This study examines Kule-based reactive expressions, which remain relatively underdescribed in Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) education. It adopts a mixed methodology combining spoken corpus analysis, a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) administered to KFL learners, and a survey of native-speaking KFL teachers. The corpus analysis reveals that some frequent expressions are absent from or only marginally addressed in existing works, raising questions about current lexicographic practices. The DCT results show inconsistent learner responses, indicating limited awareness of distinctions among these expressions and a strong reliance on implicit auditory input. Teacher survey data further point to the absence of a shared pedagogical framework regarding instructional timing and methods. Overall, the findings suggest that despite their key role in managing reactions in spoken Korean interaction, Kule-based formulas remain peripheral in KFL classrooms. This research therefore highlights the need for context-sensitive descriptions, multimodal teaching and learning materials, and empirically grounded pedagogical resources.

This study investigated the role of snack consumption in daily nutrient intake among Korean adults. Data from The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2023 were analyzed, involving 4,918 adults, consuming 2,118 men (43.1%) and 2,800 women (56.9%). The analysis assessed daily energy intake from snacks and its percentage of total energy, categorized by sex, age, income, and BMI, using multiple regression to explore associations. On average, 18.8% of daily energy intake, with men at 17.3% and women at 20.7%. Women had higher energy contributions for major nutrients. Snack energy contributions were significantly influenced by sex and age, but not by income or BMI. Young adults (ages 19—29) had the highest contribution at 21.1%, while adults aged 50—64 had the lowest at 17.5%. Time-of-day analysis revealed that 22.7% of snack energy was consumed in the evening (18:00—20:59) and 22.6% at night (21:00 onward). The most commonly consumed snacks were coffee (23.8%) and fruit (20.3%). These findings emphasize that snacks are a significant source of energy and nutrients, highlighting the need for sexand age-specific nutritional interventions that consider snack type, timing, and quality.

We determine the galaxy luminosity function of cluster galaxies in the nearby galaxy cluster Abell 2199 (A2199), focusing on the faint-end slope down toMr ∼ −14.5. To achieve this, we augment the existing dataset by adding redshift data from our deep MMT/Hectospec survey and from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), significantly improving the spectroscopic completeness down to rpetro,0 = 20.8 within the central 30′ region. The resulting luminosity function is well described by a Schechter function with a characteristic magnitudeM∗ = −21.30±0.27 and a faint-end slope α = −1.23±0.05. This faint-end slope is consistent with those measured in the nearby Coma and Virgo clusters and in a cluster from the TNG50 cosmological simulation, and is slightly shallower than that of field galaxies. These findings indicate that the previously claimed steep faint-end upturn (with α ∼ −2) in nearby galaxy clusters is not supported. Instead, they indicate that environmental processes in dense cluster cores do not seem to trigger the formation or survival of low-mass galaxies, thereby preventing a steep faint-end upturn in the luminosity function.

인공 감미료는 화학적 합성물로, 설탕과 달리 칼로리가 매우 낮거나 없으면서도 강한 단맛을 나타내는 물질이다. 본 연구에서는 제주지역에서 유통 중인 음료 및 주류 101 건을 대상으로 아세설팜칼륨, 사카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 수 크랄로스, 네오탐의 함량을 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (HPLC)로 분석하여, 기준규격 이하로 안전하게 사용되는 지 여부를 평가하였다. 음료에서는 수크랄로스(100%)와 아 세설팜칼륨(79.0%)이, 주류에서는 아스파탐(48.7%)과 아세 설팜칼륨(46.2%)이 주로 검출되었으며, 네오탐은 모든 시 료에서 검출되지 않았다. 음료에서는 액상차(158.60 mg/kg) 에서 아세설팜칼륨 함량이 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 사카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 수크랄로스는 각각 3.15-6.27, 10.89-219.92, <LOQ-306.49 mg/kg 범위에서 검출되었다. 주류에서는 기타주류(93.04 mg/kg)와 일반증류주(83.06 mg/ kg)에서 아세설팜칼륨이 유의하게 높게 나타났고(P<0.05), 아스파탐, 사카린나트륨, 수크랄로스는 각각 22.03-205.09, 43.60-45.80, <LOQ-93.16 mg/kg 범위에서 검출되었다. 병 용 사용 분석 결과, 전체 101건 중 64건(63.4%)에서 2종 또는 3종 이상의 인공감미료가 함께 사용되었으며, 특히 아 세설팜칼륨과 수크랄로스의 조합이 53건(52.5%)으로 가장 많았다. 이러한 결과는 인공감미료가 기준규격 이하로 안 전하게 사용되고 있으나, 병용 사용에 대한 명확한 규제 가 부재함을 시사하며, 이에 관한 병용 사용 기준 설정의 필요성을 나타낸다.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of indoor environmental management in facilities vulnerable to infection, such as long-term care facilities, where residents remain indoors for extended periods. In light of this, this study investigated the architectural characteristics and ventilation conditions of long-term care facilities in South Korea using a nationwide survey. An online survey targeting 12,425 facilities was conducted in April 2022, and valid responses from 5,550 facilities were analyzed. The survey examined building layouts, ventilation methods, mechanical ventilation systems, air purifier use, and ventilation operation and maintenance. The results showed that numerous facilities had architectural configurations unfavorable for natural ventilation, including a high proportion of double-loaded corridor layouts. Mechanical ventilation systems were installed in only 41.4% of facilities, whereas air purifiers were present in 72.3%, indicating a reliance on air cleaning rather than outdoor air ventilation. Although ventilation managers and regular inspections were commonly reported, formal operation and maintenance manuals were less prevalent. These findings indicate structural and system-level limitations in achieving stable ventilation performance in long-term care facilities. Additionally, they provide baseline data to support improvements in ventilation strategies and policies for infection-vulnerable facilities.

This study comprehensively analyzed the current status of indoor radon management policies and nationwide survey projects in Korea, with the aim of examining the development of the institutional framework, assessing the present management system, and suggesting directions for future improvement. To this end, the analysis focused on the institutional structure, centered on the Indoor Air Quality Control Act, the Ministry of Environment’s Comprehensive Plan for Indoor Air Quality Management, relevant ministries’ management standards, and the designation system for high-radon areas. In addition, major outcomes from national indoor radon surveys conducted since 2008-including nationwide monitoring, intensive surveys in high-radon regions, and investigations of facilities used by vulnerable populations-were reviewed to evaluate their linkage with management policies. The evaluation revealed that domestic radon management policies have achieved visible progress (such as reductions in average concentrations) through the establishment of legal foundations, periodic surveys, and mitigation programs. However, regional disparities in concentrations and high-level exposures in vulnerable facilities remain. These findings indicate that radon management in Korea should move beyond merely complying with numerical standards and incorporate region-specific management strategies alongside a long-term monitoring system.

This study analyzed online food consumption behaviors by segmenting consumers based on their dietary lifestyles using the Consumer Behavior Survey for Food in 2024 of the Korea Rural Economic Institute. Factor analysis and cluster analysis classfied the dietary lifestyles of the respondents into the ‘convenience and experience-seeking group’, ‘low involvement group’, ‘health-seeking group’, and ‘plan-seeking group’. The highest frequency of online food purchases by respondents was ‘once every two weeks’, and the most common reason for purchasing food online was ‘because it is delivered’. The most frequently used channel for online food purchase was ‘online shopping malls’, with price, quality, and overall satisfaction remaining above average. The analysis of perceptions and behavioral patterns revealed that consumers primarily utilized online food services for their convenience and place significant importance on others’ experiences and verified brands. Among the dietary lifestyle groups, the ‘convenience and experience-seeking group’ showed the highest mean scores across most perceptions and behavioral items. These results confirm that online food consumption varied significantly depending on dietary lifestyle groups, highlighting that dietary lifestyle is a crucial factor for market segmentation and the development of targeted marketing strategies.

Xinghua Village is a town under the jurisdiction of Fenyang City, Shanxi Province, located in the eastern foothills of the Luliang Mountains and the western edge of the Taiyuan Basin, known as “the first village in the world of poetry and wine”. The Xinghuacun dialect belongs to the small part of Fenzhou in the Jin Luliang area, which has certain regional characteristics, and its linguistic appearance has not been revealed so far, so the research in this paper is very meaningful. The phonetic research of Xinghua Village dialect is based on first-hand corpus obtained from field research, and the phonetic system of Xinghua Village is described in detail on the basis of traditional dialectological research. There are a total of 25 initials in the Xinghua Village dialect, including zero initials; There are 54 final vowels, including the final vowels that act as voiced fricatives; There are 5 word tones, among which the ancient full turbidity returns to the sound, and the ancient turbidity is flat, and the whole turbidity is returned to the yin. At the same time, the sound, rhyme, and tone of the Xinghuacun dialect are further compared with the middle sounds, revealing its phonetic characteristics and exploring its evolution laws.

해양과학조사는 해양환경 보호, 기후위기 대응, 자원의 지속 가능한 이용을 위한 핵심 수단으로 기능한다. 해양법협약은 제246조를 통해 배타적 경제수역 과 대륙붕에서의 조사를 연안국의 동의에 따라 수행하도록 규정하고 있다. 특히 ‘통상적 상황’ 하에서는 평화적이고 비상업적인 과학 조사에 대해 연안 국이 동의를 부당하게 거부하거나 지연할 수 없도록 하여, 과학 연구의 자유와 연안국의 자원 주권 간의 균형을 지향하고 있다. 그러나 최근 무인 수중 장비, 운용해양학에 사용되는 플로트, 위성 기반 원 격탐사 등 신기술의 등장으로 기존 동의제도의 전제가 흔들리고 있다. 본 논문 은 이러한 기술 변화가 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 해석과 적용에 어떠한 긴장을 야 기 하는지 분석하고, 대한민국의 「해양과학조사법」이 국제규범과 정합성을 갖추고 있는지를 비교법적으로 검토하였다. 그 결과, 우리나라 법제는 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 미수용, 묵시적 동의제도의 부재, 신기술에 대한 절차적 대응력 부족 등 여러 제도적 한계를 내포하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 국내법적 명문화, 기술 유형에 따 른 조사 절차의 차등화, 국제 공동 조사에 대한 유연한 대응체계 구축 등 제도 개선 방향을 제안한다. 이를 통해 대한민국이 해양과학조사의 자유와 연안국 권익 보호라는 이중의 목표를 균형 있게 달성할 수 있도록 하는 규범적 기반을 확립할 필요가 있음을 강조한다.

This study examined the dietary and lifestyle factors associated with prediabetes among middle-aged Korean women. Data from the 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The subjects were 2,562 women aged 40-64 years, classified into a prediabetes group (n=892) and a normal group (n=1,670) based on the criteria of the Korean Diabetes Association. Women with prediabetes were older, less educated, and more likely to be smokers and postmenopausal. They had higher body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, body fat, and one-year weight gain, as well as elevated triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and blood pressure, with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. They consumed more sodium but less sugar, vitamin C, and fruit, while eating more meat. Regression showed that monounsaturated fatty acid intake reduced prediabetes risk (OR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.587-0.919), whereas sodium (OR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.059-1.713) increased risk. Moderate fruit intake was found to have a protective effect. The prediabetes group had a higher eating-out frequency and lower awareness and use of nutrition labeling. Therefore, aerobic exercise, weight loss, sodium reduction, moderate fruit intake, monounsaturated fat consumption, and a better understanding and use of nutrition labels may help prevent prediabetes in middle-aged women.