Background: Individuals with calf muscle shortening may have decreased dynamic balance. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mobilization with movement (MWM) and myofascial release (MFR) on kinematic changes in dynamic balance in individuals with calf muscle shortening. Methods: Thirteen participants were randomly assigned to the MWM or the mobilization with movement added myofascial release (MWM-MFR) group. The MWM group received treatment with only MWM, whereas the MWM-MFR group was treated with MWM and MFR. Pre- and post-intervention passive range of motion (PROM), maximum reaching lengths, and modified star excursion balance test (MSEBT) results were compared for all participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed significant within-group differences in ankle PROM, but no significant between-group differences. The maximum reaching length in the MWM-MFR group in the posterolateral direction was significantly different before and after the intervention (p = 0.005). This group also showed significantly reduced ankle abduction in MSEBT during the posteromedial direction section 3 (p = 0.007) and posterolateral direction section 5 (p = 0.049) compared with the MWM group. Conclusion: Combined MWM and MFR intervention improves ankle stability in the coronal plane during the posteromedial and posterolateral forward mo

본 연구는 송아지 경매가격에 영향을 미치는 환경적인 요인 및 친자확인의 효과에 대하여 검정해 보고자 경남 G지역 송아지 경매시장에서 거래 된 6 ~ 10개월령 사이의 수송아지 12,668두의 데이터를 이용하여 일반분석과 분산분석 및 유의성검정을 실시하였다. 경매가격과 체중에 대한 환경효과 분석을 실시하였고 독립변수로는 경매년도, 경매월령 및 친자확인결과를 분석하였다. 분석한 경매가격과 체중에 대한 분산분석의 결과는 경매년도, 경매월령 및 친자확인결과에서 모든 효과가 고도의 유의성(p>0.01)을 보이고 있었다. 유의성검정 결과에서 경매가격과 체중에 대한 도축년도의 효과는 경매가격이 경매년도가 지남에 따라 유의적으로 높아지는 추세를 보였다. 경매가격과 체중에 대한 경매월령의 효과에서 경매가격은 7~8개월령인 송아지가 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났고 월령이 높아질수록 가격이 낮아지는 추세를 보이는 반면 체중은 높아지는 추세를 보이고 있었다. 경매가격 과 체중에 대한 친자확인의 효과에서 경매가격은 친자일치가 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났지만 미분석과 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 체중은 친자일치가 유의적으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 경매가격에 대한 경매년도와 친자확인결과의 효과에서 2016년까지 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 2017년부터는 친자일치 개체가 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타나기 시작했다. 경매가격에 대한 경매월령과 친자확인결과의 효과에서는 전체적으로 친자부정이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났고 일치와 미분석은 대부분은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았지만 7개월령의 경우에는 친자일치가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic treatment with IgY and Bacillus subtilis complex on diarrhea and weight gain in Hanwoo calves. Bacillus and E. coli levels were measured in the feces of calves post probiotic administration. Subsequently, calves with diarrhea were divided into two groups. The total and daily weight gain was measured in 23 calves after three months of suckling and divided into three groups. In Test 1, Bacillus was detected of the control group constantly at 104 CFU/g; a statistically significant difference was observed between the treatment and the control groups on the 1st and 3rd day (p<0.05) but not on the 7th day, confirming that the Bacillus subtilis survived in the intestine only until the 7th day. The treatment and control groups in Test 2 did not show any significant difference in the E. coli levels. However, comparison of changes in the E. coli levels showed a decreased of 6.39×108±9.80×108 CFU/g in the control group increase by 1.54×109±2.16×109 CFU/g, and, a decrease by 1.47×109±2.20×109 CFU/g; a decrease of by 4.20×107±3.90×108 CFU/g was observed in the treated group, an increase by 7.19×108±2.04×109 CFU/g, anda a decrease by 9.22×108±1.79×109 CFU/g. The changes in, control group were more rapid than in the treatment group. Therefore we hypothesize that probiotics inhibit E. coli growth. A concurrent improvement in weight gain was observed following probiotic administration. The IgY and Bacillus subtilis probiotics complex used in this study can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of calf diarrhea.

This study was conducted to investigate the breeding status of farms to improve the production efficiency of Hanwoo calf. The study was conducted on 45 farms divided into two groups. This study was conducted to investigate the breeding size and breeding area of Hanwoo cows. The average age at first delivery of Hanwoo was 28.7 months. The number of artificial insemination per pregnancy was 1.45±0.32, and the number of artificial insemination days after birth was 119.8 days. Conception rates were 75.2±16.93% for small farms and 70.6±17.46% for medium sized farms and 71.4±11.03% for large farms. When we looked at farming methods, ‘the farmers using estrus observation aids’ had 10.42% higher calf production rate than the ‘unused farmers’. The farms vaccinated with IBR and BVDV for breeding cattle showed a 4.41% decrease in abortion, stillbirth and mortality. According to farming conditions, conception rate and delivery rate improved by 3.47% and 18.29%, respectively, when grazing and exercising were performed. Observation, immunization and grazing were found to be important indicators for improving calf production efficiency in Hanwoo farm. This study can be used as a research data to improve the reproductive rate of farmhouse sites through the survey on the breeding status of Hanwoo farmers.

Recently, we published a microinjection method for generating transgenic cattle using the DNA transposon system and their analysis by next-generation sequencing (Yum et al. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 21;6:27185). In that study, we generated transgenic cattle using two different types of DNA transposon system, sleeping beauty (SB) and piggybac (PB), carrying Yellow fluorescent protein with SB (SB-YFP, female) and green fluorescent protein with PB (PB-GFP, male) under the control of the ubiquitous CAG promoter, respectively. The female and male founder cattle have been grown up to date (the female age: 40 months old, the male age: 33 months old) without any health issues. In genomic instability and blood analysis, there was no significant differences between wild type and founder cattle. In the present study, we confirmed germ-line transmission of the transposon-mediated transgene integrations and ubiquitous and persistent expression of transgene in second generation of offspring (F1). The F1 was born without any assistance and expressed GFP in the eyes without UV light. The ubiquitous expression of GFP was detected in skin fibroblast from the ear tissue and confirmed by genomic DNA PCR, which suggest that the transgene from the PB-GFP was successfully transmitted. Unfortunately, no transgene from SB-YFP were identified. To confirm the transgene integration site, the genomic DNA from blood was extracted and performed next-generation sequencing (NGS). The GFP gene was integrated in chromosome 4 (two copies), and 6. As results, a total of two copies of paternal transgene transmitted into the F1. All the integrated position was not related with coding region and there was no significant difference in genomic variants between transgenic and non-transgenic cattle. To our knowledge, this is the first report of germ-line transmission through non-viral transgenic founder cattle. Those transgenic cattle will be valuable resource to many fields of biomedical research and agricultural science.

A 10-day-old, Holstein calf with facial mass of 10 cm in diameter at the forehead region referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Chungnam National University. The mass was soft and fluctuating swelling. It had normal skin and hair hanging forward from frontal region and was thought to contain cerebrospinal fluid.On the skull radiography, cauliflower like-irregular marginated, soft tissue opacity mass was identified craniodorsal to the frontal bone. The mass appeared as a cyst filled with anechoic fluid on ultrasonography. Soft tissue structures considered brain tissues were observed in the deep area of the mass. On the computed tomography, a large skull defect of left side frontal bone was found, and heterogeneous materials were exposed through the defect but exposure of cerebral meninges and brain tissue were not confirmative. On magnetic resonance imaging, herniated left brain parenchyma showed heterogenous T2 and T1 hyperinsensity. In the intracranium, T2 hyperinstense and T1 hypointense fluid was identified on the left side, instead of left cerebral parenchyma. Also leftward shift of right hemisphere and midline structure, including thalamus and midbrain, were observed. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed as a meningoencephalocele based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The calf was euthanized and necropsy was performed. On necropsy, both hemisphere were developed unequally with different size. One side hemisphere was grown in the outside through 10 cm hole on the median plane.

The objective of this study was to identify the phenotypic relationships among calving difficulty, calf birth weight and gestation length of Holstein dairy cattle under the environment of Korea. A total of 1,834 calving records collected by Dairy Science Division of National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2000 to 2014 was analyzed. General linear multivariate models for calving difficulty scores (CD: 1=no assistance, 2=minor assistance, 3=two to three persons assisted, 4=more than three persons assisted, 5=cesarean section), calf body weight at birth (BW), and gestation length (GL) included fixed effects of year and season (spring, summer, autumn, winter) of births (YS), sex of calves, and parity. For GL and BW, all three fixed effects (YS, sex of calves, parity) were significant (p<0.05). For CD, the effects of YS and sex of calves were significant (p<0.05). Bull calves were born with heavier BW by 3.18 kg, with greater CD by 0.18 point and with longer GL by 0.6 days than heifer calves. The least squares mean of BW was the heaviest at the third parity (44.1 kg) compared to those at the first, the second and the fourth parities or later (41.3-41.9 kg). The least squares mean CD at the first parity was 1.74 point, which was higher than CD at the second and later parities (about 1.68 points). Phenotypic correlation (partial residual correlation) between GL and BW was 0.36. But those between GL and CD and between BW and CD were -0.03 and 0.04, almost zeros. To conclude, we observed higher incidence of calving difficulty in the first calving than in the later ones. Further investigation on the relationships between calf’s birth weight and calving difficulty is needed

Calculating break-even price of calf production is closely associated with reproductive efficiency. To determine the price, we need data from reproduction records including number of claves weaned, number of cows exposed for breeding, and annual cash coast per cow, and average weaning or market weight of claves sold and retained. Unfortunately, the data were not available in Korea native cow (Hanwoo). To evaluate the performance and the price, we collected calving interval from about 60,000 cows for last 10 years and estimated reproductive performance. Calving interval was increased 4.3% and pregnancy rate was decreased about 1.4∼2.8% year-on-year. Increases in growth rates of number of cow and semen per calf supported the low reproductive performance. Finally, break-even price was calculated using estimated percent calf crop and demonstrated that growth rate of break-even price is larger than that of annual cash per cow, suggesting cow-calf profitability and financial efficiency in Korea native cow (Hanwoo) is getting worse.

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility gained in young adults with calf muscle tightness, as measured by increases in ankle active and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) after three stretching interventions. Twenty subjects (5 men and 15 women) with calf muscle tightness received the following three stretching interventions in one leg (assigned at random): static stretching (SS), eccentric training on stable surface (ETS), and eccentric training on unstable surfaces (ETU). The subjects received all three interventions to the same leg, applied in a random order. Each intervention had a break of at least 24 h in-between, in order to minimize any carryover effect. Each intervention used two types of stretching: with the calf muscle stretched and both knees straight, and with the knee slightly bent in order to maximize the activation of the soleus muscle. All three interventions were performed for 200 seconds. We measured the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility through active and passive ankle DFROM before intervention, immediately after intervention (time 0), and then 3, 6, 9, 15, and 30 min after intervention. We found a difference in the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility between the three interventions. In the ETS and ETU interventions, a significant improvement in calf muscle flexibility, both ankle active and passive dorsiflexion ranges of motion (ADFROM and PDFROM), was maintained for 30 min. In the SS intervention, however, ADFROM before 9 min and PDFROM before 6 min were statistically different from the baseline. Our results suggest that ETS and ETU may be more effective than SS for maintaining calfmuscle flexibility in young adults.

This study investigated the effect of birth weight on the fertility of Holstein heifers. Growth parameter (body weight) was measured at birth. Calves were analyzed as three subgroups: low (L), average (A) and high (H) birth weight (BW) calves. LBW calves were born 10 kg lighter than HBW calves. Fertility data collected included age at first breeding (AFB), number of services per conception, pregnancy rate to first artificial insemination (AI), and age at first calving (AFC). Primiparous calves in HBW are smaller compared to multiparous cows (18.3% versus 48%). Although not significantly different, LBW offspring appeared to breed faster over the service period compared with the ABW offspring that bred three weeks later on the average. The mean pregnancy rate to first AI for LBW heifers was higher (60%) than ABW (48%) and HBW (45%). HBW cows required more services per conception (2.1) than the LBW (1.7) and ABW (1.9). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in age at first calving among the different calving birth weights. Smaller birth size did not have any subsequent adverse effects on fertility. HBW offspring were more likely or tend to have worse fertility parameters.

A two-month-old male calf weighing 70 kg with congenital metacarpophalangeal flexural deformity was referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of Chugbuk National University. The calf could not stand and walk normally that walked with the dorsal surface of the hoof with contraction of fetlock joint. The both forelimbs had been casted two times during 45 days before presentation. Midline of the palmar surface of the feltlock joint was incised to cut superficial flexor tendon, deep flexor tendon and interosseus muscle. Both forelimbs are healed well returned to normal function after tenotomy.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of one proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique and static stretching on calf muscle tightness. The subjects consist of 9 hemiplegics, and 9 quadriplegics. The eighteen subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: prorioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(6 persons), static stretching(6 persons) and control(6 persons). Contract relax antagonist contract and static stretching techniques were applied continuously for twenty minutes each. Of the many proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques, only the contract relax antagonist contract technique was applied. The static stretching technique was applied with the subject placed in standing on a seventy degree inclined tilt table for twenty minutes. A wedge was placed under the feet to obtain maximum dorsiflexion. Wedge thickness varied with each subject. Results revealed: (1) a significant difference between the experimental and the control groups(p<0.05). (2) a significant difference between contract relax antagonist contract and static stretching groups(p<0.05). (3) At day five, the final increments were: contract relax antagonist contract , static stretching (meanstandard deviation).

This experiment was carried out to develop the model system for mass production of biomedical and nutritional proteins (human proteins) through mamraary gland of the transgenic cattle produced by gene manipulation and embryological technologies. Human growth hormone gene fused with rat -casein gene promoter was microinjected into pronuclei of one cell bovine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. After microinjection, embryos were cultured in vitro for 6 or 7 days. Twenty embryos reaching to blastocysts were transferred to 10 beef recipients, each receiving two embryos. Recipients were diagnosed for pregnancy by rectal palpation at 76 days after embryo transfer. One of them was pregnant to term and produced a female calf weighing 21 kg at 280 days following embryo transfer. DNA was extracted from umbilical cord tissue and blood of calf born for confirming gene insertion. As determined by Southern hybridization, the transgene was not found.