The objectives of this study are to increase the contents of functional compounds and antioxidant activity obtained from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extracts using fermentation and enzyme. The optimal conditions (1%, Aspergillus luchuensis) for extraction methods were determined through fermentation treatment of ginger (concentrations of 0.5 and 1%; Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus luchuensis). The quality characteristics of the ginger extract for each treatment method (HW, hot water treated; EZ, enzyme; AL, fermentation; ALEZ, fermentation and enzyme) were observed using the optimal conditions. The water-soluble index (WSI) and total sugar content of the ALEZ increased by 2.6 times and 6.5 times, respectively, compared with that of the HW. However, the sum of gingerol and shogaol contents of ALEZ were 73.9% in ratio compared with lower than that of the HW. Antioxidant contents were generally higher in ALEZ, similar to the WSI trend. Therefore, ALEZ was more effective in enhancing antioxidant activity than EZ and AL. The fermentation and enzymatic approach described in this study would be beneficial to food industries for developing ginger functional products and materials.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical components and antioxidant activities of wheat sprout powder prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysis and lactic acid bacteria treatment. The four kinds of pre-treatment were: no treatment (WP), treated with enzyme (WPE), treated with lactic acid bacteria (WPL), and treated with enzyme and lactic acid bacteria (WPEL) were applied to the wheat sprout powder. The WPEL had higher total free amino acid and essential amino acid content than the other samples. As for the volatile aroma of the wheat sprout powder, 29 types of compounds were identified in the WP and WPL, 28 types in the WPE, and 27 types in the WPEL, respectively. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents, in the wheat sprout powder was enhanced with the enzyme and the lactic acid bacteria pre-treatment. The WPEL had highest DPPH radical scavenging activities. The overall acceptability was the highest at 6.24 points in the WPEL. Based on these observations, it was confirmed that the enzyme and lactic acid bacteria pre-treatment could improve the antioxidant activities and active component of the wheat sprout powder.

본 연구에서는 고지방 및 고콜레스테롤 식이 흰쥐에 셀레늄 강화 시금치를 공급하여 간 조직의 항산화방어계와 지질과산화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험동물은 체중 150±10 g 내외의 Sprague-Dawley종 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 정상식이 대조군(N), 고지방 및 고콜레스테롤 공급군(HF), 고지방 및 고콜레스테롤 공급군에 무처리 시금치 5% 공급군(SPA) 및 10% 공급군(SPB), 고지방 및 고콜레스테롤 공급군에 셀레늄 강화 처리 시금치 5% 공급군(SSA) 및 10% 공급군(SSB)으로 총 6군으로 나누었다. 식이 및 식수는 자유섭취하게 하였으며 4주간 사육한 후 희생시켰다. 간 조직 중의 항산화 효소계인 SOD 활성은 HF군에 비해 셀레늄 시금치 공급군 SSA 및 SSB군에서 각각 31.4% 및 36.9% 증가하였으나 유의적인 차이는 아니였다. GSH-px 활성은 또한 SSA 및 SSB군에서 각각 5.8% 및 12.2% 증가하였으나 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았고, catalase 함량은 전체 군에서 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 유리기를 소거하는 지표인 간 조직의 superoxide radical 함량은 microsome에서 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 86.7%의 유의적인 증가를 나타내었으나 10%의 셀레늄 강화 시금치를 공급한 SSB군에서는 HF군에 비해 54.8%로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 간 조직의 microsome에서의 산화 단백질 함량은 정상군에 비해 HF 군에서 60.5%로 유의적으로 증가 되었으나 시금치의 공급으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. Mitochondria에서는 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 증가 된 HF군의 carbonyl value 함량이 셀레늄 강화 시금치를 10% 공급한 SSB군에서 23.1%로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 과산화지질의 함량을 적혈구에서 관찰한 결과 정상군에 비해 HF 군에서 59.0%로 유의적으로 증가하였고 10% 무처리 시금치 공급군 및 10% 셀레늄 강화 공급군에서는 각각 유의적으로 감소하였다. 과산화지질의 함량을 간 조직에서 관찰한 결과, 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 42.6%로 유의적으로 증가하였고, 또한 고지방 및 고콜레스테롤 식이로 인해 증가된 과산화지질은 시금치를 공급한 모든 군에서 유의적인 감소를 나타내었다. 특히 무처리 시금치 군에 비해 셀 레늄 강화 시금치에서 유의적으로 더 높은 과산화지질이 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 시금치에 함유된 여러 항산화 성분이 효과적으로 활성산소종의 소거에 관여함으로써 산화적 손상을 완화시킨 결과로 보이며, 특히 시금치에 셀레늄의 처리는 항산화능의 상승효과에 기여했으리라 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이 흰쥐에서 곰보배추 파우더가 간조직의 항산화 효소활성 및 산화적 손상에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험군을 4군으로 나누어 정상 식이군, 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이군, 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이에 곰보배추 파우더를 5% 및 10% 첨가한 군으로 각각 나누었다. 간 조직 중의 항산화 효소계인 GSH-px, catalase 및 SOD 활성은 정상군에 비해 HF군에서는 감소되는 경향을 나타내었으나 HF군에 비해 곰보배추 파우더 공급군에서 유의적으로 증가되었다. Superoxide radical 함량을 mitochondria 및 microsome에서 측정한 결과 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 유의적인 증가를 나타내었으나 곰보배추 공급으로 유의하게 감소되었다. 특히 microsome에서는 군간의 유의한 차이도 나타내었다. 간조직의 cytosol 및 mitochondria에서 H2O2의 함량에서는 곰보배추 공급군 모두에서 유의적인 감소로 정상군 수준을 나타내었다. 혈청에서 간수치 GOT 및 GPT를 측정한 결과 10%의 곰보배추의 공급으로 HF군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었다. 간조직의 microsome 및 mitochondria에서의 산화단백질 함량 또한 곰보배추 파우더의 공급으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 과산화지질의 함량을 간조직에서 관찰 한 결과 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이로 인해 증가된 과산화지질이 곰보배추 파우더를 공급한 군에서 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 곰보배추의 공급으로 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이로 손상된 간조직의 항산화계는 곰보배추 내 함유되어진 여러 생리활성 물질들이 항산화효소의 활성을 증가시켜 체내에서 생성된 free radical에 의한 산화를 억제시켰으리라 사료되어진다. 이로 미루어 곰보배추는 체내 조직의 산화를 억제하는 항산화작용에 효과적으로 기여함을 알 수 있었다.

Physiological responses and activities of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in pepper(Capsicum annuum) seedlings subjected to low temperature stress. The seedlings were exposed to 7℃, 11℃, or 15℃ for 4 h during the early seedling stage of pepper plants. The results showed that plant height and chlorophyll content were unaffected by the treatments. Polyphenol content in seedlings exposed to 7℃ was higher than that at 11℃ and 15℃ for 2 h. After 3 h of treatment, the flavonoid content was higher in pepper seedlings exposed to 7℃ than 11℃ and 15℃, which was slightly higher than that detected in the control. The H2O2 content increased remarkably with increasing exposure time to low temperature(i.e., 7℃) as compared to that at 11℃ and 15℃. The levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase(APX), and peroxidase(POD) fluctuated. These results provide basic information that can be utilized to maintain efficient temperature in greenhouses for sustainable growth of pepper under severe low temperature conditions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of sperm cryosurvival in boar sperm separated by Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes. The boar semen was collected into a pre-warmed (37℃) thermos bottle by gloved-hand method and was separated by 65% Percoll with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) before freezing. The frozen sperm was thawed at 38.5℃ for 45 sec in water-bath for sperm characteristic analysis. The sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI double staining for acrosome reaction, Rhodamine123/PI double staining for mitochondrial integrity and were analyzed using flow cytometry. In results, sperm viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial integrity were improved in separated sperm groups compared with unseparated sperm by Percoll (UP) group. Especially, viability was significantly higher in sperm separated by Percoll containing 400 IU CAT group compared with other groups (P<0.05). And acrosome reaction was decreased in sperm separated by Percoll with 300 IU SOD, 400 IU CAT and 0.5 mM GSH groups compared with other groups, however, there were no significantly difference mitochondrial integrity among sperm separated by Percoll with antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, we suggest that use of Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes for sperm separation will be beneficial for sperm cryopreservation in pigs.

This study was done to investigate the carbohydrate metabolism related enzyme activities and antioxidative effects of Nelumbo nucifera(N.N) Root in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG) and Total cholesterol were significantly decreaed in N.n treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The activity of glucose-6-pase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in N.N treated group. Also the activity of glucokinase(Gk) was significantly increaed in N.N treated group. The content of hepatic glycogen was significantly increaed in N.N treated group, in addition, content of malondialdehyde(MDA) was significanly decreased in N.N treated group. Also, content of glutathione(GSH) was significanly increased in N.N treated froup. whereas, activity of catalase(CAT) was significantly decreaed in N.N treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) was inecreaed. In conclusion, these results indicated that ethanol extract of N.N would have carbohydrate metabolism antioxidative effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats

The ethanol extraction yield of Meliae toosendan fructus(MT) was about 24.5% by extract apparatus. This study was done to investigate the carbohydrate metabolism related enzyme activities and antioxidative effects of MT in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG) were significantly decreaed in MT treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group, also content of Total cholesterol was decreased. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was increased in MT treated group. The activity of glucose-6-pase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in MT treated group. Also the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH) and glucokinase(Gk) were increaed in MT treated group. The content of hepatic glycogen was significantly increaed in MT treated group, in addition, content of malondialdehyde(MDA) was significanly decreased in MT treated group. Also, content of glutathione(GSH)was dereased in MT treated froup. whereas, activity of catalase(CAT) was significantly increaed in MT treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) was inecreaed. In conclusion, these results indicated that ethanol extract of MT would have carbohydrate metabolism antioxidative effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

본 연구는 환경요인의 변화, 특히 겨울철 저온이 식물체에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 밝히기 위해, 저온감수성 식물인 문주란을 대상으로 겨울철 일주기에 있어서 항산화효소 활성과 O-J-I-P곡선의 변화를 조사하였다. 겨울철의 superoxide dismutase와 peroxidase의 활성은 여름철에 비해 다소 증가하였다. 특히, peroxidase는 겨울철 새벽과 밤에 높은 활성을 보였으며 초겨울에만 특이적으로 검출되는 isoenzyme들로 관찰할 수 있

겨울철 저온에 의한 식물의 반응 및 생리적 상태를 확인하기 위해 문주란(Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum)을 대상으로 엽록소형광과 항산화효소 찬성의 변화를 조사하였다. O-J-I-P곡선을 분석한 결과 겨울철에 J, I, P-단계에서의 형광세기가 현저하게 간소하였다. 문주란 잎의 광계II의 광화학적 효율, 즉 Fv/Fm은 겨울철의 온도변화 추이와 유사하게 낮은 값을 나타내어 겨울철 저온이 스트레스 요인으로. 작용하는 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Indongcho(L. japonica Thunb) powder on blood glucose, serum lipid levels and antioxidative enzymes in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of rats(3-week-old inbred Sprague-Dawley male rats) were normal rats fed control diet(NC), diabetic rats fed control diet(DC), normal rats fed Indongcho powder diet(NI), and diabetic rats fed Indongcho powder diet(DI). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg B.W., i.p.). The animals were fed ad libium each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Food and water intakes were determined everyday. Blood glucose and serum total cholesterol levels were determined every week. After 5 weeks the animals were sacrificed and activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products were determined in their liver and kidney homogenates. We also determined serum concentrations of total lipid(TL), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C). Blood sugar and water intake were higher in diabetic group(DC and DI group) than normal group(NC and NI group) and were not significantly decreased by dietary Indongcho intake. Body weight gain and FER(feed efficiency ratio) were reduced by STZ treatment. But, Final body weight was recovered by Indongcho-contained diet. LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) of the DI g re up was significantly lower than the other experimental groups(NC, NI and DC groups). The hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity of the groups fed Indongcho diet(NI and DI group) was lower than the groups fed control diet(NC and DC group) and the G6Pase activity of NI group was recovered to the normal levels(p<0.05). However, The glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and glutathione reductase(GR) activities in liver and G6Pase activity in kidney were not statistically different between the control and diabetic control groups. Renal GST activity of the DI group was recovered by Indongcho intake. In conclusion, these results confirm oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats with STZ diabetes and antioxidative effect of Indongcho.

Background: To enhance the taste and physiological characteristics of Lycii fructus (Gugija) extracts, we investigated the changes in the physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts caused by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) Methods and Results: Gugija extracts, including 10G10, 10GW-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixtures made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with WG), as well as 10G10, 10GR-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixture made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with RG) were extracted with water at 10 times the respective mixture's volume. The antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated by assessing their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. As the amount of WG added increased, the DPPH, and, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of the Gugija extract decreased. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 10G10, 10GW-G6 : 4, 10GR-G6 : 4, and 10GR-G0 for DPPH radical scavenging activity were 25.50 ± 1.04, 52.06 ± 1.46, 16.87 ± 1.24, and 9.50 ± 0.16 ㎕/㎖, respectively. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with the addition of increasing amounts of RG. However, ACE inhibitory activity was the highest (50.25 ± 2.58%) in the Gugija 10-fold extract without any added RG. Conclusions: From the above results, we suggest that adding RG to Gugija extracts increase their antioxidant, FRAP, and nitrite scavenging activities.

This study investigated the nutritional properties and biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum (GL). The round type of GL contained higher carbohydrate content, while the Nokgak type of GL contained higher crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein content. The most abundant amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and soluble vitamin observed were valine (round type: 11.90 mg/g and Nokgak type: 17.18 mg/g), linoleic acid (round type: 47.56% and Nokgak type: 75.68%), potassium (round type: 116.50 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 184.36 mg/100 g), and vitamin B3 (round type: 1.78 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 1.81 mg/100 g), respectively. In addition, the β-glucan content were 34.15 g/100 g (round type) and 30.07 g/100 g (Nokgak type). The GL 70% ethanol extract at 40℃ showed higher radical scavenging as well as carbohydrate and lipid enzyme inhibition than other conditions. At 1 mg/mL of treatment with the 70% ethanol extract at 40℃ of round type GL, the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition activities obtained were approximately 92.85, 99.74, 58.09, 89.68, 44.68, and 67.56%, respectively.

본 연구는 키토산올리고당의 음수 내 급여가 따른 육계의 혈액성상, 면역력 및 항산화효소계에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 1일령 Arbor Acre종 약 2만 8천수를 대조구와 키토산 음수 급여구로 나누어 5주 동안 실시하였다. 육계의 혈액 성상에서 Glucose의 농도는 대조구보다 키토산올리고당 음수 급여구가 유의적으로 감소하였으나, Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol 및 LDL-cholesterol 농도에는 대조구와키토산올리고당 음수 급여구간에 차이를 보이지 않았고 간 손상에 대한 인자인 GOT농도는 시험구간에 차이가 없었지만 GPT농도는 대조구보다 키토산올리고당 음수 급여구가 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 면역글로블린 농도 중, IgG 농도는 대조구와 키토산올리고당 음수 급여구간에 차이가 없었으나, IgM 농도는 대조구보다 키토산올리고당 음수 급여구가 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 항산화력과 SOD의 농도는 시험구간에 차이가 없었으며, Catalase와 Glutathione peroxidase의 농도는 대조구보다 키토산올리고당 음수 급여구가 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 따라서, 키토올리고당의 음수 급여로 인해 육계의 당대사, 면역기능 및 1차 항산화 효소계의 활성을 증가시켜 육계의 강건성에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 보여주었다.

Rice seeds germinate in the complete absence of oxygen. Under anoxia, the seeds have greater stress in abiotic condition than in aerobic one. Antioxidant enzymes play an important role of ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species) scavenging in various anoxic stress. We investigated the relationship between antioxidant enzymes and early seedling growth of four rice cultivars (Iksan 429, Khaiyan, FR13A, and Nampyeong) under anoxic and aerobic conditions. Rice seeds immersed into a sealed water bottle for 10 days. During anoxia, rates of cleoptile elongation were faster in tolerant varietise Iksan 429 and Khaiyan than in FR13A and Nampyeong. In the anoxic water condition, the activity of SOD in Iksan 429 and Khaiyan increased slightly until 5 days , while that of Nampyeong and FR13A decreased significantly after 7 days. The activity of peroxidase in Khaiyan was higher than that of FR13A. These results suggest that the ability to increase SOD and POX may be one of the determinants in anoxia tolerance of rice.

The diurnal changes of chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated in the leaves from four subtropical plant species (Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Bak., Osmanthus insularis Koidz., Asplenium antiquum Makino and Chloranthus glaber Makino) under the natural habitats in summer and winter. The intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence was lower in O-, I-, J-, P-steps of O-J-I-P transient in winter than summer, and prominent diurnal change was not found in the fluorescence intensity of four subtropical plant species in winter. The activity and isoenzyme pattern of SOD and catalase did irregularly change seasonally and diurnally in four subtropical plant species. In contrast, the peroxidase activity and isoenzyme pattern was different depending on plant species and growth seasons; The activity increased slightly more in winter than in summer in four subtropical plant species, and several isoenzymes appeared in the leaves from C. asiaticum var. japonicum, O. insularis and A. antiquum in winter.

Seedlings of two rice genotyopes, cvs. Ilpumbyeo and Gancheokbyeo, were exposed to 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl in nutrient solution for nine days. Plants were collected at the interval of 3 days and organic and inorganic solutes in leaves and roots and antioxidative enzyme activity in leaves were determined. Under salinity, the accumulation of soluble sugars occurred considerably in the older leaves of stressed seedlings compared to younger leaves and roots. The endogenous Na+ contents markedly increased at higher NaCl concentration in leaves and roots of seedlings, though it was higher accumulated in roots. Salinity resulted in an excessive proline accumulation in the stressed plants. A more pronounced increase was observed in Gancheokbyeo leaves. SOD activity in Impumbyeo cannot found any remarkable change, whereas, in Gancheokbyeo, its activity was rapidly decreased. CAT and POD activities increased with an increase in NaCl concentration in both genotypes. In sum­mary, the high capacity of rice seedlings to overcome an unfavorable growth condition such salt stress appears to be related to an adequate partition of organic solutes between shoots and roots and to changes in absorption, transport and re-translocation of salts.

감잎 phenolic compounds가 횐쥐에서 에탄올투여로 생성된 oxygen free radical대사와 각종 효소활성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실험동물을 정상군, 감잎 phenolic compounds 투여군(70 mg/kg), 에탄을 단독투여군, 에탄올과 감잎 phenolic compounds 소량 병합투여군(70 mg/kg), 에탄올과 감잎 phenolic compounds 대량 병합투여군(140 mg/kg)의 5군으로 나누어

토성 및 토양수분에 따른 시호근의 생육특성과 saikosaponin함량 및 항산화효소 활성 변화를 조사해 본 결과, 수분과다 토양에서 는 삼도시 호는 장수시호보다 생육 억제정도가 매우 높았고, 건물중은 과습, 적습, 과건 재배 순으로 높았고, 수분조건에 따른 토성별로는 과건은 식양토, 사양토, 사토 순으로, 적습과 과습시는 사토, 사양토, 식양토 순으로 높았다. 토양수분조건별 saikosapon a, d, c함량은 과건, 적습, 과습 순으로 높았고, 토성간에는 사토, 사양토, 식양토 순으로 높았다. POD 활성은 지상부는 장수시호가 삼도에 비하여 매우 높았고, 토양 수분함량간에는 장수는 과건, 과습, 적습 조건 순으로 높았으나, 삼도시 호는 과건, 적습, 과습 순으로 높았다. SOD활성은 지상부와 지하부 공히 장수시호가 높은 경향이나, 수분조건별로는 과건, 과습, 적습순으로 높았으며, 건조상태의 경우 두 품종 모두 사토에서 높았다. 시호에서 뿌리의 Saikosaponin함량과 POD 및 SOD 함량과는 정의상관을 나타내는 경향이었고 줄기 및 뿌리길이와 POD함량과는 부의 상관을 나타내었다.