This experiment evaluated the interaction effect of extreme heat diet(EHD), inverse lighting, and cool water on the growth performance of broiler chickens under extreme heat stress. There were 4 experimental groups (T1: EHD 1, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water 9℃; T2: EHD 2, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water 9℃; T3: EHD 1, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water 14℃; T4: EHD 2, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water 14℃), each group composed of 25 broilers and the experiment was repeated 3 times. EHD 1 contained soybean oil, molasses, methionine and lysine. EHD 2 contained all nutrients of EHD 1 and vitamin C additionally. As a result, T1 and T2 displayed higher body weight increase and diet intake compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The weights of their liver and gizzard were similar but the weights of the thymus and bursa F were higher for T1 and T2 compared to that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05). It was observed that T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and blood sugar compared to that of T3 and T4 but LDL-C level was higher for T3 and T4 compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher levels of immunity substances such as IgG, IgA and IgM compared to T3 and T4 but the blood level of corticosterone displayed to be lower for T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The T1 and T2 contained a higher amount of fecal lactobacillus compared to that of T3 and T4 but the T3 and T4 contained a higher amount of fecal E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria compared o that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid, ropionic acid and total short chain fatty acids compared to T3 and T4 but T3 and T4 displayed igher concentrations of butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). These results have been observed that broiler chickens exposed to extreme eat stress with feeding EHD, inverse lighting and cold water would improve blood lipid, and elevate the production of immunity substance, beneficial microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids. This provision would also reduce the blood sugar consumption rate as energy sources and these effects will improve the growth performance of the broilers exposed to extreme heat.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the genetic effects of candidate genes on the growth of spleen and liver tissues using dietary Curcuma longa (C. longa) supplementation. Expression analyses of candidate genes regarding animal growth was performed in order to determine the factors affecting the growth related to immune components of Curucumin, Turmerone, and Zingiberene as the bile secretion Paratolyl methyl carbinol (PTMC). The animals were divided into four groups of five chicks supplied with experimental diets of C. longa at 0.25, 0.5 and 1% and controls. The 19 growth-related genes were known to cell maturation, differentiation significant expression patterns in this analysis. Expression of growth response-related genes in chicks supplemented with 1% of C. longa showed better growth performance than chicks with 0.25 and 0.5% in spleen (p<0.05). The IGF1, MSTN, POU1F1, ADCYAP1 gene were known to central roles in mediating gonadotropin function, regulating steroidogenesis and promoting oocyte growth and maturation. Sex steroids, androgen and estrogen can affect sex differentiation and also can affect muscle development. On the other hand, GHSR and FABP3 gene showed significant expression patterns in this analysis. The results would be used as basic information for the variation of growth-related genes expression on the cell growth, sex cell growth, and sex hormones according to dietary supplementation with C. longa in chickens.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that usually occurs with a modification in single nucleotide among the population of 1000 nucleotides. Such changes in nucleotides have been investigated and been associated by meat scientist for economically important traits and to increase economical profits in stock breeding. Pluralities in the study have correlated SNPs of potential candidate gene with economically important traits in domestic animals have been put forward. In chickens, INS, IGF1, IGF1R, IGFBP, CAPN1, CAPN3, GHSR, FATP1, FGFBP1, FGFBP2, apoVlDL-Ⅱ, PB1, miR-1614-3p, DAAM1, Wnt3A, LRP5, CHP, RHOA, MAPK9, SFRP1, ATGL, PGC-1α, NPY, GnRHR, PRL, TGFβ2, CASR. UCP, ADSL, STAT5b, LRP2 and CTSD genes have been found to have significant effects on body weight, breast muscle weight, carcass weight and egg number. For the similar reasons, SNPs of these genes have been considered useful DNA markers for the improvement economic value of poultry. Although further studies on different breeds of chickens would be required to segregate such dataset for different breeds of chickens.

In the livestock feed industry, antibiotics are used to prevent disease, promote growth rate, and improve feed efficiency. However, antibiotic supplementation to animal feed results in increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics as well as antibiotic residues in animal products, which can negatively affect human health. Therefore, alternative sources of antibiotics are need- ed. Probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics in animal feed have been shown to increase feed efficiency and growth rate by improving microbial balance. Further, Bacillus sp. produces a wide spectrum of antibacte- rial peptides. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with CS-32 on safety, growth rate, and feed efficiency. Antibacterial substance (5697.9 molecular weights) produced by CS-32 was isolated and purified from culture broth. Moreover, the results of minimal inhibi- tory concentration (MIC) test confirmed the excellent antibacterial effect of CS-32. In vivo, 0.1% and 1% CS-32 were fed to broiler chickens for 28 days. Feed efficiency was slightly higher in groups of chickens supplemented with 0.1% and 1% CS-32 than those of the control group. CS-32 had no significant effect on necropsy findings, hematology, or serum biochemistry, and there was no mortality. These results suggest that CS-32 among various biologically active substances may be safe and effective as a feed additive to improve growth rate and feed efficiency.

본 연구는 연속조명과 함께 폭염 스트레스(extreme heat stress, EHS)에 노출된 브로일러에서 폭염사료 급여가 혈액지질, 성장능력, 면역기관, 혈청 면역물질, 맹장 미생물 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 일반 환경온도 (25℃) 또는 폭염스트레스 (33±2℃)하에서 사육한 병아리는 일반사료(chow diet, CD)와 폭염사료(extreme heat diet, EHD)를 섭취하였다. 부화 당일 Ross 308 병아리 500 마리를 5 처리구 4 반복(반복 펜 당 25 마리)으로 완전임의배치 하였다. T1 (일반환경+CD), T2 (EHS+CD), T3 (EHS+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체 및 당밀 5%를 함유하는 EHD), T4 (EHS+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 5%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 CD 의 1.5 배씩 함유하는 EHD), T5 (폭염+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 5%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 CD 의 1.5 배씩 추가 및 비타민 C 300 ppm 을 함유하는 EHD)로 구분하였다. EHS 는 체중 및 사료섭취량을 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈액지질, 혈액 면역물질, F 낭, 흉선 그리고 비장의 무게는 브로일러를 EHS 에 노출하였을 때 유의하게 낮아졌다. 일반 환경온도 처리군과 비교할 때 EHS 처리군에서 맹장 Lactobacillus sp.는 낮았으나 Escherichia sp., Salmonella sp. 및 총호기성균은 높게 나타났으며 각 처리구 사이의 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다.

A study was investigated the effects of the probiotic mixture (PM) contained Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) SY-99 2.4×109 CFU/kg and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) SJ-61 2.2×109 CFU/kg on growth performance and fecal microflora counts of broiler chickens. Referred to the previous studies, a total of 160 one-day-old male broiler chicken (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, which were a basal diet alone (control) and supplemented with PM 0.1 g/kg feed (T1), PM 0.2 g/kg feed (T2), and PM 0.4 g/kg feed (T3). After 28 days of administration, the average daily feed intake of T1 and T3 was significantly different compared to that of control (p<0.05). In addition, the feed conversion ratio of T2 and T3 was significantly improved compared to that of control (p<0.05). On the 28th day after administration, all treatment groups were significantly increased fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts and decreased fecal Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) counts compared to T1 (p<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the combination of L. plantarum and B. subtilis strains in the range of 0.2-0.4 g/kg feed could be used for the improvement of growth performance and fecal microflora in broiler chickens.

Probiotics, enzymes, organic acids, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, and other functional materials are actively being explored as alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics include live beneficial microorganisms that colonize the intestinal tract and competitively inhibit attachment and growth of harmful microbes. Probiotics also increase feed efficiency by assisting in nutrient absorption and digestion. The current study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of a new probiotic, CS-A, as a dietary supplement of a fermented product on growth performance, feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency in broiler chickens, and to evaluate its value as an alternative for antibiotics used as a feed additive. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of CS-A were investigated in vitro and the in vivo effects of a constant concentration of supplemented CS-A on growth rate and feed efficiency were evaluated. In addition, the safety of CS-A was assessed by examination of common symptoms and mortality. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration revealed an excellent antibacterial effect of CS-A. Cytotoxicity was low and anti-inflammatory effects were achieved at the effective concentration of CS-A. Supplementation with 0.1% CS-A resulted in a feed efficiency score of 1.84 in broilers, compared to 2.00 in the control group. There were no adverse clinical findings, necropsy findings, hematology, and altered serum biochemistry parameters, and no mortality. Thus, it is concluded that CS-A is safe and effective as a feed additive.

To investigate the influence of multi-probiotic, fermented ginseng byproduct and fermented sulfone on the performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of broiler, a five weeks trial was conducted with 340, 1-d-old Ross×Ross broiler. All broilers were divided into five different groups having 68 birds in each treatment, and they were assigned as control, antibiotic avilamycin (AB), multi-probiotic (MP), fermented sulfone (FS) and fermented ginseng byproduct (FGB). Each artificial or naturally derived probiotic was inoculated 0.1% level with the basal diet, and all diets were provided to birds for five weeks. Weight gain and feed intake were measured weekly basis, and blood, spleen and feces were collectedand used for the physiological properties of broiler chickens. All performances and cholesterol profiles were not significantly differed but numerically lower level of neutral fat and LDL was found in multi-probiotics and FGB treatments respectively. The salmonella spp and E. coli numbers in the ileum were high in control in relation to those of other treatments and were significantly decreased in antibiotics treatments (p<0.05). In addition, Lactobacillus spp. showed significantly higher proliferation in MP as compared to that of others (p<0.05). Fecal ammonia and CO2 gas emission was significantly decreased in MP, FGB and FS, respectively (p<0.05), but significantly increased proliferation of spleen was determined in MP group in comparison of other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the results indicates that multi-probiotics would be valuable feed additives to improve the salmonella, E. coli and Lactobacillus proliferation, and manure gas emission of broiler chickens, but further study related to the production of manure gas emission of MP is necessary.

During the past dozens of years, animal species indigenous to Korea has been emerged as a symbol of healthy and well-being lifestyle. Developing new cross hybrid and making brand in Korean native chickens serve as an example of pursuing a well-being life. However, lack of systematic management. intervention from the small scaled middlemen during the multi-stages of marketing, poor hygiene at moorings and live bird market, and possibility of contacting to wild birds have been pointed out as risk factors to the outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza ([1PM), especially for small back yard flocks. This study describes the schema of husbandry and marketing on Korean native chickens, and their putative associations with the outbreaks of RPM during the last two big epidemics occurred in the Republic of Korea, which were in the year of 2008 and 2010/2011.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of wormwood meal addition on constituent of blood, and liver fatty acid in broiler chickens. Two-day old 25 male commercial broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments (wormwood meal levels ; T1 (1%), T2 (3%), T3 (5%), T4 (10%), and control (C)) for 5 weeks. Free fatty acids of liver were a little different among the treatments and the palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were occupied 92.5% of total free fatty acids. Hemoglobin and hematocrite concentration of blood were significantly decreased (p<0.05) as the levels of wormwood meal increased, and serum albumin concentration of broilers was little different between 0 week and 5 week experiments. Also serum cholesterol, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration of liver in broilers were little different during the 5 weeks experiment. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) as levels of wormwood meal increased. These results indicate that dietary wormwood meal addition has a little positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid and decreasing saturated fatty acid.

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like protein 1 (AHCYL1), also known as IP3 receptor- binding protein released with IP3 (IRBIT), is a member of the AHCY-like protein family. AHCYL1 protein regulates IP3-induced Ca2+ release in the cytoplasm of cells and, therefore, is likely to be an important gene regulating various biological processes in the oviduct of chickens. Inmammals, expression is greatest during activation of dendritic cells which are antigen presenting cells associated with immunoregulatory processes in blood and skin. However, the identification of the AHCYL1 gene in chickens has not been investigated. In the present study, we first used RT-PCR to demonstrate AHCYL1 gene expression in adult chicken organs and oviducts of immature chickens treated with DES (diethylstilbesterol, a synthetic estrogen agonist). The results indicated that AHCYL1 mRNA is expressed in chicken reproductive organs (testis, ovary and oviduct). Inaddition, expression of AHCYL1 mRNA increased in response to DES-treated immature oviducts compared to the non-treated control immature oviducts of chickens. Interestingly, AHCYL1 was abundant in the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelia, but not in other cell-types such as stroma and connective tissues, of the chicken oviduct. These results suggest that AHCYL1 is a novel estrogen-stimulated gene associated with development of the chicken oviduct, as well as functions of oviductal glandular and luminal epithelia that may include activation of resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells.

The objective of this study was to determine the feeding effect of a diet containing Cordyceps with fly pupa on the changes in blood lipid profile from broiler chickens, fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in chicken meat. A total of 360 chicks (Ross strain 308) were divided on hatch day into four treated groups with respect to a 35-day feeding regimen: T1 (control group), T2 (2.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa), T3 (3.5% Corceps with fly pupa) and T3 (5.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa). Blood triacylglyceride and total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 5.32-10.63% and 9.23-12.62%, respectively, in groups T2, T3 and T4 when compared to T1 (p<0.05). Water holding capacity was significantly highest in T2 (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences among groups T2, T3 and T. In chicken meat, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was high in the T3 and T4 groups, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid was low in the T2, T3 and T4 groups and oleic acid (18:1n-9) was high in the T2, T3 and T4 groups, when compared to T1 (p<0.05). TBARS tended to increase according to the storage time (in days), and was significantly lower in the chicken thigh muscles with skin in groups T2, T3 and T4 as compared to T1 (p<0.05). These results suggest that a diet containing 2.0-3.5% of Cordyceps with fly pupa may decrease blood lipid and improve both the shelf-life and quality of broiler chicken meat.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a causative agent of erysipelas in avian and mammalian species globally. Eight dead 5-week-old Ross broiler chickens were submitted for diagnostic tests in September 2005. Typical signs including white necrotic foci on the liver, focal congestion of the pancreas, severe atrophy and hardening of the bursa of Fabricius were detected. E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from haemorrhagic lung samples. However, no specific PCR product for the viral diseases tested was detected in these chicken samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of E. rhusiopathiae in broiler chickens in Korea.

Our previous study demonstrated that fermented four-herb combination (Ulgum, Yagmomil, Maesil and Bokbunja) with probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis) (hence, this additives was designated PFH) have immune enhancing and antibacterial effects in broiler chickens. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of PFH on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Twenty-day-old Ross broiler chickens were fed with or without PFH for 2 weeks. Body weight gain of the 2% PFH-fed group was significantly increased compared with those of the control group (*P<0.05). Moreover, body weight gain of the 1% PFH-fed group was also showed a increased tendency compared with the control group, although the difference was not significant (P=0.06). However, no significant difference in feed intake was observed among the groups. Feed conversion ratio of the 2% PFH-fed group was significantly decreased compared with those of the control group (*P <0.05). In addition, feed conversion ratio of the 1% PFH-fed group was also showed a slightly decreased tendency compared with the control group, although the difference was not significant (P=0.07). However, no significant differences in the proximate composition (moisture, crude fat, crude protein and crude ash) and the physico-chemical index (cooking loss, shearing force, water holding capacity and pH) were found among the groups. In addition, succulence, tending and flavor in meat of all 3 groups were also not different. Taken together, these findings suggest the possibility that PFH could be used as the alternative of antibiotic growth promoters by improving the performance of broiler chickens.

본 연구는 천연 한방 소재인 오배자를 사료첨가제로 이용하여 육계의 증체 및 육질에 미치는 영향을 분 석하였다. 총 80수의 2일령 육계를 20수 씩 각 4그룹으로 나눈 후 각 각 0% (control), 0.10%, 0.25% 및 0.50%의 농도로 사료에 첨가하여 30 일간 급여 하였고, 투여 시작 후 매 5일 마다 증체량, 사료섭취 량 및 사료 효율을 측정하였다. 그 결과 오배자 투여 그룹 모두에서 control 그룹보다 높은 증체량을 보 였고, 특히 0.25% 및 0.50% 투여그룹인 유의적인 증가를 나타냈으나 (P<0.05), 사료섭취량 및 사료효율 분석에서는 모든 그룹에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 오배자 0.10% 및 0.50% 투여그룹의 닭 다리살과 가슴살에 대한 조단백질과 지방산 조성을 분석해 보았다. 본 결과를 통하여 닭 다리살의 경 우 투여그룹 모두에서 비 투여군과 비교하여 조단백질 및 지방산 조성에는 큰 차이점을 보이지 않았다. 닭 가슴살의 경우 비 투여군과 비교하여 조단백질이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 (P<0.05), 지방산 조성 에 있어서 항암 및 항산화 작용으로 알려진 a-linoleic acid (C18:3n-3) 및 conjugated linoleic acid 가 비 투여군에 비해 높게 함유한 것으로 분석되었다. 이상의 결과로서 천연 한방 소재인 오배자를 육계용 사료첨가제로 급여하였을 때, 육계의 증체 및 육질 개선을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 오배자가 육계의 생산성을 증대시키는 사료 첨가제로서 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

We report here the production of transgenic chickens that can regulate human erythropoietin (hEPO) gene expression. The glycoprotein hormone hEPO is an essential for viability and growth of the erythrocytic progenitors. Retrovirus vector system used in this study has two features including tetracycline-controllable promoter and woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulator element (WPRE). The former is for to reduce the possibility of physiological disturbance due to constitutional and unregulated expression of hEPO gene in the transgenic chicken. The latter is for maximum expression of the foreign gene when we turn-on the gene expression. A replication-defective Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based vectors packaged with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) was injected beneath the blastoderm of non-incubated chicken embryos (stage X). Out of 325 injected eggs, 28 chicks hatched after 21 days of incubation and 16 hatched chicks were found to express the hEPO gene delivered by the vector. The biological activity of the recombinant hEPO in transgenic chicken serum was comparable to its commercially available counterpart. The recombinant hEPO in transgenic chicken serum had N- and O-linked carbohydrate simillar to that produced from in vitro cultured cells transformed with hEPO gene.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding dietary legislation sulfur on the lipid levels of chicken meat and growth performance in broilers. A total of 180 male broilers (Ross strain 308) were randomly assigned into three treated groups with triplicate of 20 birds each, T1 (control group), T2 (antibiotics 8 ppm), and T3 (0.3% sulfur premix containing 30% of sulfur) groups. The body weight gains over a 3-wk period were significantly higher in T2 and T3 groups than the T1 group, but not different between T2 and T3. The dressing percentage, weight of thigh meat, breast muscle and bursa of F were significantly high in T2 and T3 groups compared to the T1 group, but not different between T2 and T3. The weight of abdominal fat was significantly higher in T3 group than in T1 and T2 groups. The cholesterol content of the whole chicken meat was significantly lower in the T3 group as compared to the T1 and T2 groups. The oleic acid (18:1n-9) content of whole chicken meat from the T3 group was higher than that of the other groups. The results of this study suggests that feeding dietary sulfur as an antibiotic replacement may increase the oleic acid and reduce the cholesterol in chicken meat while improving the carcass characteristics and growth performance in broiler chickens

Effects of Vegemil® containing soybean proteins and isoflavones on the growth and bone density of broiler chickens were investigated. One-week-old male and female Arbor Acres broiler chickens were fed on Vegemil® A containing 3% soybean proteins and 162 ppm isoflavones, instead of water, for 30 days and their growth indices (body weight, leg weight and femur length) and bone density were analyzed. The body weight gains in male and female chickens were increased by 15.6% and 31.7%, respectively, following feeding Vegemil® A compared to normal water. Vegemil® A increased leg weight as well as femur length of females by 22.9% and 15.0%, respectively. In addition, Vegemil® A feeding enhanced femoral bone density by 21.3% in comparison with water feeding. Therefore, it is suggested that Vegemil® A not only facilitates body growth, but also strengthens bone density of normal chickens, and that it could be a promising candidate for the improvement of infant growth and for the prevention of menopausal osteoporosis.