백제 한성기 왕성으로 비정되고 있는 풍납토성과 몽촌토성의 성벽 축조기법에 대하여 살 펴보았다. 풍납토성과 몽촌토성은 서로 다른 지형에 축조되었기 때문에 성벽 축조기법에서 기본적으로 차이가 있지만, 지면 지정과 기초성토에 의한 기저부 조성방식 등에서는 축조기 법의 공통점도 확인된다. 江岸 평지에 축조된 풍납토성은 자연제방의 구지표면을 정지하고 기초성토를 한 후 그 위에 판축틀(거푸집)을 설치하여 版塊를 축조하는 방식인 판축기법으로 축조하였다. 성벽의 구조는 중심토루와 중심토루의 내·외벽면에 덧붙여진 토루로 이루어졌으며, 판괴를 순차 적으로 덧붙여가며 축조하는 分段法에 의해 성벽이 완성되었다. 반면, 구릉과 평지가 복합 된 지형에 축조된 몽촌토성은 지형에 따라 축조기법의 차이가 엿보인다. 성벽 축조구간이 평지인 경우는 풍납토성과 같은 판축기법에 의해 축조된 것으로 보인다. 이에 반해 구릉 지 역의 경우는 구릉의 자연 경사면을 2~3단의 계단상으로 깎아내고 그 위에 성벽을 축조하 였는데, 구간에 따라 다소 축조기법의 차이가 확인된다. 즉, 북서벽 구간은 판축틀을 설치 하여 축조한 양상이 확인되었고, 동벽 구간의 경우는 성토기법에 의해 축조된 것으로 판단 된다. 이렇듯 성의 입지에 따른 두 성의 축조기법상의 차이가 있지만, 축조기법상의 공통점도 확인된다. 즉, 지면과 성벽의 유동성을 억제하기 위해 성벽 기초부의 내측 혹은 외측에 해당 하는 부분의 지면을 얕게 굴착하여 끝부분이 돌출되게 지면을 지정하는 기법, 성벽 기초부 에 뻘 혹은 점질토를 이용하여 기초성토를 하는 방식, 기저부 보강 방법의 일환으로 토제를 시설한 것 등은 두 성에서 모두 확인되는 축조기법이다.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of soil stabilization method for soft shoulder construction in the iRoad Project of Sri Lanka. METHODS: Firstly, the quantitative analysis of soil strength improvement due to soil stabilization was done for soil samples collected from iRoad construction sites. Two types of soils were selected from iRoad Project sites and prepared for soil stabilization testing by the Road Development Authority. Secondly, the appropriate stabilizer was selected at given soil type based on test results. Two different stabilizers, ST-1 and ST-2, produced in Korea were used for estimating soil strength improvements. Finally, the optimum stabilizer content was determined for improving shoulder performance. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to evaluate the strength of stabilized soil samples in accordance with ASTM D 1633. The use of bottom ash as a stabilizer produced from power plant in Sri Lanka was also reviewed in this task. RESULTS: It is found from the UCS testing that a 3% use of soil stabilizer can improve the strength up to 2~5 times in stabilized soft shoulder soils with respect to unstabilized soils. It is also observed from UCS testing that the ST-1 shows high strength improvement in 3% of stabilizer content but the strength improvement rate with increase of stabilizer content is relatively low compared with ST-2. The ST-2 shows a low UCS value at 3% of content but the UCS values increase significantly with increase of stabilizer content. When using the ST-2 as stabilizing agent, the 5% is recommended as minimum content based on UCS testing results. Based on the testing results for bottom ash replacement, the stabilized sample with bottom ash shows the low strength value. CONCLUSIONS: This paper is intended to check the feasibility for use the soil stabilization technique for shoulder construction in Sri Lanka. The use of soil stabilizer enables to improve the durability and strength in soft shoulder materials. When applying the bottom ash as a soil stabilizer, various testings should be conducted to satisfy the specification criteria.

In Sri Lanka, the shoulder in asphalt pavements has been constructed using the materials transported from borrow pit in the iRoad Project due to the low quality of in-situ soils. After excavating 150~200mm thick and 500mm wide shoulder area, the borrow pit materials are placed and compacted according to specifications. The excavated in-situ soils are dumped in designated location. It is estimated that this process of shoulder construction is not economical due to high material transportation cost and can also induce the environmental issues by disposal of in-situ soils. It can also cause distresses such as surface rutting and edge drop-off in soft shoulder section due to bearing capacity failure and off-tracking of vehicle. The heavy rainfall in Sri Lanka can induce severe erosion problem when using the soft shoulder. To improve the strength and durability of pavement shoulders in the iRoad Project, the soil stabilization will be a good alternative to solve the above mentioned problems. The use of in-situ soils with addition of soil stabilizer enables to reduce the construction cost of shoulder section and mitigate the environment issues. The objective of this task is to review the application of soil stabilization method for soft shoulder construction in the iRoad Project. Firstly, the quantitative analysis of soil strength improvement due to soil stabilization was done for soil samples collected from iRoad construction sites. Two types of soils were selected from iRoad Project sites and prepared for soil stabilization testing by the Road Development Authority. Secondly, the appropriate stabilizer was selected at given soil type based on test results. Three different stabilizers, ST-1, ST-2, and ST-3, produced in Korea were used for estimating soil strength improvements. Finally, the optimum stabilizer content was determined for improving shoulder performance. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to evaluate the strength of stabilized soil samples in accordance with ASTM D 1633. The use of bottom ash as a stabilizer produced from power plant in Sri Lanka was also reviewed in this task.

부산광역시 기념물 제 40호로 지정되어 있는 기장읍성은 조선시대의 읍성축조수법이 정형화된 형식으로 정리되기 이전에 축조되어 고려시대 성곽 축조수법과 조선의 읍성축조수법이 혼합되어 성곽축성사에 있어 읍성축조수법의 변화를 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 그 가치가 있다고 할 수 있겠다. 기장읍성에서 확인되는 사직선기단의 축조는 과거 고려시대말까지 계속 축조된 판축토성(版築土城)의 기단부 축조방식을 읍성축조에 적용한 결과로 고려 판축토성에서 조선시대 석축성인 연해읍성의 축조로 이어지는 흐름의 연결고리라고 할 수 있다. 기장읍성 동벽 체성부에서 확인되는 세장방형 외벽면석 축조수법은 일반적으로 알려진 조선시대 읍성의 장대석 입수적 축조수법과는 차별성을 지닌다. 기장읍성 남벽과 동벽 체성부 기저부 축조수법은 김해읍성, 웅천읍성, 동래읍성, 고성읍성 등에서 확인되는 지대석 설치 이전에 바닥에 판석을 이용하여 바닥면의 수평을 맞추어 정리된 구조물은 확인되지 않는다. 따라서 이러한 축조수법이 사용되기 이전 시기에 축조된 형태임을 알 수 있다. 이를 통해 기장읍성은 사직선기단축조수법, 체성부 세장방형 외벽면석의 사용과 더불어 고려시대의 성곽축조수법과 조선시대 연해읍성 축조수법이 혼용된 과도기적 읍성임을 알 수 있는 것이다.

A steady-state analysis and a simple dynamic model as simplified methods are developed, and results of energy consumption loads are compared with results obtained using computer to evaluate the analytical solution. Before obtaining simplified model a mathematical model is formulated for the effect of wall mass on the thermal performance of four different houses having various wall construction. This analytical study was motivated by the experimental work of Burch et al. An analytical solution of one-dimensional, linear, partial differential equation for wall temperature profiles and room air temperatures is obtained using the Laplace transform method. Typical Meteorological Year data are processed to yield hourly average monthly values. This study is conducted using weather data from four different locations in the United States: Albuquerque, New mexico; Miami, Florida; Santa Maria, California; and Washington D.C. for both winter and summer conditions. The steady state analysis that does not include the effect of thermal mass can provide an accurate estimate of energy consumption in most cases except for houses #2 and #4 in mild weather areas. This result shows that there is an effect of mass on the thermal performance of heavily constructed house in mild weather conditions. The simple dynamic model is applicable for high cycling rates and accurate values of inside wall temperature and ambient air temperature.

Since the 1970's, UNESCO and ICOMOS have adopted or emphasized on the principles of historic preservation. One of them is what to require a repair have not to be repaired beyond the limits of the features and techniques to have been born in those days of establishment. On the premise, this paper is to examine the materials and technique of lime plaster work in order for roof ridge, and for bond paste of stones and bricks in government constructions in the late of Joseon dynasty(17〜19c). The result of this examination will come up with a basic conformity in the case of repairing the building established in the late of Joseon dynasty. This paper is carried out for the proper repair and restoration of architectural cultural properties. Construction reports and other documents in those days are examined for the study. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. The components of old plaster mixtures which agglutinate stones each other were quicklime, perilla oil, and paper fiber. The components of old plaster mixtures which point joint of black bricks consisted of slaked lime, perilla oil, paper fiber, and cereal starch. These components were the same as coat surface of roof ridges. In the case of times, one of the following sand, white clay, sap of boiled elm bark was added to these components for the purpose of high efficiency. These materials and techniques which applied to plaster work of those buildings had developed in the process of making royal tombs. But these materials and techniques were quite different from the present.

Jeoksimto which was build up as the reinforcement establishment made with the soil under the cornerstone in the site of tile-capped building is the representative construction technique which become popular in the Sabi capital era after the Wungjin capital era. Especially from the fact that no site of tile-capped building with this Jeoksimto has been found in the Silla area, we can see the originality Baekje technique. We can analogize the specialization of Josagong (造寺工) (craftsman building the temple) and the diversity of technique, on the basis of the technique raising the ground level which is different with the middle gate site of Neung-sa and the Hall enshrining Buddha site in Buyeo. Moreover, we can have the confidence the dispatch of craftsman and the transmission of building technique from the Buyeo area to the Iksan area through the fact that the construction techniques of Jeoksimto in both area are almost the same. However the concerns in the construction archaeology are necessary because almost no study for Jeoksimto has been conducted and the term of Jeoksimto also is unfamiliar even if excavation of Baekje Jeoksimto in the several remains.

Initially, QFD (Quality Function Deployment) was introduced in 1972 to help design supertanker in Mitsubish"s shipyards in Kob, Japan and formally defined by the American Supplier Institute in 1987 as a system for translating consumer requirements into appropriate company requirements at every stage, from research, through product design and development, to manufacture, distribution, installation, and marketing, sales and services. Although QFD has complex and tedious procedure to complete, since 1972, it has now been used by Japanese, American, and European because of its fruitful merits. The objective of this paper is to provide and analyze the trend on the viewpoint of efficient value engineering of field workers using QFD technique as an value engineering approach. The data are collected by questionnaires. The samples for this study are chosen from 13 companies in Korea during 2 months (2002. 7 ~ 2002. 8). The results of this study will play an important role not only for the efficient value engineering but also for preparing of life cycle cost analysis.

Inchon Port is the second largest import-export port of Korea, and has the point at issue such as the excessive logistics cost because of the limits of handling capacity and the chronic demurrage. There are few research activities on the analysis and improvement of the whole port operation, because Inchon Port not only has the dual dock system and various facilities but also handles a various kind of cargo. The purpose of this paper is to develop the simulation program as a long-term strategic support tool, considering the dual dock system and the TU(Terminal Operation Company) system executed since March, 1997 in Inchon Port. The basic input parameters such as arrival intervals, cargo tons, service rates are analyzed and the probability density functions for these parameters are estimated. The main mechanism of simulation model is the discrete event-driven simulation and the next-event time advancing. The program is executed based on the knowledge base and database. From the simulation model, it is possible to estimate the demurrage status through analyzing various scenarios and to establish the long-term port strategic plan.

Too many big accidents have been occurring in Korea during '90. Those were accidents of Sung-Soo Bridge in 1994 and Sam-Poong Department Store in 1995. It was confirmed that the causes of the accident were unreliable construction or building. Therefore, in this study are to use technique of virtual reality(VR) simulation in order to prevent construction accidents. To set up the VR in safety construction, Date Base of variables, VR model and expert system are needed. This system is to build expert system, to visualize of the VR system and navigation, and to find out design errors of construction. Therefore, the purpose of this was to analyze accident type of construction, and apply VR system for simulation technique.

Construction safety is one of the significant problems on the world. Deep learning is an emerging term that acquires, processes and analyses image or video data to help computers have a high-level visual understanding of the world. In recent years, it has been introduced into the construction industry for improvements of occupational health and safety. This research contributes in solving this problem by using deep learning only RGB images that output detects the hazard zone on construction sites. The main goal of this study is to use different computer vision and deep learning to develop for different cases concerning fall related hazards.