 4시간 처리구에서 가장 높은 소거능을 나타내었다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 60℃효소 처리구간들에서 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 단삼 추출물의 salvianolic acid B 함량은 60℃에서 4시간, amylase계 효소구에서 3,002 mg%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, cryptotanshinone 함량은 60℃ 4시간 amylase 및 protease계 효소 처리구에서 3.8 mg%으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, tanshinon Ⅰ함량은 60℃ 4시간 protease계 효소구에서 14.2 mg%으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 단삼 의 저온 효소 추출시 단삼 추출물의 지표성분의 안정적 추출이 가능한 바, 기능성 소재로서 대량생산을 통한 산업 적 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 효소제를 이용한 저온 효소추출법은 천연물의 다양한 원료에 접목시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Background : This study examined the effect of harvesting time on the growth, yield characteristics, and major beneficial components in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results : Although plant height, stem diameter and branch length were not affected by harvesting time, the number of stems was highest when harvested in mid October. There were no differences in root length and thickness, however, the rhizome was thicker when it was harvested at the end of October or early November than when it was harvested in early and mid October. The dried root weight also showed a similar pattern. However, there was a statistically significant increase to 408 ㎏ (16%) in the rhizome weight when in late October and a rise to 455 ㎏ (29%) when harvested in early November. Harvest time had little effect on the content of the major component of S. miltiorrhiza. For example, salvianolic acid content rose from 9.42 to 9.64% with later harvest times, and tanshinone ΠA content was tended to be slightly more increased in mid October which S. miltiorrhiza has 0.22% tanshinon ΠA than in early October. Conclusions : According to these results, the optimum harvest time for S. miltiorrhiza is early November when plant or major component yields are hightest. There were no significant harvest time effects on the major beneficial components.

This study was carried out to investigate the variation of growth and yield using different planting densities and vinyl mulching in S. miltiorrhiza cultivation. Top plant growth was observed in the 30×30cm planting density of S. miltiorrhiza;, plant height, leaves and branches were larger than in the other treatments. Root length, root diameter, and supporting roots of underground part were increased as planting density was wide, and dry root weight was increased in 30×30cm. However, yield was highest at 294 kg/10a in the planting density of 30×10cm. The use of 30-31cm white and black vinyl mulching had no significant effect on the plant height of S. miltiorrhiza, as compared to non-mulching. However, the highest volume of leaves and plant weight was observed in plants using 24.7 black vinyl mulching. Dry underground root weight was highest in black vinyl mulching at 21.7 g compared to 17.0 g for non-mulching. Yield per 10a increased by 28% using black vinyl mulching compared to non-mulching. Based on the results of this study, planting density of 30×10cm and black vinyl mulching are the most suitable in the cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza.

본 연구에서는 발모의 성장결여로부터 모내기의 천연성분에 의한 침투력, 침투면적, 모발성장속도, 모발의 수 및 표면에 미치는 영향에 관하여 조사를 수행하였다. 제모를 통한 모발의 성장 속도와 모내기의 피부 침투력, 약물도달 부위를 CLSM710 공초점 현미경으로 관찰하였는데, 고삼, 단삼 및 인삼의 혼합물인 모내기를 10 μg/ml 농도로 처리한 그룹에서는 정상군과 대조군과 비교시 33 ± 4과 60 ± 6 (AFI: 인위적 형광강도)인데 반해, 약 6782 ± 67 AFI (인위적 형광강도)으로 약 205배와 113배의 침투능력을 나타내었고 면적은 정상군과 대조군은 각각 약 22 ± 3와 44 ± 6 AFI인데 반해 모내기군은 약 5602 ± 45 AFI였고 각각 255배와 127배 정도 침투면적의 확대되었음을 관찰하였다. 또한 confocal LSM700으로 관찰한 결과 대조군은 진피층에 존재하는 collagen IV에서 아무런 녹색형광이 없는 반면 모내기군은 collagen IV이 함유한 진피층에서 강한 녹색형광이 관찰하였는데, 이는 모내기 주성분이 피부 진피층까지 도달한 것이라 사료되고 남자 15명과 여자 5명 중 20대 4명(20 %), 30대 10명(50 %), 그리고 40대 이상 6명(30 %)의 내원환자의탈모의 털 직경과 표면, 탈모의 수, 그리고 발모의 수를 조사하여 본 결과 평균 약 75 % 개선효과를 나타내므로 모내기의 천연성분이 발모인자의 활성화를 촉진하여 모낭 성장을 촉진시키는 기능을 유도하리라 사료된다.

단삼(丹蔘)을 bioassay-directed fractionation에 의한 에탄올 추출물의 클로로포롬 분획물을 silica gel column chromatography, recycling preparative-HPLC 등을 실시하여 항균활성을 나타내는 2개의 화합물을 분리하여 이화학적 성상 및 spectra data (IR,1H-NMR, 13C-NMR 및 Mass)에 의해 각각 Cryptotanshinone과 dihydrotanshinone I으로 동정하였으며, 이들 화합물의 항균성 (MIC)은 각각 S. epidermidis에 대하며 6.3, 3.1 μg/ml와 S. pyogenes에 대해 6.3 μg/ml로 비교적 높은 활성을 나타내어 항생제로서 개발 가능성을 보여주었다.