4종 해충(복숭아혹진딧물, 점박이응애, 아메리카잎굴파리, 대만총채벌레)에 이온화에너지인 전자빔과 X-ray를 각각 조사하여 이들 해충 의 발육과 생식에 미치는 영향을 비교하여 억제선량을 결정하였다. 복숭아혹진딧물 약충에 전자빔과 X-ray 조사 시, 전자빔의 경우에는 100 Gy, X-ray의 경우에는 30 Gy에서 우화성충의 산자가 완전히 억제되었다. 복숭아혹진딧물 성충의 경우 200 Gy (전자빔)와 50 Gy (X-ray)에서 각각 F1 세대 약충의 우화가 억제되었다. 그러나 이들 두 이온화에너지 모두 성충수명에는 영향을 주지 않았다. 점박이응애의 알에서는 전자빔 150 Gy와 X-ray 50 Gy 선량에서 알의 부화가 완전히 억제되었다. 아메리카잎굴파리 번데기에서는 X-ray 조사선량이 증가할수록 우화율이 감소하 였다. 대만총채벌레 성충에 조사 시 전자빔의 250 Gy와 X-ray의 200 Gy 선량에서 F1 세대 알의 부화가 완전히 억제되었다.

This study compared the development, reproduction, and DNA damage in insecticide (acequinocyl, bifenazate, and etoxazole)-resistant (AR, BR, and ER) and -susceptible (S) strains of Tetranychus urticae by electron beam irradiation. When eggs were irradiated with 150 Gy, the egg hatching was completely inhibited in all strains. When nymphs were irradiated, their emergence rate was decreased with increasing doses of electron beam irradiation. When adults were irradiated, the longevity and the number of eggs was not affected at all target dose in all strains. However, hatchability of F1 generation was perfectly inhibited at 400 Gy in all strains. The DNA damage caused by electron beam irradiation was evaluated by an alkaline comet assay. These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced abnormal development and reproduction in S, AR, BR, and ER strains of T. urticae.

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an economically important and polyphagous pest, which harms various kinds of ornamental plants and flowers. The effects of electron beam irradiation of six level between 50 and 350 Gy on egg (24-48 h old), larval (4th-5th instar), and pupal (7-d old for female, 5-d old for male) development and on adult (1-d old) reproduction in H. armigera were tested to identify a potential quarantine treatment dose. Increased doses of irradiation on eggs decreased egg hatchability, pupation and adult emergence and increased period of larvae. ED99 values for inhibition of hatching, pupation and emergence were 460.6, 236.9 and 197.8 Gy, respectively. When larvae were electron-beam irradiation treated ,at 280 Gy and above, no pupa was observed. ED99 values for inhibition of pupation and emergence were 265.6 and 189.6 Gy, respectively. Electron beam radiation on pupa did not completely inhibit adult emergence. ED99 value for inhibition of emergence was 1241.9 Gy. When adults were irradiated, fecundity was not affected. However, F1 egg hatching was completely inhibited at the dose of 350 Gy. ED99 value for inhibition of emergence was estimated at 366.5 Gy. Our results suggest that electron beam irradiation could be recommendable as alternative to MB and as a phytosanitary treatment for quarantine. The dose of 211 Gy is suggested as a potential quarantine treatment dose for H. armigera egg and larva.

Three dimensional self-assembled graphene hydrogels were easily fabricated by electron beam irradiation (EBI) using an aqueous solution of wool/poly(vinyl alcohol) and graphene oxide (GO). After exposure to various levels of EBI radiation, the highly porous, self-assembled, wool-based graphene hydrogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; to determine the gel fraction, degree of swelling, gel strength, kinetics-of-swelling analyses and removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from the aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction results confirmed that EBI played a significantly important role in reducing GO to graphene. The adsorption equilibrium of Cr(VI) was reached within 80 min and the adsorption capacity was dramatically increased as the acidity of the initial solution was decreased from pH 5 to 2. Changes in ionic strength did not exert much effect on the adsorption behavior.

The effect of electron beam irradiation on development and reproduction of susceptible strain (S) and imidacloprid-resistance strain (IMI-R) of Aphis gossypii were compared. Nymphs and adults of S and IMI-R strain were irradiated at target doses of 50, 100, 150, and 200 Gy. When nymphs were irradiated, emergence rate was not affected at all target dose, but number of F1 nymphs was perfectly inhibited at 150 Gy in both strains when irradiated to the adults, longevity slightly decrease at 150 Gy and above. Fecundity was strongly decreased at 100 Gy, but was not completely inhibited even at 200 Gy. Emergence rate of F1 nymph was decreased at 100 Gy and completely inhibited at 200 Gy. However, there was no significant differences on development and reproduction of S and IMI-R strain. We also conducted the comet assay immediately after irradiation and over the following 7 day periods. In addition, we performed quantitative real-time PCR on several genes.

A major concern in exporting agricultural commodities is the introduction or spread of exotic quarantine pests to the new area. To prevent spread of insect pests, various phytosanitary measures are used. In this study, we compared the effect of electron beam and X-ray irradiation on development and reproduction of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Eggs, nymphs, and adults were irradiated at target doses of 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 Gy with electron beam and 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 150, and 200 with X-ray irradiation. When eggs were irradiated, egg hatching was completely inhibited at 150 Gy of electron beam and 50 Gy of X-ray irradiation. When irradiated to the nymphs, emergence was not affected at all target dose in both electron beam and X-ray irradiation. Hatchability of F1 generation was significantly decreased at 100 Gy of electron beam and 70 Gy of X-ray irradiation. When irradiated to the adults, longevity did not show any differences at all target dose in both electron beam and X-ray irradiation. These results suggest that the effect of X-ray irradiation was more potential than electron beam irradiation.

The influence of electron beam irradiation on each developmental stage and reproduction of Spodoptera litura were examined. Eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults were irradiated at target doses of 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy. When eggs were irradiated with 100 Gy, egg hatching was perfectly inhibited. When irradiated to the larvae, pupation was inhibited at 100 Gy and larval period was delayed. When irradiated to the pupae, emergence was inhibited at 100 Gy and above. When irradiated to the adults, longevity and fecundity did not show any differences. However, egg hatching was strongly decreased at 100 Gy and above. Also, electron beam irradiation was not induced the instantaneous death of S. litura. Reciprocal crosses between irradiated and unirradiated moths demonstrated that males were more radiotolerant than females. Adult longevity was not affected in all stages. The levels of DNA damage in S. litura adults were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. Our results indicate that electron beam irradiation increased levels of DNA damage. These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced abnormal development and reproduction by DNA damage in S. litura.

The effects of electron beam irradiation on development and reproduction of Spodoptera litura were examined. Eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults were irradiated at target doses of 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy. When eggs were irradiated with 100 Gy, egg hatching was perfectly inhibited. When irradiated to the larvae, pupation was inhibited at 100 Gy and larval period was delayed. When irradiated to the pupae, emergence was inhibited at 100 Gy and above. When irradiated to the adults, longevity and fecundity did not show any differences. However, egg hatching was strongly decreased at 100 Gy and above. Also, electron beam irradiation was not induced the instantaneous death of S. litura. The levels of DNA damage in S. litura adults were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. Our results indicate that electron beam irradiation increased levels of DNA damage. These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced abnormal development and reproduction by DNA damage in S. litura.

The American serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests world wide. In this study, we determined electron beam doses for inhibition of normal development of the L. trifolii and investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on DNA damage and p53 stability. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were irradiated with increasing doses of electron beam irradiation (six levels ranges from 30 to 200 Gy). At 150 Gy, the number of adults that developed from irradiated eggs, larvae and pupae was lower than those of untreated control. Fecundity and egg hatchability decreased depending on the doses applied. Reciprocal crosses between irradiated and unirradiated flies demonstrated that males were more radiotolerant than females. Adult longevity was not affected in all stages. The levels of DNA damage in L. trifolii adults were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. Our results indicate that electron beam irradiation increased levels of DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, low doses of electron beam irradiation led to the rapid appearance of p53 protein with in 6 h; however, it decreased after exposure to high doses (150 Gy and 200 Gy). These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced not only abnormal development and reproduction but also p53 stability caused by DNA damage in L. trifolii. We conclude that a minimum dose of 150 Gy should be sufficient for sterilization of L. trifolii.

Four major agricultural insect pests, Bemisia tabaci, Myzus persicae, Plutella xylostella and Tetranychus urticae, were irradiated with 30, 50, 70, or 100 Gy electron-beam. Longevity, egg hatching, emergence, and fecundity of the test insects were measured. Hatchability of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae declined with increasing irradiation doses, and all B. tabaci and T. urticae eggs were dead at 100 Gy. When eggs of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae were irradiated, hatch was inhibited. B. tabaci adults grown from 70 Gy irradiated eggs did not lay eggs. Fecundity of P. xylostella from the 100 Gy irradiated eggs decreased. When B. tabaci, P. xylostella, M. persicae and T. urticae nymphs/larvae were irradiated, the results were similar as those of the hatched eggs. When P. xylostella pupae were irradiated with 100 Gy, fecundity of emerged adults decreased and no eggs hatched. When B. tabaci, P. xylostella, M. persicae and T. urticae adults were irradiated with 70 and 100 Gy, fecundity decreased and egg hatch of B. tabaci was inhibited. However, the longevity of adults did not change and electron-beam irradiation of all developmental stages had no effect on the longevity of adults.

On the development and reproduction of four major agricultural insect pests including B. tabaci, M. persicae, P. xylostella and T. urticae, electron-beam was irradiated with different doses of 30, 50, 70, and 100 Gy. The effect of electron beam was investigated with respect to the longevity, egg hatching, emergence, and fecundity. Eggs hatching of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae were more inhibited as increased irradiation doses. Especially B. tabaci and T. urticae eggs were perfectly inhibited to hatch at a dose of 100 Gy. However, these pests showed no lethal effect on the nymph/larva, pupa, and adult stages. When irradiated on the eggs of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae, the emergence was inhibited from nymphs/larvae to adults. Individually, B. tabaci emerged adult did not lay eggs at a dose of 70 Gy. Besides, fecundity of P. xylostella emerged adult decreased at a dose of 100 Gy. On the contrary, irradiation did not affect the longevity of P. xylostella adult. When irradiated on B. tabaci, P. xylostella, Myzus persicae and T. urticae nymphs/larvae, emergence was inhibited at doses of 70 and 100 Gy, and decreased the fecundity and inhibited the hatching of laid eggs. However, the longevity of adults did not affect

The use of electron beam irradiation has been emerged as one of alternative ways of the restriction of methyl bromide usage for the disinfestation of stored-products and quarantine pests. Here we demonstrated effects of electron beam irradiation on development and gene expression of P. interpunctella, which is a serious pest of various stored-products. P. interpunctella at various developmental stages were irradiated at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 kGy. Eggs failed to hatch at all treated doses of electron beam. Fifth instar larvae pupated only 6.7% by 0.25 kGy irradiation but failed pupation at above doses. Interestingly, survived larvae by low-dose irradiation did not pupated until 40 days. Pupae eclosed to adults only 12.1% by 0.25 kGy irradiation but failed at above doses. In addition, 5-day-old pupae eclosed 94.4, 91.6, 100 and 49.9% at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 kGy, respectively. However, most of those emerged adults were malformed, especially in wings, and showed very low oviposition rate. We demonstrated whether the electron beam irradiation induces gene expression. Upregulated genes at any doses were hsp70, which is a stress-responsive protein, at fifth instar larval stage and hemolin, which is an immune-responsive protein, at pupal stage. Some genes of pupae, such as β-1,3 glucan recognition protein, hsp70 and acp25 (small hsp) were upregulated only at high doses. However, other genes, such as prophenoloxidase, ultraspiracle , ecdysone receptor and heat shock proteins (hsp90, hsc70) were downregulated by irradiation of electron beam

식품의 방사선 조사는 식품 저장을 위한 성공적인 현대기술의 하나이지만 매우 신중하게 이루어져야 한다. 조사된 식품의 확인은 국제무역에서 소비자의 안전한 선택과 보호를 위해 가장 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 건조된 오징어와 문어에 전자선을 조사하여 선량별로 유도 생성되는 hydrocarbon류의 함량 및 분해패턴을 확인하였다. 비조사 시료와 선량별로 전자선 조사된 시료에서 지방을 추출한 뒤 solid phase extraction(SPE)방법을 이용하여 GC/MS로 확인하였다. 1, 3, 5, 7 및 10 kGy의 선량으로 전자선 조사된 건조 오징어와 문어에서 유도된 hydrocarbon류는 동일 선량에서 시료들의 지방산 조성에 따른 다른 생성률을 나타내었으며, 조사선량에 따라 증가하였다. 시료들에 다량 함유되어 있는 palmitic acid와 stearic acid로부터 생성된 1-tetradecene(C14:1), pentadecane(C15:0), 그리고 1-hexadecene(C16:1), heptadecane(C17:0)이 전자선 조사에 의해 유도된 주요 hydrocarbon류로 확인되었으며, 건오징어에서 hydrocarbon류 생성량이 건문어의 hydrocarbon류 생성량 보다 더 많음을 확인하였다. 이는 시료의 지방산 함유량에 따라 hydrocarbon류 생성량이 비례함을 알 수 있었다. 전자선 조사된 건오징어와 건문어에서 분석된 hydrocarbon류 중 1-tetradecene(C14:1), 1-hexadecene(C16:1) 그리고 heptadecane(C17:0)은 전자선 조사여부를 판별할 수 있는 지표로 활용될 수 있을 거라 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 후춧가루의 위생화를 위해 감마선, 전자선 및 X-선을 조사한 후 이에 따른 미생물학적 및 관능적 품질변화를 평가하였다. 후춧가루에 감마선, 전자선 및 X-선을 2, 4, 6, 8 및 10 kGy로 각각 조사한 후 미생물 변화와 관능품질 변화를 평가한 결과, 미생물의 경우 선종에 관계없이 흡수선량이 증가할수록 미생물 제어 효과가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 선종별 D10값의 경우 2.24-2.75 kGy범위를 보였으며 방사선 선종에 따른 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 색도의 경우 명도, 적색도 및 황색도 모두 방사선 선종에 따른 변화가 없는 것으로 판단하였다. 관능적 품질 역시 방사선 선종에 관계없이 흡수선량에 따라 품질저하가 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 방사선 선종에 따른 후춧가루의 품질변화 차이가 없는 것으로 판단하였으며, 이상의 결과는 X-선의 상업적 이용을 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in the quality of rice wine (Makgeolli) treated with UV-C and electron beam (EB) irradiation during its storage at 4℃ for 15 days. The EB irradiation was found to be more effective than the UV-C irradiation for microbiological control. The pH tended to be increased by UV-C, EB irradiation, and storage period. Acidity was significantly higher in rice wine treated with EB irradiation than those of control and UV-C irradiation during storage period. The L*-value of the samples treated with UV-C and EB irradiation tended to be proportionately higher than that of the control, but this was not consistent during storage period. The a*-value of the sample treated with EB was higher than that of the others, but this was not consistent during the storage period. The reducing sugar content was higher in the control at day 0, but it rapidly decreased compared with the control during the storage. The results indicate that EB irradiation was more effective than UV-C irradiation in controlling microorganisms of rice wine. However, a further study is needed to minimize the rice wine quality deterioration caused by UV-C or EB irradiation during storage.

전자선 조사에 따른 캠벨얼리 포도의 휘발성 유기성분의 조성과 저장 후(0, 30일)의 변화를 확인하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 캠벨얼리 포도에 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 및 1 kGy의 선량으로 전자선 조사한 후 SDE 방법으로 휘발성 유기성분을 추출하고 GC/MS로 분석하였다. 포도와 전자선 조사된 포도의 주요 화합물로는 butanol, hexanal, [E]-2-hexenal, hexanol, 3-methyl-butanol 등이 동정되었으며

명란젓갈을 0.5, 1, 2 및 5 kGy로 전자선 조사 후 2주간 냉장 저장하면서 전자선 조사가 명란젓갈의 미생물학적 변화와 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 저장 중 전자선 조사(약 2 kGy)에 의해 명란젓갈에 존재하는 총 호기성 세균, 효모와 곰팡이 그리고 대장균군의 수가 유의적으로 검출한계() 이하까지 감소함이 확인되었고, 전자선 조사에 의한 미생물의 사멸에 따라 전자선 조사구에서 pH가 유의적으로 높게 유지되었다. 관능적 품질에서 저

인삼분말에 대한 전자선(electron beam)의 이용가능성을 연구하고자, 방사선 살균처리(2.5∼15 kGy)가 백삼 및 홍삼분말의 사포닌 함량 및 패턴, 페놀함량, 산성다당체 함량, amylase activity, 단백질 패턴 등에 미치는 영향을 감마선 조사와 비교하였다. 사포닌 함량과 패턴을 TLC 및 HPLC로 분석해 본 결과, 조사선량과 에너지원에 따른 변화는 확인되지 않았으며, 실온 저장 4개월 이후에도 안정된 경향을 보였다. 총페놀