This study develops integrated evaluation indicators for demand responsive transport (DRT) operation services from a road traffic service perspective. The purpose is to support sustainable and efficient DRT service provision by considering the perspectives of users, operators, and local communities, while also reflecting road-based operational issues such as pick-up/drop-off management, curbside stopping, transfer-node linkage, and parking-demand reduction. While previous evaluations have often focused on operational efficiency, platform performance, ridership records, or user satisfaction, this study attempts to establish a comprehensive framework applicable to various DRT service types. DRT services were classified into four types according to temporal and spatial variability: shuttle-bus type, pre-call reservation type, real-time call reservation type, and dynamic call reservation type. Candidate evaluation indicators were derived through reviews of domestic and international DRT operation cases, public transport service-quality studies, MaaS performance studies, accessibility and equity evaluation studies, and existing evaluation practices. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) survey was conducted with experts from research institutes, local governments, public agencies, and academia to identify the relative importance of indicators. The results indicate that convenience of booking methods and user satisfaction are mandatory common indicators for all DRT types. Safety, barrier-free service provision, driver courtesy and professionalism, revenue per operating cost, and operation time were identified as optional common indicators. In addition, arrival information change rate, changes in the number of users, operation distance, ride distance, service utilization rate, and parking space saving effect were suggested as type-specific indicators. The proposed indicators can support integrated monitoring of DRT operation services and provide practical information for service improvement, policy decisions, efficient public subsidy support, and road-space management.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to develop a transportation-energy linkage model and performance evaluation indicators to improve the sustainability operation and technology of smart city transportation-energy services. METHODS : This study derived a new transportation-energy linkage system model for 15 services designated by the national pilot city. Evaluation indicators for energy-oriented transportation services in smart cities were selected, and a methodological framework was proposed for selecting quantitative evaluation indicators based on text mining and importance-performance analysis (IPA). RESULTS : Twenty indicators, confirmed as crucial for successful transportation-energy linkage in smart cities, were selected. These covered data linkage between services, IoT-based information linkage driving rate, and network and energy efficiency indicators. The proposed quantitative methodological framework can complement expert subjective evaluation by identifying meaningful implications in research literature that experts may have missed. The methodology can consistently derive indicators even when new services are added, aiding policymakers’ decisions. CONCLUSIONS : The methodological framework can contribute to minimizing operational risks in smart city transportation-energy expansion. It can also be used to prioritize service investment in smart cities by estimating benefit effects through quantitative indicators.

PURPOSES : Recently, increasing number of local governments are introducing on-demand public transportation service in real time to improve the management efficiency of public transportation. In preparation for the autonomous driving era, the “autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time” is being developed in the public transportation sector to introduce on-demand public transportation. For this service to become the public transportation of the future, it must receive publicity. Therefore, in this study, indicators were selected to evaluate the publicity of the autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a survey was conducted among the general public to examine the validity of the indicators. METHODS : To secure the publicity of on-demand public transportation in real time, the goal of the service was first set. Second, the keywords of the service were analyzed to define the publicity requirements of this service. Based on the analyzed keywords and definition of publicity, service indicator types were classified, and the indicators were defined by type. A user satisfaction survey was conducted on the final selected indicators to improve the degree of completion of indicator development. The user survey was conducted by presenting selected publicity indicators to respondents responding on a five-point scale to determine whether each indicator could satisfactorily evaluate publicity. RESULTS : When examining various previous research cases and the contents required for autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, the required items of publicity indicators were found to be “safety” in terms of “autonomous driving” and “convenience” in terms of “demand response.” Publicity indicators were developed according to these three items. Thirty-one indicators were developed, and a satisfaction survey was conducted on the general public for each indicator. In the survey, most of the indicators scored 3.5 points or higher, indicating that the indicators were generally well defined. Users gave the highest score to “fairness” among the three items, and “reasonable fairness” was found to be a necessary item as a publicity indicator. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, evaluation indicators were selected to secure the publicity of autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a satisfaction survey was conducted for each indicator. Most of the indicators showed a score of 3.5 or higher, indicating that they were generally well defined. However, this study has a limitation in that it surveys the general population. In future, experts should be included in the survey to increase the degree of completeness of the public indicators.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to investigate directions for future smart city transportation policies and service development by evaluating road service satisfaction levels and predicting future service demand. METHODS : A nationwide survey was conducted in Korea to develop a transportation service evaluation system based on the functions and objects of transportation. The satisfaction level of road service was evaluated using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), promising service sectors were identified using the revised importance-performance analysis (IPA) technique, and detailed service demands by sector were suggested. RESULTS : The most valuable service value felt by the people was "safety" (weight 0.4), and the overall satisfaction level was 68.9 points, slightly exceeding "normal." As a result of analyzing the promising service sectors by dividing them into urban and rural areas, "handicapped, elderly, and pedestrians" were important in both areas, and "road facility maintenance" was classified as an additional promising sector for rural areas. CONCLUSIONS : People demand that future smart city transportation policies and services should be "people" and "safety" centered. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the development of new services but also to the improvement of problems with existing services and policies.

생물다양성협약(CBD)에서는 전 지구적으로 발생하는 환경문제의 대응방안으로 육상의 17%를 보호지역으로 지정 하도록 할 것을 권고하고 있다. 우리나라도 국제적 수준에 맞춰 보호지역을 지정하고 보호지역 지정이 가지는 의미를 설명할 필요성이 생겼으며, 이에 따라 생태계서비스에 관한 연구의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 우리나라는 보호지역 지정을 자연공원법에 의해 위계별로 국립공원, 도립공원, 군립공원으로 지정하고 있다. 그러나 정치, 행정적 측면이 우선시되면서 생태계서비스 가치평가 연구 및 서식지 관리가 국립공원에 편중되어 도립 및 군립공원은 다소 미비하여 연구의 필요성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 국립공원에 비해 서식지 관리 및 생태계서비스 가치평가 연구가 미비한 가지산도 립공원을 대상으로 InVEST 모델 중 InVEST Habitat Quality 모델을 사용하여 서식지 질을 평가하고, 분석 결과를 16개의 산악형 국립공원과 비교하였다. 분석 결과 가지산도립공원의 서식지질 값은 0.83이었으며, 주변 지역에 비해 서식질 질이 높게 나타났다. 3개 지구별 서식지질 차이를 분석한 결과 통도사지구와 내원사지구가 0.84, 석남사지구가 0.83으로 나타났고 용도지구별로는 자연보존지구, 자연환경지구, 문화유산지구, 공원마을지구 순으로 서식지질 값이 높게 나타났다. 기존 국립공원 서식지질 분석 결과와 비교한 결과 가지산도립공원은 무등산국립공원 수준의 자연성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 추후 도립공원의 생물다양성 보전 및 생태계서비스 증진을 위한 정책 수립과 관리방안 수립의 객관적인 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

동물 화분매개는 대부분 벌과 파리 등의 곤충에 의해서 이루어지는 매우 중요한 생태계 서비스 중 하나이다. 농업생산성의 유지와 영양분의 안정적 공급은 인류 복지의 근간이 된다. 이 연구는 한국 농업에서 화분매개가 식량 생산 증진에 미치는 기능을 평가하였다. 2015년 농업총조사, 농촌진흥청 농업 소득자료집, 기타 시장가격 자료 등의 농작물 재배와 생산액에 대한 자료에 화분매개 의존도를 반영하였다. 12개의 식량작물, 19개 과수, 18개 노지 채소와 13개 시설 채소 그리고 9개의 특용작물 등 71개 작물을 대상으로 한 분석에서, 전체 작물의 화분매개 의존도는 평균 29.2%이었으며, 식량작물이 가장 낮은 7.5%로 나타났다. 화분매개 의존량은 전체 농작물의 17.8%이었으며 그 경제적 가치는 6조 8.5천억원 (65.1-71.9천억원)으로 추정되었다. 화분매개 의존 생산량은 시설 과채류에서 49.2%로 가장 높았고 과수가 42%, 특용작물이 35.9%를 차지하 였다. 본 연구를 통해 곤충 화분매개는 한국 농업 생산에서 핵심적 과정이며 식량-영양안보적 관점에서 보호증진해야 하는 과정임이 분명해졌다. 농업에서 화분매개자를 보호하고 화분매개서비스를 강화할 수 있는 관리 전략으로 병해충-화분매개 통합관리(IPPM)개념과 추진 전략에 대하여 추가적으로 논의하였다.

This study examined the dietary habits and nutrition quotient (NQ) scores according to leftover food during school meal services among middle school students in the Gyeonggi region. A survey on the dietary habits was conducted among 405 male and female middle school students located in Seongnam City, Gyeonggi Province. The amount of leftover food in the school meals was surveyed using the visual method through a questionnaire over two days. The survey was conducted from July 8, 2019, to July 12, 2019. After calculating the average total leftovers of each student over the two days, they were categorized into the following three groups: the top third was the large leftover group. The middle third was the medium leftover group, and the lower third was the small leftover group. The characteristics of the groups that had leftovers were analyzed. Female, normal-weight, and underweight students accounted for a greater proportion of the large leftover group than male, overweight, and obese students. The rates of selective eating and compliance with new food intake were significantly lower in the large leftover group than in the small leftover group. A comparison of the nutrition quotient for the adolescent (NQ-A) scores of each group revealed significantly lower scores of the large leftover group for all factors (balance, moderation, food diversity, practice, and environment) than the small leftover group. Therefore, there are statistically significant differences in the dietary habits, nutritional quality, and eating behaviors of middle school students that are associated with the amount of leftover food during school meals.

IMO에서는 선박운항기술에 ICT기술을 융합하여 해양사고를 예방하는 e-Navigation의 도입을 추진하고 있다. 국내에서도 해양사 고의 취약계층인 어선 및 연안을 항해하는 소형선박을 대상으로 한국형 e-Navigation을 개발하고 있다. 그러나 한국형 e-Navigation의 성공적인 개발을 위해서는 현재까지 진행된 개발성과를 평가하고 개발 방향성을 재정립할 수 있도록 개발성과를 평가할 수 있는 지표의 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주요한 해양사고인 충돌사고를 중심으로 e-Navigation 서비스의 개발목표에 맞춘 평가지표를 개발하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 RCA기법과 FTA 기법을 활용해 해상 충돌사고 발생 근본원인을 도출하고 이를 정량화하여 e-Navigation 서비스를 위한 충돌사고 평가지표를 개발하였다. 해당지표는 e-Navigation의 개발지표 및 충돌사고 분석을 위한 지표로 활용되어 해양사고 저감에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

With the advent of the 4.0 era of logistics due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, infrastructures have been built to receive the same services online and offline. Logistics services affected by logistics 4.0 and IT technology are rapidly changing. Logistics services are developing using technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain, Internet of things, and augmented reality. The convergence of logistics services and various IT new technologies is accelerating, and the development of data management solution technology has led to the emergence of electronic cargo waybill to replace paper cargo waybill. The electronic waybill was developed to supplement paper waybill that lack economical and safety. However, the electronic waybill that appeared to complement the paper waybill are also in need of complementation in terms of efficiency and reliability. New research is needed to ensure that electronic cargo waybill gain the trust of users and are actively utilized. To solve this problem, electronic cargo waybill that combine blockchain technology are being developed. This study aims to improve the reliability, operational efficiency and safety of blockchain electronic cargo waybill. The purpose of this study is to analyze the blockchain-based electronic cargo waybill system and to derive evaluation indicators for system supplementation.

본 연구에서는 어린이집 급식실 실내공기와 급식테이블 및 조리종사자 손의 미생물학적 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 실험에서 사용된 재료는 어린이집 조리 종사자 24명의 손과 어린이집 18곳의 급식테이블 및 93곳의 실내공기를 실험대상으로 하였다. 조리 종사자 손의 미생물 채취는 Glove juice법, 급식테이블의 표면 미생물 채취는 Swab 법에 따라 채취하였다. 어린이집 실내공기의 미생물 오염도는 자연 방치법에 따라 실험하였다. 조리 종사자 손의 일반세균 오염도는 평균 5.8±1.9 log CFU/hand로 나타났고, 대장균군 오염도는 평균 4.0±2.4 log CFU/hand로 나타났다. 급식테이블의 일반세균 오염도는 평균 4.3±3.0 log CFU/100 cm2 로 나타났고, 대장균군 오염도는 평균 2.6±3.3 log CFU/ 100 cm2로 나타났다. 어린이집 조리 종사자 손과 급식테이 블에서 B. cereus가 각각 2건씩 검출되었다. 실내공기 중 일반세균수 오염도는 평균 28±7.2 CFU/plate, 대장균군 오염도는 평균 3.1±2.9 CFU/plate로 나타났다. 또한, 실내공기 중 B. cereus 오염도는 평균 1.7±0.2 CFU/plate, S. aureus 오염도는 평균 1.6±0.5 CFU/plate로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 어린이집 급식테이블 표면에 존재하는 미생물 오염도를 감소시키기 위한 식사 전 소독이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 실내공기 중 미생물 오염도 저감화를 위해 주기적인 환기와 급식 관계자들의 위생모, 마스크 및 위생복 등의 청결관리가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

Among service industries of knowledge based economic era, the roles of educational service field are becoming more important and standard of educational service makes a direct effect on economic development and social growth. Therefore, accurate measurement of service quality is the most important assignment and the measurement of the service quality remains difficult assignment. So, this researcher classified quality attributes applying weighted value and found potential satisfaction level(PSL) and potential customer demand improvement index(PCDI) for trainees participating in national manpower business so as to suggest measurement of service quality and easiness of use and then, calculated satisfaction position and opportunity cost by quality factor with Taguchi’s loss fraction. And, improvable satisfaction level was measured, opportunity cost by degree of customer dissatisfaction was quantitatively measured, and a model that can indicate with economic factors was suggested. In addition, methodology of measuring quality cost that can be reduced by quality improvement and direction of strategic decision-making for deciding items to be improved preferentially were suggested with qualitative index that can indicate the degree of customers’ dissatisfaction by loss.

Logistics companies are worrying about securing of differential competitiveness so as to be competitive companies in keen logistics market. The ground is how users are satisfied by sell-established service system to respond not only economic feasibility of logistics costs but also diversity and advancement of logistics needs. The competitiveness of logistics companies is also caused by customer satisfaction of service and only companies finding and satisfying customer needs continuously may be more competitive. For the competitiveness, it’s the most important to analyze demands of current and potential customers and their pursuing value properly. Therefore, this researcher grasped PSL for online logistics service users with 5-point Likert-scale and quality-level decision method that consider the weighted value based on Kano model, measured customer’s potential Demand for service through PCDI, and suggested methodology for deciding the priority of the improvement with loss function of Taguchi.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to develop a traffic accident prediction model using traffic accident data and management and service evaluation data on bus companies in Busan, and to determine the possibility of establishing customized traffic accident prevention measures for each company. METHODS: First, we collected basic data on the characteristics of urban bus traffic accidents and conducted basic statistical analysis. Then, we developed traffic accident prediction models using Poisson regression and negative binomial regression to examine the characteristics of major items of management and service evaluation affecting traffic accidents. RESULTS : The Poisson regression model showed overdispersion; hence, the negative binomial regression model was selected. The results of the traffic accident prediction model developed using negative binomial regression are acceptable at 95% confidence level (a = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS : The traffic accident prediction model indicates that the management of the traffic record system and internal and external management items in service evaluation have a significant effect on the reduction of traffic accidents. In particular, because human factors are the main cause of traffic accidents, bus traffic accidents are expected to greatly decrease if drivers' dangerous driving behaviors are effectively controlled by bus companies.

Marketing research shows that long-term customer-supplier relationships can reduce consequences of service failures in the hospitality industry. In addition to a long-term, continuous relationship, other types of long-term relationships are also conceivable as influencing factors. This raises the question of whether interactions with a company, based on customer engagement during childhood (childhood engagement) can influence the effect of a service failure. Similar to general child experience, it can be assumed that early engagement in the customer relationship can significantly affect later relationship perception. Furthermore, perceived controllability of the failure also plays a role. If the customer attributes responsibility to the company, negative reactions can arise. To examine this questions, an experimental study with 152 participants was performed. A moderating effect of perceived controllability and childhood engagement on repurchase intention as a consequence of disappointment was found. Previous customer engagement and a credible communication can thus prevent the termination of a relationship after a service failure. Contrary, early engagement does not generally prevent a company from customers’ disappointment. The article contributes to marketing research by integrating 1) the customer disappointment, 2) childhood engagement and its consequences for future interactions with the company as well as 3) the transfer of negative emotions from an employee to the company.

Advances in information technology, communication and network technology are radically facilitating digital convergences as the integration of human, equipment, and space in the current industry 4.0 era. In industry 4.0 environment, the vast amount of information with networked computing technology can be simultaneously accessible even in limited physical space. Two main benefit points out of these information are the convenience and efficiency in their online transactions either buying things online or selling online. Even though there exist so many benefits that information technology can create for the people doing business over the internet there is a critical problem to be answered. In spite of many such advantages, however, online transactions have many dysfunctions such as personal information leakage, account hacking, and cybercrime. Without preparing the appropriate protection methods or schema people reluctantly use the transaction or would find some other partners with enhanced information security environment. In this paper we suggested a novel selection criteria that can be used to evaluate the reliable means of authentication against the expected risks under on-going IoT based environment. Our selection criteria consists of 4 steps. The first step is services and risk identification step. The second step is evaluation of risk occurrence step. The third step includes the evaluation of the extent of damage. And the final step is the assessment of the level of risk. With the help of the above 4 step-approach people can systematically identify potential risks hiding in the online transactions and effectively avoid by taking appropriate counter actions