The purpose of this study was to develop a side protection device for school buses for children. In the case of the door side impact beam, it plays a very important role because it protects passengers from external collisions. However, in the case of a school bus for children, the space between the door and the door trim is very narrow, unlike a general passenger car. So, as an alternative to this, we are trying to develop Rub Rail, which is compulsory for children's school buses in the United States. Based on the results of structural analysis according to the cross-sectional shape of the rub rail, we want to find out the appropriate shape of the rub rail.

본 연구의 목적은 코로나19 시대 간호대학 신입생의 성장마인드셋, 교수지지, 학교생활적응의 관계를 확인하고, 학교생활적응에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위한 서술적 연구이다. 연구 대상자는 G 광역시 소재 간호대학 신입생 248명으로 자료수집은 2022년 10월 4일에서 10월 31일까지 진행되었다. 수 집된 자료는 SPSS/WIN 28.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson 상관계수, 다중회 귀분석으로 분석하였다. 연구결과, 학교생활적응은 성장마인드셋(r=.51, p<.000), 교수지지(r=.54, p<.000) 와 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 간호대학 신입생의 학교생활적응에 영향을 미치는 요인은 교수지지(β =.38, p<.001), 전공만족도에서 매우 만족이라고 답한 대상자(β=.31, p<.001), 성장마인드셋(β=.26, p<.001), 전공만족도에서 만족이라고 답한 대상자(β=.16, p=.015), 여학생(β=.14, p=.005) 순으로 나타 났으며, 이들 요인은 학교생활적응을 44.0% 설명하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 간호대학 신입생의 학교생활 적응을 증진시키는 전략을 개발하는데 유용하게 활용될 것이다. 향후 대상자를 확대하여 간호대학 신입생 의 학교생활적응을 설명할 수 있는 후속 연구를 제언한다.

This study aimed to examine the effects of creativity-enhanced tasks on middle school students’ English performance, creativity development, and perceptions of creativity and affective factors including motivation and attitudes toward English learning. The participants were 49 middle school students in Seoul, Korea. The experimental group was treated with creativity-enhanced tasks whereas the control group received traditional English instruction. The overall study was carried out for fourteen weeks. The main findings are summarized as the following. First, there were no significant differences found between the experimental and the control group in terms of language performance. Second, the experimental group indicated substantial improvement in creativity, especially regarding fluency and originality. Finally, the results revealed positive changes in students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and attitudes toward English learning. The findings of this study are expected to provide practical insights to English teachers and educators who hope to foster creativity in students by supporting a creativity-enhanced language classroom.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify and understand the experience of entering graduate school in an advanced practice nursing program in the COVID-19 situation. Methods: This qualitative study used content analysis. The data collection using the focus group and in-depth interviews was conducted from February 11 to September 2, 2022. Results: Six themes and 27 subthemes emerged through the qualitative content analysis. The themes included: “Graduate school: The next step”. “Concerns prior to attending grauate school”, “Learning in the COVID-19 era: Differences between expectations and reality”, “Overcoming the challenges of graduate school”, “Education: A stepping stone to becoming a specialist”, “Changes in self and others’ perceptions”. Conclusion: This study confirmed the growth and change of nurses through the experience of entering an advanced practice nursing program in the COVID-19 era.

Purpose: The aim of this study investigated the transition experience of novice nurses working in a tertiary hospital, focusing on the difference between nursing school education and clinical nursing practice. Methods: The data were collected through an unstructured, in-depth interview with 14 recently employed nurses from October 2020 to January 2021. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: The main theme of the transition experience perceived by new graduate nurses was confirmed as ‘reality shock’. In the process of identifying the main themes, five categories, sixteen sub- categories, and sixty-two concepts were derived. The five categories were, ‘Clinical field different from school education setting’, ‘Nursing school education in need of change’, ‘Strengths and limitations of clinical training in schools and hospitals’, ‘Difficulty in establishing relationships and communicating’, and ‘struggling to stand alone’. Conclusion: To minimize the reality shock experienced by novice nurses, nursing schools should innovate their traditional teaching methods based on the changing characteristics of the novice nurses and the clinical environment. In nursing practice, hospitals should grant more time to the nurses for adaptation and diversify mentoring programs comparable to internships for novice nurses.

The purpose of this study is to analyze students' learning characteristics regarding spatial ability, orienteering ability and earth science content learning ability and their relationship through development and application of earth science activities using orienteering. The programme aims to improve students' spatial ability using orienteering activity which requires spatial ability. Topics in the programme included map, compass, contour, movement of celestial, and constellation application. Students were to orienteer in the field using the method they learned in class. This programme was applied to five 7th graders. The results are, first, students who have positive attitude toward science and do well at school tended to perceive their orienteering ability high. Second, all parts of spatial ability, spatial visualization, spatial orientation, spatial relation were used during orienteering, especially spatial visualization and spatial orientation. The relationship between spatial ability, orienteering ability, and earth science content learning abilities was not clear. However, orienteering ability and earth science content learning ability were in similar tendency.

This study evaluated the quality of school milk programs and analyzed the relative importance of school milk program selection attributes using conjoint analysis. The survey was conducted on students from middle and high schools in metropolitan cities that provide school milk programs. Responses were received from 414 students and the data was subjected to frequency analysis, t-test, and conjoint analysis using the SPSS Statistics Package. While evaluating white milk in the school milk program, middle school students rated ‘packaging condition’ (4.23) the highest, high school students rated ‘nutrition’ (4.64) the highest, and their evaluation of all the quality attributes was significantly different from that of middle school students (p<0.001). Overall satisfaction scores too, showed a significant difference between high school (4.46) and middle school students (4.01) (p<0.001). Processed milk & dairy products had the highest satisfaction score in the attribute of ‘serving time’ (4.57). The relative importance of the choice attributes of the school milk program was in the order of ‘number per item’ (62.260%), ‘temperature’ (25.708%), and ‘serving method’ (12.032%) for all students. The school milk program most preferred by all students and middle school students was to provide milk at a refrigerated temperature, select white milk three times a week, processed milk, fermented milk, and cheese twice a week, and provide it at the desired time.

본 연구는 중학생이 지각하는 주 양육자와의 부모애착, 또래관계, 회복탄력성에 대한 인식의 차이를 알아보고, 또래관 계 및 회복탄력성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 중학생 304명을 대상으로 설문 자료를 수집하 였고, SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학생이 지각하는 부모애 착, 또래관계, 회복탄력성은 보통 수준이었고, 개인 배경에 따라 다소 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 또래관계에 영향을 미치는 요 인은 부모애착의 신뢰감과 소외감이었으며, 셋째, 회복탄력성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 부모애착의 신뢰감과 또래관계의 신뢰감, 또래관계의 의사소통으로 나타났다. 결국, 중학생의 또래관계와 회복탄력성을 높이기 위해서는 부모 및 또래와 의 신뢰감을 높이고 또래 간에 긍정적인 의사소통이 이루어지는 것이 중요하다. 결론적으로 부모들은 부모애착에 대한 인식을 새롭게 하고 자녀와의 안정 애착을 함양하기 위해 노력하여야 하며, 학교, 사교육기관 및 교육기업, 지역사회 단 체들은 중학생들이 또래관계에서 신뢰감을 쌓고 긍정적인 의사소통을 통해 회복탄력성을 높일 수 있도록 인성교육과 자 존감 향상 프로그램을 기획하고 운영할 필요가 있다.

PURPOSES : Speed management is essential for enhancing children’s safety in school zones. The objectives of this study are to analyze how digital-based school zone signs and newly proposed signage for increasing visibility influence speed reductions and how the new system facilitates drivers obeying the speed limits. METHODS : A before/after analysis technique with comparison groups (widely used to evaluate safety effects) was employed. To effectively capture the safety effects of the new system, two significant measures were selected as the measures of effectiveness: the rates of change in space mean speeds and speed limit compliance. RESULTS : With three target sites and three comparison sites, the mean space speeds after installing the new systems were found to be slightly reduced for all target sites (the reduction rates of the space mean speed were found to be 5% for site A, 1% for site B, and 6% for site C). The lack of a constant tendency in speed reduction effects at all sites might be owing to the fact that the speed data collection was conducted before the driver's system adaptation was sufficiently performed. Regarding the speed limit compliance rate, significant increases were observed at two sites (10% for site A and 51% for site C), but site B did not show an increasing effect. The reason for the absence of this effect is that the installation of crosswalks and speed bumps at the target site affected the driver's compliance with the speed limit. CONCLUSIONS : An insufficient amount of evaluation results was obtained for the new guidance system. However, the new guidance system method provides an alternative approach to improving children's safety, i.e., by inducing drivers to actively slow down in school zones.

우리나라는 1990년대 중반 이후 학교폭력이 미디어에 알려진 이래 저연령화, 잔인화, 집단화의 경 향을 띄고 있고, 현재는 주요 사회문제로 자리 잡았다. 이런 학교폭력에 대응하기 위해 2004년 <학교 폭력예방 및 대책에 관한 법률>(학교폭력예방법)이 제정되어 몇 차례의 개정을 거쳤다. 현재 <학교폭 력예방법>은 2020년 3월 개정 시행되고 있다. <학교폭력예방법>은 개정 때마다 보완 조항들이 신설되 는 등 학교폭력의 변화 양상에 대응해 오고 있다. 하지만 법은 관련 사회문제에 완벽하게 대응할 수는 없는 게 주지의 사실이다. 이런 관점에서 본 연구는 2020년 3월 개정된 <학교폭력예방법>의 주요 내 용 및 한계들을 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 <학교폭력예방법>의 과제를 고민해 보고자 한다. 구체적으로, 본 연구는 <학교폭력예방법>과 관련된 선행연구 및 문헌들을 검토하여 <학교폭력예방법>의 개정 내 용들을 살펴보았다. 그 후 개정 <학교폭력예방법>의 내용과 쟁점, 한계, 과제들을 톺아보았다. 본 연구 의 논의 결과, 개정 <학교폭력예방법>은 학교폭력심의위원회 인력 문제, 학교 업무량 문제, 학교생활기 록 기재유보 문제 등을 가진 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 회복적 정의의 관점에서 향후 <학교폭력예방법> 이 재편될 필요가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 개정 <학교폭력예방법>을 회복적 정의의 관점에서 쟁점화하고 그 한계를 지적했다는 점에서 의의가 있다고 사료된다.

This study attempts to examine the distributions and characteristics of language forms and learning activities necessary for communication used in the middle school textbooks based on the 2015 revised national curriculum. To this end, 12 textbooks were analyzed and compared by grades and 4 textbooks by different publishers. The results are as follows: 1) Of the 38 language forms required for communication in middle school textbooks, 23 forms were commonly addressed in all the textbooks, while 12 forms were optional or missing, which may cause problems in articulated learning. 2) Even in the same language form, the level of difficulty increases as the grade goes up, which follows spiral curriculum. 3) Some language forms were omitted in the list presented in the 2015 revised curriculum, where only examples were presented without explanation. Explicit explanations need adding with elaborately classified examples. 4) Although the activities in the textbooks focus more on language acquisition than language use, they are well-organized to practice core language forms focusing on meaning in a controlled manner and gradually apply them to real life situations.

Black carbon (BC), which is mainly contained in fine particulate matters, is one of the typical anthropogenic air pollutants that are generated from the incomplete combustion process and discharged into the atmosphere, and its various health effects particularly on children have been a growing concern. In this study, BC and particulate matters were closely analyzed in an elementary school adjacent to a high- traffic road in a large metropolitan city. The investigation showed that black carbon behaved similarly to ultrafine dust of 0.3 μm or less in the air, accounting for 20%-40% of it. The occurrence of high concentration outdoor pollution influences the BC content in indoor particulate matters. The average I/O value was 0.7 during the class-hours, and 0.8 without students. However, when students played in the classroom, the range of BC concentrations varied from 0.25 to 1.15, wider than 0.41-1.13 without students. Although this study was conducted with regard to just one elementary school, it can be considered to represent the typical air quality status of domestic schools, and it is believed to present valuable data which can be utilized to assist with preparing measures to enhance the air quality management of schools.

목적 : 본 연구는 문화적, 사회적, 환경적 특성이 반영된 초등학생들의 작업수행활동 항목을 도출하여 아동 평가 및 부모 상담 시 유용하게 사용할 수 있도록 작업수행활동 평가도구를 개발하기 위한 기초를 제공 하고자 시행하였다. 연구방법 : 문헌 조사를 통해 수집된 항목 분류 및 평가도구의 항목 중 총 645개의 활동 항목을 수집하여 최종 46개의 항목을 선정하였다. 이후 작업치료실행체계-Ⅲ(Occupational Therapy Practice Framework- Ⅲ; OTPF-Ⅲ의 작업 범주와 생활시간조사(2014)의 행동분류를 기준으로 기초 항목 도출 과정을 거쳐 작업치료사 16명, 초등학교 교사 16명, 작업치료학과 교수 8명, 총 40명의 전문가를 대상으로 3차례의 델파이 조사를 시행하여 최종 항목을 선정하였다. 조사도구로는 리커트 척도인 구조화된 질문과 개방형 질문이 혼합된 설문지를 사용하였다. 결과 : 델파이 조사를 통해 수거된 설문지의 응답을 토대로 항목의 적합성을 항목별 중요도, 안정성, 내용 타당도(Content Validity Ratio)로 확인하였고 개방형 질문에 대한 의견을 수렴하여 항목의 삭제, 수정 및 추가 여부를 결정하였다. 이후 OTPF-Ⅲ 작업 범주의 4개 영역, 생활시간조사 행동분류의 7개 영역 에 따라 작업수행활동 29개의 항목을 추출하고 분류하였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 문화적, 사회적, 환경적 배경이 반영된 국내 초등학생의 작업 수행 활동은 29개 항 목으로 최종 도출되었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 임상 작업치료사들이 의미 있는 작업 목표 선정 을 위한 활동평가 도구개발에 활용하고 부모 면담 시 간편하고 유용하게 사용하기를 기대한다.

목적 : 본 연구는 전국 일반계 고등학교 재학생 1, 2, 3학년들을 대상으로 작업치료 인식도 조사를 실시하 여 학년별 작업치료 인식도를 확인하고, 그에 따른 학과 탐색의 시기를 파악하는 데에 목적이 있다. 이 를 통해, 작업치료의 인식도를 향상시키도록 하는 효율적인 홍보방안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 전국 17개 지역의 일반계 고등학생들을 대상으로 2021년 11월 22일부터 12월 5일까지 알게 된 경로, 최소한의 교육과정, 국가고시 필수 여부, 대상자의 연령대, 업무 범위, 취업처와 같은 작업치료 인식도와 작업치료(학)과 지원 및 홍보 방법에 대한 질의와 응답으로 구성된 N사의 온라인 설문지 공유 를 통해 실시하였다. 수집된 설문지 총 860부 중 부적절한 응답 153부를 제외한 707부를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료 처리 및 분석은 기술통계량을 이용한 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 고등학생의 작업치료 인식의 수준은 48.9%로 나타났다. ‘작업치료 대상자의 연령대’를 학년별로 구 분하여 분석한 결과, ‘모르겠다’를 선택한 비율이 1학년 177명(32.2%), 2학년 157명(30.3%), 3학년 84명(23.6%)으로 학년이 높아질수록 낮아지는 것으로 확인되었으며 학년별로 분석한 다른 작업치료 인 식도 항목 또한 같은 결과를 보였다. 고등학생이 희망하는 학과 홍보 방법으로는 ‘Social Network Service(SNS)홍보 게시물’이 26.2%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 일반계 고등학생은 학년이 높아질수록 작업치료 인식도가 높아졌다. 이는 고등학생들이 진로를 위한 학과 탐색을 통해 높아지는 것으로 추론할 수 있으며, 충분한 탐색의 시간을 제공하기 위해 고등학생이 희망하 는 학과 홍보 방법인‘SNS 홍보 게시물’을 활용하면 작업치료 인식개선 등의 효과적일 것이라 사료된다.

As earthquakes have increased in Korea recently, people are paying attention to the seismic performance of buildings built in the past. Many school buildings in Korea were built based on standard drawings before the seismic design was applied. However, since school buildings are often designated as emergency evacuation facilities in case of disasters such as earthquakes, seismic evaluation and retrofit must be done quickly. This study investigated the failure modes among structural components (beams, columns, and joints), focusing on 1980s standard drawings for school buildings. The effects of column axial force, partial masonry infills, and different material strengths for concrete and rebar were considered for detailed evaluation. As a result, most of the joints were found to be the weakest among structural components. Column axial forces tended to make the joints more vulnerable, and partial masonry infills increased the possibility of joint failure and shear failure in columns.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the continuity of reading passages of Korean high school English textbooks with the 2015 Revised National Curriculum using Coh-Metrix, a software that analyzes English texts in a range of linguistic features. Twenty-one English textbooks were analyzed: 11 High School English, five High School English I, and five High School English II. Only reading passages in textbooks were analyzed. Coh-Metrix indices related to basic counts, lexical features, syntactic features, cohesion, and readability were analyzed. Results revealed significant differences between High School English and High School English I and II, but no such differences exist between High School English I and II. This study implies that continuity of reading difficulty in terms of lexical, syntactic, and readability characteristics among High School English, English I, and English II textbooks should be considered.