Since 2007, diamide insecticides have been widely used in Korea to control various types of lepidopteran pests including Spodoptera exigua. For nearly a decade, diamide resistance in field populations of S. exigua across 18 localities has been monitored using bioassays. Based on the LC50 values, some field populations showed a high level of resistance against chlorantraniliprole, although regional and temporal variations were observed. To investigate resistance at a molecular level, mutations (Y4701C, I4790M, and G4946E) were examined in the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which is the primary mechanism underlying diamide insecticide resistance. As a result, only I4790M mutation was found in most of field populations. As resistance levels varied significantly despite the uniform presence of the I4790M mutation, we considered the presence of another resistance factor. Further, the I4790M mutation was also found in S. exigua specimens collected prior to the commercialization of diamide insecticides in Korea as well as in other countries, such as the USA. This finding led us to hypothesize that the I4790M mutation were predisposed in field populations owing to selection factors other than diamide use. For further clarification, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of S. exigua (449.83 Mb) and re-sequencing of 18 individuals. However, no additional non-synonymous mutations were detected in the RyR-coding region. Therefore, the high level of diamide insecticide resistance in Korean S. exigua is not caused by mutations at the target site, RyR, but is attributed to other factors that need to be investigated in future studies.

본 논문은 미국 남북전쟁의 전개와 의의 및 교훈을 분석하기 위한 것 이다. 이를 위해 남북전쟁의 배경 및 원인, 남북전쟁의 전개와 의의, 남 북전쟁이후 미국의 발전과 상흔극복 등의 순서로 살펴본 후 결론을 도출 해 보기 위한 것이다. 남북전쟁(1861~1865)의 원인은 매우 복잡하고 그 배경도 극히 광범위하지만 남북전쟁의 가장 근본적인 원인은 노예제 존 속을 둘러싼 갈등이다. 남북전쟁의 주요과정은 남부와 북부의 대립 → 링컨의 대통령 당선 → 남부의 연방 탈퇴 및 독립선언→ 남북전쟁 발발 → 북부의 승리→노예해방과 미국의 재건 등으로 볼 수 있다. 링컨은 남 부를 ‘체제 반역’으로 규정했고 62만 명의 전사자가 발생했지만 남부가 항복협정에 서명한 뒤에는 대통합·대사면을 단행하여 반역자를 처벌하지 않았다. 링컨이 보복정치를 감행했다면 지금의 미국은 없었을 것이다. 남 북전쟁의 전쟁사적 의의 및 영향은 ①군사 지휘력의 중요성, ②총력전 양상의 노정, ③전문 직업군인의 양성, ④과학기술발전에 의한 화력·전력 의 강화 및 전술변화 등으로 요약·정리해 볼 수 있다. 미국의 남북전쟁 참상의 슬기로운 극복과 민주국가와 세계적인 강국으로의 도약 그리고 남북전쟁의 상흔과 극복노력 등은 우리에게 좋은 교훈이 아닐 수 없다.

본 연구는 교실에서 말하기 수업을 진행할 때 효과적인 수업 진행을 위한 Techniques들을 알아보고자 하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 연구 방법으로는 부산외국어대학교에서 말하기 수업을 수강하고 있는 고급 학습자 50명을 대 상으로 설문조사를 하여 효과적인 말하기 수업의 진행 Techniques에 대한 해답을 얻고자 하였다. 연구문제 1)에 대한 문제는 6문항으로 말하기 수업을 할 때 효과적인 자리배치, 강의실의 크기, 강의실의 밝기 그리고 1:1로 시험을 볼 때 평가자와의 거리에 대해 질문이다. 연구문제 2)에 대한 문제는 3문항으 로 고급 말하기 수업에서 선호하는 발표 준비 유형과 발표 방법 유형에 대한 질문이다. 연구문제 3)에 대한 문제는 4문항으로 효과적인 교실 활동의 유형, 교실에서 활동을 할 때 학습자 간 국적 및 친밀도가 수업 중 학습자의 심리 및 학습의 효과에 영향을 미치는가에 대한 질문이다. 연구문제 4)에 대한 문제는 4문항으로 교수자의 몸짓언어, 교수자의 발화 크기와 속도가 수업 중 학습자의 심리 및 학습의 효과에 영향을 미치는가에 대한 질문이다. 이러 한 연구문제를 가지고 총 17문항의 설문을 작성하여 설문조사를 하였으며 그 결과 다양한 답변이 나왔다. 이러한 답변이 차후 현장 교실 수업에서 적용 되기를 바라고, 그러므로 현장 한국어 말하기 수업에 기여할 것이라는 교육적 시사점을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to provide lessons learned in the experience of improvement work of fuel handling equipment at operating nuclear power plants. The upgrade of fuel handling equipment for safety enhancement and performance improvement has been going on for 15 years since the early 2000’s. The main goal is to increase fuel loading/unloading capability of the equipment from about 2.5 fuel assemblies per hour to more than six (6). It is achieved with sequential operations of three (3) fuel handling equipment, which consists of the refueling machine, the fuel transfer system and the spent fuel handling machine. The scope of the upgrade for fuel handling equipment is summarized as follows. The PC data control system based on PLC for interlocks and high speed motor drive system is introduced for better operating efficiency. The motors and drives for bridge, trolley, and hoist are replaced with AC servomotors and drivers, respectively. The fuel transfer system has an auto-initiation feature operating from the refueling machine or the spent fuel handling machine. The winch motor and drive for the carriage of fuel transfer system is also replaced with AC servomotors and drivers. And some of HPU (hydraulic power units) equipment for each building (reactor containment building and fuel handling building) are replaced to improve their function. The considerations for improvement of fuel handling equipment are as belows. 1) Fuel handling should be consistent with the instructions provided by the fuel designer and/or manufacturer, which are for Standard type fuel and Westinghouse type fuel, used in domestic nuclear power plants. Each fuel has unique design characteristics, which are PLC setpoints for overload and underload, slow speed zones for a bridge, trolley and hoist, allowable acceleration/deceleration value in handling, hoist elevation and manual speed in off-index operation at reactor. 2) The interlock system should be designed in accordance with design criteria specified by the utilities of nuclear power plant. 3) Performance should be improved according to the operating characteristics of the fuel handling equipment. High-speed and optimization of FTS upender and carriage are essential for operating performance so that its modification should be considered first. And the low speed and range in the operation mechanism of the hoist should be designed to comply with guidelines. 4) The accident analysis through self-diagnosis function and operation history in modification at domestic operating nuclear power plants would be good lessons learned. It is advisable to utilize such various information as it can help to improve reliability of nuclear fuel handling operation and power plant operation rate.

Numerous nuclear power plants that had been built in the late 20th century have entered the aging phase and are scheduled to be decommissioned. The decommissioning project of a commercial nuclear power plant is an array of complex processes involving the activities of site characterization, decontamination, dismantling, and site restoration. Hence, a number of essential factors, such as scheduling, work progress, and staffing, should be taken into account while the decommissioning plan is drafted and modified. Guidances on managerial and social aspects of decommissioning have been rare as compared to those of technical viewpoints. Nonetheless, the nuclear industry in the US has presented no little amount of experience on their decommissioning projects dealing with those perspectives. Thus, three sets of the case study were conducted to obtain useful lessons learned. The Maine Yankee nuclear power plant initially acquired 40 years of the operating license, it was in operation for only 25 years from 1972 until 1996. The owner group decided to shut down because of the deterioration of the profitability in 1997. The case of the Maine Yankee project enlightened the importance of the contract management and stakeholder relations. The Rancho Seco nuclear power plant is a single-unit nuclear power reactor site with 913 MWe output that commenced commercial operation in 1975. The Rancho Seco that had become the first-ever reactor shut down by a public voting introduced several innovative approaches for the decommissioning, some of which turned out to be very successful. The SONGS 1 commenced the commercial operation in 1968 and had been decided to cease its operation permanently due to a steep decline in profitability in 1992. The SONGS 1 presented worthwhile lessons in terms of project management. In this study, several lessons learned related on managerial, engineering, and regulatory/social aspects considered during the NPP decommissioning will be reviewed and discussed.

An application of the final decommissioning plan for unit 1 of Kori NPP was submitted to NSSC on 14 May 2021. We have been implementing the project related to the radiological characterization for the plan since 2019. However, the project was not running smoothly due to the regulatory environment. The destructive sampling from the objects was not allowed, so only smear (swipe) samples are available. In this study, the sampling way and the analytical results of radionuclides are presented. In addition, we propose in-situ measurement using gamma camera and in-situ gamma spectroscopy to obtain more comprehensive radiological information on the object.

This article examines the consequences of a significant spent fuel management decision or event in the United States, South Korea and Taiwan. For the United States, it is the financial impact of the Department of Energy’s inability to take possession of spent fuel from commercial nuclear power companies beginning in 1998 as directed by Congress. For South Korea, it is the potential financial and socioeconomic impact of the successful construction, licensing and operation of a low and intermediate level waste disposal facility on the siting of a spent fuel/high level waste repository. For Taiwan, it is the operational impact of the Kuosheng 1 reactor running out of space in its spent fuel pool. From these, it draws six broad lessons other countries new to, or preparing for, nuclear energy production might take from these experiences. These include conservative planning, treating the back-end of the fuel cycle holistically and building trust through a step-by-step approach to waste disposal.

유럽 지역은 다양한 해양오염 물질들로부터 해양환경을 보호하기 위해 특별 한 주의가 필요한 해역들이 분포되어 있다. 그동안 유럽 연합은 선박의 안전을 보장하고 선박기인 해양오염을 방지하기 위해 국제해사기구의 규범들을 효과 적으로 이행하고 있으며, 이와 더불어 유럽 연합 차원에서의 다양한 규제들을 채택해 왔다. 이러한 유럽 연합의 규범들은 선박기인 해양오염을 방지하기 위 해 채택된 국제해사기구의 규제수단의 법적 효과를 최대화하는데 공헌하고 있 다. 또한, 유럽 연합은 글로벌 해운산업에서의 영향력을 바탕으로 선박기인 해 양오염 방지를 위한 국제해사기구의 규제수단을 채택하는 의사결정과정에서 상당한 영향력을 발휘하고 있다. 선박기인 해양오염 방지에 관한 유럽 연합의 규제를 다루고 있는 본 연구는 공유해역을 가지고 있는 국가들이 어떻게 지역 협력 구축을 통해 선박기인 해양오염을 효과적으로 방지할 수 있는지에 관한 교훈을 제시하고자 한다.

중국은 1979년 이후로 한자녀정책을 주요 정책으로 추진해왔고, 이로 인해 저출산 사회로 전환되었 다. 또한 발전된 보건과 의료기술로 노인들의 수명이 급격히 늘어나면서 중국의 고령화율 역시 급증하 였다. 이렇듯 수발이 필요한 고령인구는 급증하였으나, 현재 중국에는 이들을 돌볼 돌봄인력이나 인프 라가 턱없이 부족한 상태이다. 본 연구는 이러한 노인수발 문제를 해결하기 위한 제도적 해법으로 노인 장기요양보험에 주목한다. 본 연구는 중국 노인장기요양보험제도의 도입과정과 시범사업 등을 살펴본 후, 노인장기요양보험제도 도입의 선도국가인 한국으로부터 어떤 정책교훈을 얻을 수 있는지 살펴보았 다. 본 연구는 연구를 수행함에 있어 주로 문헌연구 분석을 사용하였다. 본 연구는 두 가지 의의를 갖는다. 첫째, 중국 노인장기요양보험제도의 시범사업을 개관함으로써 그 흐름은 물론 그에 관한 기초 자료를 제공하고 있다. 둘째, 중국의 노인수발 문제를 연구함에 있어 기존 연구들에서 찾아볼 수 없는 비교사회정책학적 접근법, 특히 동아시아 사회복지에 대한 비교연구를 수행하였다.

본 논문은 독일통일의 사례를 활용하여 북핵 위협 상황에 부합되는 현실적인 통일방안을 제안하기 위한 목적으로 작성되었다. 특히 서독이 동독의 새 정부와 협의 하에 동독 주민들의 의사를 충분히 확인한 다음에 평화적 합의통일을 추진하였다는 데 주목하였다. 분석의 결과, 독일 통일은 평화적 과정을 거쳤고, 주민의 의사를 충분히 반영하여 진행되었으며, 국내적 및 국제적 절차를 착실하게 준수한 것으로 드러났고, 이러한 측면에서 한국의 통일에 유용한 교훈이 될 수 있다고 판단하였다. 이러한 교훈들을 잘 반영할 때 남북한 간의 평화적 통일이 가능할 것이다. 다만, 현재 북한이 핵무기를 보유하고 있다는 것이 큰 변수이다. 따라서 남한은 우선 북핵에 대한 효과적인 억제 및 방어방책을 구비해야 한다. 그런 다음에 한국의 정치지도자들은 평화적 합의통일에 대한 의지와 비전을 토의하여 정립해야하고, 한국 주도의 통일을 보장하기 위한 국제적 여건을 조성할 수 있어야 한다. 특히 통일의 비전은 평화적 방법과 수단의 사용, 주민의 의지와 의견의 적극적인 반영, 국내적 및 국제적 절차의 준수를 포함하는 내용이어야 할 것이다.

On July 1, 2006, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province was launched as a model city with exceptional autonomy in many areas of administration, including self-governing legislation, self-governing finance, self-governing organization and personnel management. Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has control over all functions but original national functions, such as national defense, diplomacy and security. Fifteen years after its launch, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has seen an increase in population, tourists, and gross regional domestic product (GRDP) in the province, and its fiscal size has increased significantly. The results of the 2019 performance evaluation were generally considered good, but a survey of provincial residents showed that the residents' satisfaction was insufficient. In order for Jeju to be reborn as an international free city and a special self-governing province from an isolated island, the central government will have to guarantee high autonomy, while the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province will have to have the capacity to secure resources for regional development and special self-governing province.

농업생산량 증대 위해 여러 국가의 수분에 대한 접근을 연구했다. 이 연구에서는 자연수분과 인공수분의 상태와 그 상관관계를 고찰했다. 검토한 나라들에서 산림훼손, 기후변화, 그리고 살충제 과용 등으로 인해 자연수분과 인공수분의 비율이 변화하는 경로가 있음을 확인하였다. 이 논문의 분석과 여러 국가의 모범관행에 비추어 볼 때 우즈벡에 현대적 수분방법을 도입하여 농업발전을 도모하기 위한 필요한 조치들을 제안하였다.

Global ocean governance is a historical product. In the course of development, the UNCLOS has established the contemporary global ocean governance system. The current system, however, has many defects, including ambiguity in rules and fragmentation in structure. Furthermore, some new challenges are ever-emerging in the system. But all these could be improved through the establishment of a UNCLOS review agency and an enactment of supplementary agreements. China has taken lessons from its participation in the development and reform of the system. This includes the creation of the identity of a developing country, being an active participant and promoter of change as opposed to being a passive recipient and follower inside the system. In its push for reforming global ocean governance, China should not only initiate the establishment of a “World Ocean Organization,” but also enhance its agenda setting, drafting and contracting capabilities of international legislation.

In den Zeiten der Globalisierung und Internationalisierung unserer Lebens- und Arbeitswelt ist interkulturelle Kommunikations- und Handlungskompetenz essentiell Der schulische Deutschunterricht steht im Zuge der Globalisierung vor neuen Herausforderungen. Er muss neben der Ausbildung rein sprachlicher Qualifikationen auch auf den ständig wachsenden Austausch mit anderen Kulturen vorbereiten. Interkulturelles Lernen, das der Entwicklung interkultureller Kompetenz dienen soll, ist daher auch Bestandteil von Lehrplänen. Ziel der vorliegender Arbeit ist es, einen Lehrplan zum Erwerb interkultrueller Kompetenz im schulischen Deutschunterricht zu entwickeln. Für die Entwicklung von dem Lehrplan zum um Erwerb interkultrureller Kompetenz werden zunächst einen Dialogtext im Restaurant aus dem Schulbuch ‘Deutsch 1’ ausgewählt, und im interkulturellen Kontext analysiert. Als Ergebnisse sind im schulischen Deutschunterricht zwei Lehr- und Lernmethoden denkbar, um eine interkulturelle Kommunikation anzuregen. Dazu gehören diskursanalystische Lernmethode und Kulturassimilator.

본 연구는 과학공학 융합 수업을 통해 학생들의 공학과 공학자에 대한 인식이 어떻게 변화되었는지 알아보기 위 한 연구이다. 본 연구에서 사용한 과학공학 융합 수업은 제한된 예산과 시간동안 공학적 문제를 해결하는 24차시 수업으로 설계되었으며 20명의 초등 과학 영재 학생들에게 적용하였다. 본 연구의 주요데이터는 공학자 그림 그리기와 설명문 항, 그리고 이에 대한 개별 인터뷰와 초점 집단 면접을 통해 수집되었으며, 공학자 그리기에 대한 설명과 인터뷰는 전사 내용을 토대로 양적(빈도분석과 대응표본 t-검증), 질적 분석 방법을 모두 사용하여 분석하였다. 과학공학 융합 수업은 과학 영재 학생들의 공학 설계에 대한 이해에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 공학과 공학자, 그리고 공학 과 사회의 관계에 대한 인식도 바람직한 방향으로 변화하였다. 공학은 여러명이 협력하는 사회적인 활동이라는 인식, 그리고 공학자의 윤리의식, 공학의 사회적 가치 등 공학과 사회의 관계에 대한 인식도 바람직하게 변화하였다.

Education reform is being deployed in Vietnam in the direction of developing learner’s competencies in which integrated teaching is viewed as a practical, effective way to achieve educational goals. However, Vietnamese teachers are not familiar with integrated teaching. Therefore, instructing teachers in how to design integrated lessons and how to implement integrated teaching is necessary and meaningful. This article presents some measures to help teachers design and teach integration in Mathematics.

This paper aims at finding some lessons applicable to successful implementation of ‘The 3D Printing R/D Project’ through both examining the process of adopting overseas industrialized housing production technological knowhow by home builders during the 1970's~1980's period and thereafter until now the various efforts to adjust the technologies efficiently to the Korea‘s unique situation. Some meaningful lessons can be summarized as follows; Ⅰ) Deep understanding of 3DP technological know-why along with its inheritance, Ⅱ) Readjusting of R/D period and goals(cf. Global leader Winsun's 15 years experiment), Ⅲ) Restructuring for more collaborative R/D B&E system among participating researchers Ⅳ) Fostering 3DP expert-engineers and technicians from the early stage, Ⅴ) Clearing legal barriers in users' adopting 3DP methods necessary, Ⅵ) Development of appropriate building material besides concrete. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the above-mentioned 6 lessons positively accepted and applied to the Research Implementation Plan in due course, especially by KICT consortium and KAIA under the guidance of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

Despite its innovative and avant-garde reputation, the luxury industry initially began showing a very low commitment to new online marketing tools and it held a conservative approach to selling when compared to other sectors. Nowadays, the context has dramatically changed and luxury brands are approaching with an increasing interest social networks as well as the online selling. This research aims to clarify the current strategic approaches of the players in the different luxury markets towards the social commerce phenomenon, from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The purpose is to test a framework that can be used to classify luxury companies’ strategies regarding social media adoptions based on actual theories on social media. Four strategies related to the social media adoption by luxury brands have been identified: the Social brand ambassadors strategy class (low promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use social media for entertainment and user engagement; the Social showcases strategy (high promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use their social accounts as online catalogues; the Social infotainers strategy (low promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that scored high in social commerce, mainly because of the provision of informative content and brand–consumer interactions, but they were linked to more entertainment-oriented actions rather than product-related ones. Finally, the Social sellers strategy (high promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that have integrated social commerce into their online strategies and have subsequently exploited the potential of social media to drive online and offline sales. The database is built using original data from a content analysis of 100 luxury brands’ postings on five different social media platforms – namely Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest. The total final sample included 12,132 Facebook posts, 21,216 tweets on Twitter, 1,105 YouTube videos, 10,138 Instagram pictures/videos, and 117,359 Pinterest pictures. The main findings are the following: luxury brands adopt at this stage the Social brand ambassadors and Social showcases approaches; brands belonging to the perfumery, cosmetics, jewelry and watches markets show a more developed attitude towards the social commerce; in other luxury markets, such as wine and spirits, brands still adopt a Social Brand Ambassador strategy, while managers should increase the promotional content in order develop the social commerce. The Fashion & Accessories brands show a positive relationship between the percentage of promotional content and social commerce score. This means that social commerce adoptions depend on the single brand’s strategic choices, ranging from low adoption to best practices. In general, social commerce is still not widespread; many luxury fashion brands, while presenting new collections during fashion weeks, focused on fashion shows, backstage events, and celebrities, rather than really promoting the new product lines with materials, availability, and purchasing indications. This social media approach is mainly focused on increasing brand awareness rather than increasing social commerce. If managers aim at increasing social commerce they should add direct call to action and link the contents to e-commerce market place. Automotive brands are concentrated in the Social showcases area; This sector encounters natural limitations in the introduction of social commerce due to the difficulty of selling products through the digital channel; many brands have, however, devised strategies to approach their users during the purchasing process prior to the actual transaction to take advantage of the increasing ROPO phenomenon. Conversely, the Perfumes & Cosmetics sector shows a highly fragmented approach to social commerce. The content analysis based on single post contents has shown that actually the contents are based on pictures of the products, or the brand, information on events, and a large and increasing presence of video posts based storytelling about the history of the product and the brand heritage; the most social commerce oriented posts are picture or video focused on the product. The commercial contents that aim at developing the see now, buy now approach are mainly based on video shows.