Behavioral reaction can be measured as a sensitive endpoint for sublethal toxicity of copper, and can be used to obtain easily and quickly. Also behavioral endpoints may serve as a more insightful evaluation tool of the ecological effects of toxic chemicals. In this study, four invertebrates in freshwater which are usually used indicate species for water quality were selected as test species (Chironomus riparius, Heterocypris incongruens, Daphnia magna, and, Triops longicaudatus). Each test species was exposed to copper for 6 hours, and total distance, velocity, and, turn angle were measured for 1 hour using video analysis system (Ethovision : Noldus Information Technology) in laboratory condition. Each endpoints reflected effect of copper toxicity appropriately for all test species. These endpoint have possibility that can be used to identify characteristic behavioral responses to a metal toxicity. We viewed this study as a preliminary experiment for future research to investigate the significance of behavioral endpoints to various toxic chemicals.

The flushing is important to maintain good water quality in water main. It is a technique of using water velocity to remove sediments in water distribution system. The variety of water quality problems can occur in a distribution system, so too can a variety of benefits be gained by system flushing. In order to effectively perform the flushing, the contaminants to be removed to set up and it can be solved, it is necessary to ensure the proper flow rate. In this study, the removal of contaminants present in the inner water pipe attached loose deposits such as fine particles of granular activated carbon, sand and iron corrosion product sought to derive flow rates. Thus, the constant observation of using pilot plant scale water distribution plant for the movement of floating characteristics of particles were assessed.

현재 전 세계적으로 설계단계에서 부식 생성물과 방사성 핵종의 양을 예측하는 프로그램에 대해서는 개발되거나 개발중인 프로그램이 다양하다. 그러나 원자력 발전소 해체 시 발생하는 방사화 부식생성물의 양을 평가하는 코드에 대한 개발은 이 루어지지 않고 있어 정확한 산정에 어려움이 있다. 원자로 용기, 원자로 구성품 및 인접 구조물에서의 특성 원소의 중성자 조 사로 인한 방사화재고량을 평가하기 위해서는 원자로의 고정된 구조물을 대표하는 모든 영역에서의 평균 중성자속과 구조 물의 물질조성 및 원자로 운전이력 등을 이용하여 평가해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 설계단계에서 사용되는 1차 계통의 부식생 성물과 방사성 핵종의 양을 예측하는 CORA, PACTOLE, CRUDSIM, CREAT 및 ACE 코드를 분석하였다. 향후 연구에서는 제 염해체 폐기물 발생량 평가에 대한 사용가능성과 개선점을 찾아 부식생성물량 산정에 정확성을 높이고자 한다.

Environmental pollution including air, land, and water has become one of the most critical issues in global interest. The damages due to environmental pollution lead to serious disasters. Nations have realized the importance of environment protection and have been starting to force organizations to implement environmental management system (EMS) as way of protecting environment. ISO 14001 requirements that are the most popular standard as EMS have been developed to support continuous improvement to environment management. It has been revised once since publication and ISO 14001 : 2004 version is currently available. Organizations globally started to acquire the certificate of EMS to observe environment related laws, accept customers’ and stakeholders’ request, increase market share, and fulfill implementation motives. This article examines the audit data that were collected for several years from manufacturing companies including shipbuilding, machinery, metal, automobiles, and chemical companies in southeastern Korea on the basis of ISO 14001 : 2004 requirements. The audit data were classified into minor nonconformities based on factors such as business size, business type, and EMS implementation period. We conduct hypotheses test using statistical methods in order to see if there are any significant differences based on the factors. We draw conclusions for the results of hypotheses test and address the necessities of energy, greenhouse gas, green management, and continuous improvement to enhance the efficiency of EMS implementation.

For the recent 5-6 years, the ratio of smart phone users in South Korea has increased to over 65% of cellular subscribers and half of all population. While smartphones have given enormous convenience to our lives, pathological use of smartphones has brought a new mental health concern among the community. Therefore, huge interest sheds on the studies on the cause analysis and treatment of smartphone addiction. However, the traditional clinic approach based survey and interview has serious drawbacks of its subjectivity and inability of continual monitoring and treatment. In this paper, SAMS (smartphone addiction management system) is presented, which monitors the application usage pattern, provides statistical analysis, and policy-based usage intervention. A trail test is performed for checking he reliability and efficacy of SAMS in smartphone addiction research, and some analysis on the collected data are done: daily use count, not daily use time, has strong influence on smartphone addiction: CC=0.62 and CC =0.00 for the correlation coefficients of counts and times with total survey score, and p = 0.047 and p = 0.507 for t-test analysis of contrast group.

Prevention of the disasters is the best welfare to workers and it brings the growth and stability of an enterprise, finally uplifts the national competitiveness. Because small-scale businesses do not have safety and health managers, the government provides a wide range of safety and health management supports to small-scale businesses. However despite of this government's effort, the industrial accident rate of small-scale businesses does not decline, which is mainly because the projects are not differentiated according to the risk level of individual business. Therefore, this paper aims to obtain implications concerning a plan to conduct a reliable assessment of education through a safety job assessment, and to build a framework which may improve a technical area through the AHP analysis.

이 연구는 노인장기요양보험제도가 인정조사자들의 인정조사와 등급판정위원들의 등급판정 심의를 통해 직접적인 서비스가 시작되고 있다는 점에서 인정조사자의 인정조사 편차율과 등급판정위원들의 심의의 중요성에 대한 인식을 부각시키기 위함이다. 서비스에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 등급판정위원들 중에서 경기도와 인천지역의 등급판정위원들을 중심으로 설문하였으며, 심의수준을 측정하기 위한 변수로 직업별, 연령별 등으로 나누어 각 이해도 변수별 등급판정의 방향성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 현행 노인장기요양보험제도가 시행된지 6년이 지난 지금의 현실에서 등급판정위원들의 역할이 노인장기요양보험제도 서비스 정착에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 다음번 연구에는 인정조사들의 인정조사시 편차율에 대한 연구가 필요하리라 본다.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 노인을 위한 전산화 인지평가도구인 코사스의 표준화 자료를 얻고 신뢰도와 공인타당도를 검증하기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 조사연구에 사용된 전산화 인지평가도구는 코사스로 지남력, 기억력, 주의집중, 시지각, 언어능력, 순서화와 계산능력을 평가하는 콘텐츠로 구성되어있으며 프로세스와 데이터결과는 전산화되어 일관성 있고 자동으로 처리된다. 연구대상은 표준화 자료를 얻고 신뢰도를 검증하기 위한 조사에는 60대부터 80대까지 대구시에 거주하는 정상노인 302명이 참여하였다. 한국형 간이정신상태검사(Mini-Mental State Examination for Korean; MMSE-K)와 노인용 인지검사(Cognition Scale for Older Adults; CSOA)와의 상관관계를 통하여 타당도를 검증하기 위한 조사에는 뇌졸중 환자 52명이 참여하였다. 결과 : 정확도 평균점수는 총 64점 중에 45.03점이고 표준편차는 5.58이다. 평균반응시간은 15.14초이고 표준편차는 3.69이다. 문항 간 내적 일치도 계수는 Chronbach’s α=.66이고, 두 검사 집단 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>.05). MMSE-K와의 상관관계는 r=.73이고, CSOA와의 상관관계는 r=.76이다(p<.01). 코사스 검사 세부 영역과 MMSEK와의 상관관계 역시 긍정적인 관계가 나타났으며, CSOA와 코사스의 공통 세부영역 간에도 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 노인용 전산화 인지평가도구인 코사스의 표준자료와 해석기준이 마련되었다. 코사스는 노인의 인지장애를 평가할 수 있는 신뢰성과 타당성을 갖춘 평가도구이다.

This paper is a case study of reliability assessment with field warranty data of Clutch Master Cylinder (CMC) in hydraulic clutch system. We estimate lifetime distribution using field warranty data which contain much useful information for understanding reliability of the system in the real-world environments. However, the estimated parameters are far from existing reference values, which seems to be caused right censored field warranty data. To modify the parameters, we use the information of the durability test which is performed to verify that the lifetime of the item meets the required level. After that, we can observe that the modified parameters are closer to the existing reference values. This case study shows a possible idea to supplement lack of right censored field warranty data and its applicability.

This paper is a case study of reliability assessment with field warranty data of Clutch Master Cylinder(CMC) in hydraulic clutch system. We estimate lifetime distribution using field warranty data which contain much useful information for understanding reliability of the system in the real-world environments. However, the estimated parameters are far from existing reference values, which seems to be caused right censored field warranty data. To modify the parameters, we use the information of the durability test which is performed to verify that the lifetime of the item meets the required level. After that, we can observe that the modified parameters are closer to the existing reference values. This case study shows a possible idea to supplement lack of right censored field warranty data and its applicability

Improve motivation for physical education classes physical education as a way to encourage active participation in class, cause to apply a improve Scoring system to determine on the academic achievement, seeing that purpose. To this end, the third year of

As the occurrence rate of terror and hazard is increasing throughout the world, GSA, DoD, and FEMA are proceeding a study about mitigating the damage of terror. Korea is no more a safe place from the terrorist's threat, so we need to make measures against them. In this study we developed modified RVS System by revising some items to adjust the system to the domestic condition and conducted a risk assessment on several tall buildings in Korea. By using IRVS system which is developed by DHS, we also carried out the risk assessment. Comparing the results between RVS with IRVS, we performed terror risk evaluation of tall buildings. Through risk assessment of several tall buildings, we analyzed key factors of each scenarios and suggested the mean value of each items, so we would like to help the counter-terrorism in the design phase.

This study performed field examinations of a zero discharge and reuse system developed by Hong and Choi(2009). The system installed one of villages located in Hyoryeong-myeon, Gunwee-gun for the experiments. The zero discharge and reuse system consists of anoxic, FES (Ferrous Electricity System), Oxic, Cralifier processes for water treatments. The main feature of the system is to remove phosphorous by using Fe-ionizing module within the FES process. The water purification performances of the system were evaluated, while any defects for using the system were investigated through the field monitoring. It was found that the removal capacities of T-P, T-N, and BOD of the system meet the required water quality with outstanding performance from T-P by obtaining the results of over 90 % removal rates. The efficiency of T-P removal rate of the system found to be greatly influenced by whether using an automatic washing system to the Fe-ionizing module and conducting replacement of iron plate within a proper period.

The commission assessment and cost analysis of a measuring rate system of food waste were performed to account a total budget. The selling price of tax clearance was between about 240 wons and 270 wons, a vinyl bag was sold at from about 260 wons to 290 wons, based on a vessel size of 5L. After one year the measured rate system was enforced, the total cost for buying vessels in the Daejeon metropolitan city area was accounted about 720 million wons. Purchasing cost of bar code tax clearance and vinyl bags were decreased to 215 million wons due to the reduction rate, while the selling cost was increased to 328 million wons, compared with the existing cost. Therefore, the total saving cost was 2,639 million wons per year in the city.

한국원자력연구원 내에 위치하는 방사성폐기물지하처분연구시설의 터널 내 벽면의 지반변위 및 온도 변화를 실시간으로 감시할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하였다. 이 시스템은 광섬유케이블(Optical Fiber Cable)의 Brillouin 산란현상을 이용하는 분포개념의 온도 및 변형율 측정기법(Distributed Temperatureand Strain Sensor: DTSS)을 적용하는 기술이다. 2년여 동안 감시한 결과 터널 벽면 쇼크리트 표면에서 균열 등과 관련한 뚜렷한 벽면 변위 징후는 발견되지 않았다. 다만, 시간이 경과함에 따라 터널 내에서 지 하수 누출 지점을 중심으로 벽면에서 변형의 누적 크기가 증대되어가는 경향을 보이나 그 크기는 미약하 고 완만하게 진행함을 확인하였다. 계속적인 지하수에 의한 포화-습윤-건조 등의 현상이 반복되는 구간이 나 포화상태에 있는 구간은 점진적으로 영향이 커질 것으로 예상된다. 광섬유센서케이블을 이용한 분포 개념의 측정 및 분석기술은 구조물의 특성에 따라 선택적ㆍ탄력적 적용이 가능하다. 변형률의 계측 범위 는 20 ∼28,000 크기까지 변위 계측이 가능하다. 변형률의 해상도는 0.01mm로서 최소 매 1m 간격, 온도는 0.01℃ 해상도를 가지고 최소 0.5m 간격으로 감시가 가능하다. 기존의 특정지점 계측방법(Point Sensing)과는 확연하게 차별된다. 현재까지 운영한 결과 본 감시시스템은 방사성폐기물 처분시설 등 공 동과 사면의 장기감시시스템으로 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study is, by recognizing that recently, as crimes using information and various adverse-effect phenomena such as hacking and virus occur frequently with rapid development of information network such as Internet in every field of industry, the range of security is widening to the field of industrial areas for preventing the leaking of industrial technology and protecting that technology as well as information security only limited to IT area, and by establishing common concept about industrial security through education on the industrial security at the point of increasing importance of industrial security, to prepare the base of comprehensive risk management system for protecting company's assets (physical factor, technical factor and managerial factor) safely from the random threats or attacks inside and outside the company through assessment of important assets of the company, evaluation of threats and weak points, and risk assessment by building industrial security management system in order to protect company's information assets and resources which are connected to the existence of the company safely from the threats or attacks from inside or outside the company and to spread stable business activities.

ln this paper, we proposed the modified method of Metcalfe ’s law that is “ Modfied law" in evalllating the network power for the measurement of combat effectiveness in C41 system. It is applied to JFOS-K (Joint Fire Operating SystemKorea) C41 system that

In this paper, we proposed the modified method of Metcalfe's law that is "Modfied law" in evaluating the network power for the measurement of combat effectiveness in C4I system. It is applied to JFOS-K(Joint Fire Operating System-Korea) C4I system that can connect KJCCS(Korea Joint Command & Control System) of Korea armed forces with JADOCS(Joint Automated Deep Operations Coordination System) of U.S. armed forces and achieve sensor to shooter system in real time in JCS(Joint Chiefs of Staff) level. The result of combat effectiveness using Modified law is compared to the one by C2 theory and found that both is similar. This study is

해상에서 유류유출사고가 발생하면 해양생태계 파괴 뿐 아니라 바다에 의존하여 삶을 영위하는 인간에게 사회경제적으로 미치는 영향이 크다. 법률(해양환경관리법)에서는 유류유출시 해양오염영향조사를 하도록 규정하고 있지만, 사회경제적 영향을 평가하기에는 법률상 조사 항목이 구체적이지 못하고, 세부항목 간 중복 등의 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 법률상 해양오염영향조사 시스템 중 사회경제 분야의 조사를 중심으로 문제점을 진단하고, 사회경제적 영향평가의 범주와 지표를 개발하여 제도적 개선의 방안을 제시하였다.

본 연구는 효율적 비오톱평가를 위해 일반적으로 적용할 수 있는 평가항목 및 평가체계를 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 지금까지 선행된 연구사례들을 비교 검토하여, 현실적 적용가능성이 높은 비오톱 평가 항목 및 평가체계(안)을 도출하고, 선정된 사례지역의 적용과 자문회의 등의 계속적인 피드백 과정을 통하여 효율적인 비오톱평가를 위한 평가항목 및 평가체계를 제안하였다. 첫째, 비오톱평가를 위한 항목으로는 자연성 및 헤메로비, 다양성, 면적, 고립성 및 연결성, 복원능력, 희귀성 등 6개 항목을 제안하였다. 둘째, 비오톱 평가체계는 1단계 평가인 전체 비오톱유형에 대한 평가와 2단계 평가인 개별 비오톱에 대한 생태적 보전가치평가로 구분한다. 유형평가단계에서는 자연성 및 헤메로 비와 다양성 항목을 중심으로 평가하고, 개별평가단계에서는 고립성 및 연결성, 복원능력, 희귀성 등과 같은 항목을 중심으로 평가할 것을 제안하였다. 그러나 비오톱평가는 지역의 특성이 고려되어야 하므로, 본 연구에서 제안된 평가항목 및 체계를 기반으로 하여 지역의 상황과 여건에 맞는 평가항목 및 지표들을 충분히 검토하여 선택하고 필요시 세부평가지표들이 추가 보완되어야 할 것이다.