This study was carried out to determine the sprouting period of early and mid-season varieties, which includes ‘Atlantic’, ‘Chubaek’, and ‘Superior’, during the summer storage period in a semi-underground warehouse without cooling system. And also it was investigated the effect of chlorpropham [Propan-2-yl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate, CIPC] treatment on the sprouting inhibition for the varieties. This study was conducted to figure out a sprout inhibitory effect when CIPC was applied to 1kg of the potato tubers at concentrations of 10 mg and 20 mg which are lower than the treatment concentrations of ca 30 mg prescribed by the positive list system (PLS). The internal temperature of the warehouse used in this experiment was lowered by 5°C or more than the outside temperature. The difference between the lowest and highest temperature during the experiment throughout the day was 5°C. It showed the effect of reducing to 1/2 of the difference in outdoor temperature. As for the sprouting of potatoes, the extremely early variety ‘Chubaek’ sprouts appeared at the 6th week of storage of control and it was the fastest sprouting potato among the control groups of the varieties. Sprouting began to appear in the Superior at the 6th week of storage, while the ‘Atlantic’ sprouted at the 8th week of storage. The appearance of sprouts was suppressed in all treatment groups of ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ varieties in CIPC treatments. Sprouts were observed in all treatment groups of ‘Chubaek’ after the 7th week, but the elongations of the sprouts in tubers were completely inhibited until the 8th week of storage. ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ seemed to have a sprouting inhibitory effect even with a low CIPC concentration of 10 mg·kg-1, with the exception of extremely early variety ‘Chubaek’ that breaks out of the dormancy quickly. Although weight loss occurred continuously during storage, it was minor loss of 0.7-1.6%. There was no consistent trend for changes of the loss in the varieties and CIPC treatments. Most common pathological disorder was the dry rot during the experiment, but only few were affected. The use of the tubers treated at 18°C and 90% RH for 10 days and the rack of refrigeration system which lead to lack of convection seemed to have suppressed the spread of pathogens.

Potato dry rot is one of the potato storage diseases caused by Fusarium species and is a representative pathological disorder that induced post-harvest loss during storage. Chlorpropham treatment for sprouting inhibition is mainly used for room temperature storage of potatoes for processing. In this study, the inhibitory effect of chlorpropham on Fusarium-induced dry rot of potato ‘Dano’. To investigate the mycelial growth rate of the dry rot fungus (Fusarium solani Appel & Wollenw), mycelial growth was investigated in a chlorpropham (5.0, 50.4, 503.8, and 5,038 ppm) and prochloraz (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 ppm) medium containing F. oxysporum mycelia. Mycelia were more inhibited as the concentration of chlorpropham and prochloraz increased during incubation at 20°C, and the inhibition rate was 98.2% and 100% when treated with 503.8 ppm of chlorpropham and 10ppm of prochloraz in 14 days, respectively. Potato Dano tubers inoculated with F. oxysporum were dipped in chlorpropham (5.0, 50.4, and 503.8 ppm) and prochloraz (100 ppm) to investigate the effect of preventing dry rot during cold storage at 20°C and 4°C in vivo. The disease diameter of potatoes stored at room temperature (about 20°C) was reduced to 13.0 mm in the prochloraz 100 ppm teatment, and 10.7 mm in the chlorpropham 50.4 ppm treatment compared to 13.7 mm in the control tuber at 70 days of storage. The disease progression in all treatments including control was similar with no statistically significant difference at 4°C air temperature. From the results of this study, it is considered that treatment with 50.4 ppm of chlorpropham after harvest will be useful for suppressing dry rot of stored potatoes.

사시나무(Populus davidiana Dode)는 동아시아에 분포하는 산지형 속성수이다. 우리나라에서는 이전 에 치산녹화에 중요한 조림수종이었으며, 줄기 삽목에 의한 증식이 어려워 근삽(Root cutting)을 이용 한 증식이 가능한 것으로 알려져 있다. 근삽은 줄기 삽목에 비하여 클론 개체를 얻는 효율이 낮기 때문 에 근삽을 이용한 개체 증식을 시도할 때 많은 개체를 얻기 위하여는 근맹아 발생량을 높이기 위한 연 구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 사시나무 근삽수의 저온 저장 처리가 근맹아 발생 효율에 미치는 영향 을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 근삽수는 오대 19호를 포함한 총 9개의 클론에서 채취되었다. 실험은 같은 샘플들을 4℃와 24℃의 온도 조건에서 3주간 처리한 다음 항온 유지 온실에서 근삽목을 실시하였고, 15주간 근맹아 발생을 관찰하며 진행되었다. 그 결과, 24℃ 대조구는 4℃ 처리구에 비하여 총 근맹아 발생량이약 1.9배로 우수하였다. 처리구는 5주차까지 총 발생량의 95%가 발생하고 나서 8주차까지 총 2개가 추가 발생한 후 모든 발생이 멈췄다. 반면에 처리구에서는 5주차까지 총 발생량의 52%가 발생하였으며, 그 후 14주차까지 37개의 근맹아가 불규칙적으로 추가 발생하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 저온처리를 한 사시나무 근삽의 근맹아 발생이 대조구에 비해 조기에 멈추는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 사시나무의 근맹아 발생량을 높이기 위해서는 더욱 다양한 후속연구가 필요하다.

Different pathogenic microorganisms have been reported to cause sprouts-associated outbreaks. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) on disinfection of the natural bio-contaminants of broccoli seed and also studied the plasma effect on sprout seed germination rate and physico-chemical properties of sprouts. Aerobic bacteria, molds and yeasts, B. cereus, E. coli, Salmonella spp. were detected on the broccoli seed surface. After 0-3 min treatment using CDPJ, the detected microorganisms were reduced in the range of 1.2-2.3 log units. Inactivation patterns were better explained using pseudo-first-order kinetics. The plasma treatment of seeds up to 2 min exhibited positive effects on the germination rate and the seedling growth. The physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of sprouts were unaffected due to the CDPJ treatment of their respective seeds. The CDPJ can potentially be used for microbial decontamination of broccoli seeds.

We investigated the differences in survival rates and height growth among 10 sprouting tree species under cattle grazing conditions in a clearcut area of a secondary forest, as well as the relationship between survival and growth and the species' leaf tannin contents. A clearcut area of a deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest was grazed by two breeding cattle from 1990 until 2001. The height and viability of marked sprouting trees in the area were monitored annually before the initial spring grazing period for 12 years. The tannin contents in leaves were measured from 1996 until 1998. The target tree species differed greatly in the patterns of survival and height growth and were classified into four categories based on these patterns. Similarly, tannin contents in leaves varied widely (1.3% to 11.6%) among the species. Survival rates of the target species in 2001 correlated significantly with the tannin contents in leaves. Our findings indicate that tannin content in leaves is an influential factor affecting the survival and growth of sprouting trees under cattle grazing conditions.

제주지방에서 양파 저장에 관한 γ-ray 처리와 저장장소에 대한 실험을 하였다. 발아율은 저온저장, 상온저장, 동굴저장에 관계없이 무처리 양파는 약 5개월 째부터 발아와 발근이 시작되었고 시간이 지날수록 증가하였으나 8월 상순경에는 0krad에서 동굴에 저장한 것은 50%, 상온에 저장한 것은 20%의 발아율을 나타내었다. 그러나 3krad, 6krad 처리한 것은 6개월까지는 거의 발아하지 않았다. 중량 감소는 발아와 밀접한 관계가 있는데 발아가 시작하기 전 40일 까지는 모든 처리에서 차이가 없었지만 발아가 시작되면서부터 급격히 감소하였다. 저온저장한 것은 부패율이 약 5~10% 내외로 7개월 후에도 식용이 가능하였으나 상온에 저장한 것은 0krad에서 50%정도 부패한 반면 3krad 및 6krad를 조사한 것은 저온저장인 경우 5%, 동굴저장인 경우 30~35%, 상온에 저장한 것은 30% 정도의 부패율을 나타내었다. 방사선조사의 다당류 변화에 대한 연구는 비교적 많이 이루어졌는데 동굴저장과 상온저장에서는 저장초기에는 3krad 및 6krad 조사한 것이 0krad 보다 다소 증가했으나 후기로 갈수록 역시 처리한 것이 양은 적으나 0krad보다는 증가한 사실을 알 수 있었다. Allum속 채소류에 많이 들어있는 유황은 저장장소에 관계없이 0krad에서는 저장후반기로 갈수록 적어졌고 냉장저장한 것은 3krad 및 6krad의 선량간에는 다소 차이가 있었으나 저장초기에는 유황함량이 증가하다가 12월 말경 부터는 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

본 연구는 우리나라 특산식물인 히어리 군락이 지리산 국립공원 동부지역에 대규모로 분포하고 있는 것을 처음으로 발견하여 군락지의 분포 및 맹아지 특성 그리고 군락의 보호대책을 위한 기초자료를 축적하고자 수행되었다. 각 계층별 중요치는 교목층에서 소나무(134.15) 일본잎갈나무, 산벚나무, 비목나무, 신갈나무 등이 우점하였고 아교목층에서는 히어리, 거제수나무. 비목나무, 졸참나무, 노각 나무 그리고 관목층에서는 히어리가 우점하였으며 그 외에 철쭉꽃, 진달래, 생강나무 등이 출현하였다 그리고 맹아지 특성은 1개 방형구(25m2)에 평균 17.75개의 주간이 형성되고 1개 주간당 맹아지 수는 평균 6.00개 고사지는 2.80개로 조사되었다. 흉고직경급별 분포에서 생장지의 경우 흉고직경 1.0-4.0cm 구간에서 전체의 64.78%를 차지하였으며 대부분 2.0-3.0cm 구간에서 54.74%를 차지하여 히어리 군락의 중심계급이었다 흉고직경 1.0cm 이하의 고사지가 전체의 53.16%를 차지하였는데 이는 근주에서 돋아나는 1년생 맹아지가 대부분 고사하였기 때문이었다 특히 히어리의 번식습성은 실생묘에 의한 번식도 가능하지만 본 조사지에서와 같이 수관이 울폐된 지역에서는 주로 근맹아에 의한 번식을 더 선호하는 것으로 나타났다.

저장상 많은 문제점을 내포하고 있는 감자, 양파, 마늘 및 밤의 장기 저장법 개발을 목적으로 수확후 l개월 이내에 Co-60 감마선을 조사하고 냉동기를 가동하지 않은 자연저온 저장고에 각각 저장하였다. 저장중 시료의 발아는 감자가 150Gy, 양파 및 마늘이 50Gy 밤이 250 Gy의 선량으로 8~10개월간 거의 완전히 억제되었다. 감마선 조사에 따라 부패율은 상당히 감소되었으며, 중량감소에 있어서도 적정선량의 조사는 네가지 사료에서 6~24%의 감소 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 발아식품의 품질에 관여하는 성분인 수분, 당 및 비타민 C의 함량은 저장기간의 경과로 비조사구에 비해 조사구가 우수한 경향을 보였다. 따라서 이들 식품의 장기 안전저장을 위해서는 감자, 양파 및 마늘은 50~150 Gy, 밤은 250 Gy 정도의 감마선을 조사하고 자연저온저장고( R.H. 75~85%)에저장하는 것이 효과적인 방법임을 시사하였다.

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and 491.25 μg/g in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

Seed dormancy is an important adaptive mechanism to protect seeds under the unfavorable environments. Unlike to wild type species, the seed dormancy trait of cultivated crops has been weakened by breeding programs during the domestication period. Weak seed dormancy often causes preharvest sprouting (PHS) problem in many cereal crops that result in significant economic loss. The seed dormancy is a quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlled by multiple genetic and environmental factors. So far, many QTLs for seed dormancy have been identified from rice and wheat as well as in the model plant Arabidopsis. Unveiling of QTL genes and complex mechanisms underlying seed dormancy is accelerated by the rapid progress of crop genomics. In the present study, we reviewed current status of research progress on the seed dormancy QTLs and correlated genes in Arabidopsis and cereal crops.

농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서는 용도별 품종의 다양화를 위해 답리작 적응 과자용 밀 품종 ‘고소’를 개발하였다. 고소밀은 1998년도에 연질인 고분밀을 모본으로 하고, 숙기가 빠른 올밀을 부본으로 인공교배하여 SW98148 조합을 육성하였다. 경기도 연천에서 집단재배 후 계통을 전개하여 초형과 수형이 양호하며 내한성이 강한 계통인 SW98148-YB-9-2-4-1-3-1을 2006년부터 2개년간 생산력 검정을 거쳐 ‘익산 320호’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 그 후 2008년부터 3개년 동안 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 숙기가 빠르며 수량성이 높고, 과자적성이 우수하여 2010년 농작물 직무육성 신품종심의회에서 ‘고소’로 명명하였다. 고소밀의 파성은 Ⅱ형으로 춘파형이고, 엽색은 녹색이며 이삭은 방추형이고, 종자는 중간 크기로 적색이다. 출수기와 성숙기는 밭상태 조건에서 각각 4월 28일과 6월 7일, 논상태에서는 각각 4월 25일과 6월 4일로 비슷하다. 고소밀의 리터중(799 g/L)과 천립중(42.5 g) 은 금강밀(804 g/L과 46.7 g)보다 낮고, 내한성(4.4%)과 수발아(4.0%) 저항성이 강하고, 내도복성이 높다. 고소밀의 제분율(63.77%), 단백질(9.8%), 침전가(30.0 ml)과 글루텐(7.2%) 함량은 금강밀(73.6%, 12.6%, 50.0 ml과 10.8%)보다 낮고, 과자적성이 우수하였다. ‘고소밀’의 HMW-GS 조성은 Glu-A1에서 2*, Glu-B1에서 7+8을 나타내 금강밀과 조성이 같았으나, Glu-D1에서 2.2+12가 발현되었다. GBSS 조성은 금강밀과 같은 야생형이고, Pinb-D1은 야생형으로 금강밀과 다른 특성을 나타냈다. 지역적응시험에서 밭상태 수량은 657 kg/10a, 논상태 수량은 561 kg/10a로 금강밀보다 21%와 7% 증수하였다.

Nutritious and functional foods from crop have received great attention in recent years. Colored-grain wheat contains high phenolic compound and a large number of flavonoid. One of plant pigments, wheat anthocyanin is increasingly emerging as natural compounds for consumer´s health and condition. Red grains and white grains with different antioxidant activity was used to conduct germination assay. Antioxidant enzyme assay of POD, APX, CAT, GST, GR and GPx was conducted during the imbibitional phase of mature seeds. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was analyzed to assess the activity of ROS during imbibition phase of mature seeds and alpha-amylase contents were quantified for 3 days during dark imbibition. Additionally, sprouting rates of developing seeds in spikelet after anthesis with damp condition were measured in each red grain groups for two weeks to evaluate sprout ability affected by phytochemical of red grain wheat. In summary, we identified that red grain wheat showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity involved in ROS scavenging during imbibition. Sprouting rate during dark imbibition in developmental spikelet of four groups classified by color suggest that phytochemicals in dark red grain wheat caused negative effects to sprouting.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is the precocious germination condition of grains while the spike is still in the mother plant. Because PHS in wheat drastically reduced the quality and economic value of wheat grain, the improving PHS wheat is one of the most important breeding goal in Korean wheat breeding program In this study, we evaluated PHS and germination index (GI) in 33 Korean wheat cultivars, and performed transcriptome analysis between Keumkang (susceptible) and Woori (tolerance). A total of 33 Korean wheat cultivars were used for PHS (28 cultivars) and GI assessment in greenhouse. The DAF (Day After Fertilization) 35 of keumkang and Woori spikes were harvested to perform transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. Each transcriptome was compared with PHS or ABA treated DAF 35 Keumkang and Woori spikes. The PHS in 28 Korean cultivars and GI in 33 cultivars were ranged from 1.33% to 87.44% and from 0.01% to 2.41%, respectively. Woori was demonstrated the second lowest PHS and the lowest GI, however, Keumkang was 23th of 28 cultivars in PHS and 13th of 33 cultivars in GI analysis. Six cDNA library from the DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori wheat grain, PHS treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori, and ABA treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori were constructed and sequenced. A total of 53.37 Gb of high-quality reads were obtained using HiSeq 2500. The average mapping rate of assembled transcripts were 88.98%. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed total 332 DEG (105 annotated) were upregulated in DAF 35 Woori library, total 5694 DEG (4623 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library in comparison with DAF 35 Keumkang library. A total of 86 DEG (51 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Woori library in comparison with PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library. The Gene ontology and further analysis will be discussed.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) results in lower yields for rice and other crops, especially in rainy season before harvest. By using gene based functional studies to reveal the mechanism of PHS related pathways can be a good way in breeding for more PHS resistant accessions. Orthologous genes, which are homologous genes that diverged after a speciation event, generally maintain a similar function in different species to that of the ancestral gene in which they evolved from. Applied with a McDonald-Kreitman Test (MKT), we examined more than 10,000 orthologous genes between rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium (outgroup) based on different phenotypic groups in order to find some fast evolutionary genes in rice PHS. Three groups which represented the PHS susceptible (group 1), PHS medium (group 2) and PHS resistant (group 3) were separated based on the phenotype and each group was examined with the outgroup for MKT. Total 60 fast evolutionary genes that have a positive selection with FDR ≤ 0.05 were found in the three groups, and 19, 5 and 8 genes were specific existed in group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Annotation of these genes were conducted and the predicted functions were investigated, leading that one Ethylene receptor-like gene that may related to PHS based on the previous studies, which need to be validated later, however. In addition, network analysis of these characterized genes were also investigated, which could reveal the connection of genes between each other. Moreover, the association study between the candidate gene ethylene receptor and the PHS phenotype was performed and indicated that this gene is significantly correlated with PHS in rice. All these above indicated that with this orthologous based method, we can find some important candidate genes that may play an important role in some traits.

Among the diverse crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been domesticated as a staple carbohydrate sources mainly in Asia region, and RDA Genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAAS) has conserved about 37 thousand rice accessions accordingly. Seed dormancy, one of domesticated traits, prevents pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) which causes degradation of grain quality in cereal crop. In previous study, we surveyed the variation of seed germinability of diverse 200 rice germplasm and detected the three distinguished groups besides admixed types; the first group (G-1) revealed high germinability at harvesting time, and the second group (G-2) and third group (G-3) acquired high germnability subsequent to after-ripening and dormancy breaking process, respectively. To reduce environmental effects on detected variation of germinability, we selected representative 14 accessions which have similar heading date of each group and measured the degree of PHS using freshly harvested panicles. Variation of PHS showed similar tendency of germinability group; generally, high PHS for G-1, low PHS for G-2 and no PHS for G-3. To resolve genetic and physiological factors concerning on PHS and seed dormancy, we checked the change and variation of ABA known for critical regulator for seed dormancy, and high PHS accessions interestingly revealed high ABA content in 10 DAF. Based on these study, we plan to analyze genetic factors affecting the degree of seed germinability and PHS.

Since global climate changes drastically, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is expected to pose serious problems in rice production. CBL-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases (CIPKs) have been implicated to play important role in regulating various abiotic stresses such as cold, salinity and drought. In this study, to understand the function of this gene under pre-harvest sprouting in rice, a cDNA clone encoding CBL-interacting protein kinase 15 was isolated from rice flowers. We constructed a recombinant vector carrying the CIPK15 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and Tnos terminator and transformed into rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Insertion of the gene was verified in transformants using HPT resistance test and genomic PCR. Transcriptional profiling using tissues of wild type, Gopum, revealed expression of the gene in whole plant tissues with level of expression highest in the seeds suggesting possible role in dormancy. Comparative expression analysis of the gene in transgenic and wild type through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed higher expression in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, screening in the mist chamber showed overexpression lines that were resistant to the PHS. This result suggests the involvement of CIPK15 in the regulation of pre-harvest sprouting.