As the demand for ready-to-eat foods continues to grow, concerns about the sodium in processed foods are also growing. In this study, a survey was conducted on the perception of low-sodium products and diffusion plans according to the type of employee (manufacturer, retailer, distributor). Of the 191 responses collected, 189 valid responses (98.9%) were analyzed. The results showed that the employees were aware of the health contribution of a low-sodium diet, labeling for low-sodium, and the promotion of low-sodium food to increase its consumption. Furthermore, retailers recognized the positive contribution of low-sodium products in terms of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management. The use of sodium substitutes was preferred as the best way to reduce sodium in ready-to-eat foods. With regard to sodium reduction in readyto- eat foods, we found that the technical factors involved were clustered by the type of business. Specifically, distributors showed a similar performance but had a lower perception of importance than retailers. Manufacturers had a lower perception of both importance and performance. In this study, we collected perceptions from employees who were working at food companies, which differed from previous research. We sought to examine the differences in the perception of sodium reduction and consumption of ready-to-eat foods across various types of employment. Furthermore, we provided specific approaches to reduce perception gaps and enhance understanding among employees.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the plasticizers used in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry. It is known to be easily released into the environment. In this study, we investigated effects of DEHP on growth, metabolic pathway, and virulence gene expression in soil-borne bacterial plant pathogen, Pectobacterium carotovorum SCC1 using in vitro assays. As a result, DEHP at 20 μg mL-1 did not affect the growth, cell membrane permeability, or ATPase activity of P. carotovorum SCC1. However, it decreased succinyl-CoA synthase (SCS) activity in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Relative expression levels of virulence genes encoding pectate lyase and pectin were differentially influenced by DEHP treatment. These results suggest that biological characteristics of P. carotovorum might be influenced by DEHP in soil.

This study investigated the trend of research on ‘Food science and Nutrition’ in previously published papers in the Journal of Korean Society of Food Culture (JKSFC) from 2000 to 2021. Total number of published papers in this category in the JKSFC was 693 which we classified into 7 main categories and 40 subcategories. Of these, 256 articles were on ‘experimental cooking’ which was the most studied field among 7 main categories. There was a total of 19 published papers under the category of ‘microbiology and fermentation’. A total of 133 articles were published on ‘functional foods’ and provided essential data for discovering new materials under the theme of various physiological active functions of food materials. Furthermore, 107 articles were included in ‘food processing and storage’, which provided integrated knowledge of economy, stability and practicality based on various technologies. A total of 144 articles was included in the category of ‘nutrition’. Under the category of ‘nutrition’, the most actively studied topic was ‘eating behaviors and dietary habits,’ and the trending topic was ‘use of healthcare big data.’ In conclusion, this review would provide trends of various categories of food science and nutrition area for recent 21 years and suggest directions for future research.

Galactosemia is a rare, hereditary metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of galactose and its metabolites in the body due to a lack of enzymes that convert galactose to glucose. This study aimed to investigate the dietary behaviors and nutritional statuses of patients with galactosemia and to provide basic information on the development of nutrition education programs to improve quality of dietary life. A survey was conducted on 13 parents of (<11 years of age) children with galactosemia and 26 parents of (<11 years of age) children without galactosemia. Mean body mass index was greater for school-age children with galactosemia (18.77 kg/m2) than for corresponding normal children (16.55 kg/m2). Underweight and obesity rates of children with galactosemia were greater than those of children without galactosemia. In addition, children with galactosemia had a higher food neophobia rate and thus consumed less food. Normal children exhibited a greater range of food preferences than those with galactosemia, especially for milk and dairy products (p= .001) and fats and sweets (p= .04). Reliable food databases and appropriate dietary recommendations are required to ensure the proper growth of children with galactosemia.

Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disease caused by galactose and its metabolites generated during carbohydrate metabolism, which is relatively rare in Asian countries, including Korea. Patients with galactosemia should be treated with a galactose-restricted diet. However, information is lacking about the exact content of galactose in food, and dietary guidelines for patients with galactosemia in Korea. This study aims to recognize the difficulties faced by parents and clinical experts of patients with galactosemia, and understand their demands. Totally, 5 parents of children diagnosed with galactosemia and 5 clinical professionals participated in the focus group interviews. The parents’ interview focused on the daily life of the patient, which included diet and social difficulties. The clinical experts mainly answered about medical care, including the number and status of patients, and their suggestions for effective treatment. Most parents were worried about social isolation due to conflicts in the family as well as in society due to a lack of understanding of the disease. The clinical experts stated the absence of a disease management system as the greatest problem. An integrated support system for patients with galactosemia, which includes appropriate dietary guidelines by considering the domestic environment, is required.

Interkulturelle Kommunikationskompetenz ist seit den 80er Jahren ein sehr zentraler und populärer Terminus, aber Studien darüber im DaF Unterricht gibt es noch nicht sehr viele. Das Zier der Arbeit besteht darin, Lehrbücher für allgemeinbildende Deutschkurse an der Universität zu analysieren, die in Südkorea verwendet werden. Auf dieser Weise sollen Elemente zur Entwicklung der interkulturellen Kommunikationskomentenz in Lehrwerken erschlossen werden. In dieser Arbeit werde ich untersuchen, wie die interkulturelle Kommunikation in den Lehrwerken vermittelt wird. Die DaF Lehrwerke werden im Moment im allgemeinbildenden Deutschunterricht an den koreanischen Universitäten für Anfänger benutzt. Warum habe ich die Lehrwerke als Untersuchungsmaterial gewählt? Sie spielen noch eine sehr wichtige Rolle im DaF unterricht und die Quantität und Qualität des interkulturellen Inhalts sind sehr bedeutend. In dieser Arbeit werden die Lehrwerke aus der Perspektive der Lernenden betrachtet: Fördert der interkulturelle Inhalt in diesen DaF Lehrwerken den Lernprozess im Hinblick auf interkulturelle Kommunkationskompetenz? Ist es dem Lernenden möglich, seine interkulturellen Fähigkeiten mit Hilfe dieser Lehrwerke zu entwickeln? Für diese Antwort habe ich eine empirische Methode verwendet, nämlich Fragebogen, der 17 ausführliche Fragen enthielt. Dafür habe ich Fragebögen an 100 Studenten in Südkorea verteilt, und beantworten lassen.

Unhealthy dietary behavior such as insufficient calcium intake can be one of risk factors of osteoporosis and chronic diseases in older people. This study evaluated the recent trends in dietary calcium intake and the food source in Korean adults aged 50 years or older using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2015-2019) data. This study used 24-hour recall survey data to investigate the calcium intake, the major food groups and main dishes contributing to the calcium intake. The mean calcium intake was 479.55-506.81 mg/day. The major food groups that contribute to calcium intake were vegetables, milks and fishes. Dairy and frozen desserts and kimchi were the major dish groups that contributed to the calcium intake. Calcium intake from milk in dairy and frozen dessert group has been high in last 5 years (50-64 years old: 34.71-47.68 mg, 65-74 years old: 29.72-43.65 mg, over 75 years old: 22.91-42.93 mg). In addition, baechu-kimchi is the most contributed to the calcium intake in kimchi group (50-64 years old: 35.10-41.47 mg, 65-74 years old: 29.62-34.96 mg, over 75 years old: 23.79-29.13 mg). In conclusion, various source of calcium needs to be recommended to increase intake calcium in over 50 years, which may reduce chronic diseases and improve quality of life.

The intake of processed foods containing high levels of sugar increases the incidence of chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Limiting sugar intake is important for a healthy life at all ages. Therefore, this study analyzed food sources and sugar intake by the different age groups based on the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We used 24-hour recall survey data to investigate the daily sugar intake and the major food groups and main dishes contributing to sugar intake. The mean sugar intake was 58.9-66.8 g/day. The three major food groups contributing to sugar intake were fruits (15.2-19.9 g/day), beverages (10.7-12.4 g/day), and milk and milk products (7.6-7.8 g/day). Teas and other non-alcoholic beverages (14.7-17.3 g/day), fruits (12.5-16.2 g/day), and dairy products (7.0-7.6 g/day) were the major food groups that contributed to the sugar intake. Carbonated drinks, apples, and milk were the top sources of sugar intake in each group. In conclusion, the sugar intake of Koreans is mainly from carbonated drinks, fruits, and milk. These results provided the basic data for nutrition education and nutrition program development according to the different age groups of the Korean population.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on the development of nutrition education programs to improve the mealtime behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by investigating the mealtime behavior and food preferences of children with ASD through the perception of special education teachers. Surveys were given to 108 special education teachers in special education schools in Korea regarding the demographic characteristics, nutrition education support needs, mealtime behavior, and food preferences of children with ASD. Most of the special education teachers responded that nutrition education in special schools had not been conducted properly and nutrition education for ASD children is necessary. Mealtime behavior analysis classified the behavior into three clusters: cluster 1, ‘less problematic mealtime behavior’; cluster 2, ‘general feature of autism’; cluster 3, ‘difficulty in self-directed diet’. The age, eating habits, and food preferences were different according to each mealtime behavior cluster. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop a nutrition education program based on the characteristics of mealtime behavior.

사회적 상호작용에서 적절한 행동을 위해서는 사회인지적 정보 뿐 아니라 다양한 정서 정보의 처리 역시 중요하다. 정서의 처리과정은 자극의 속성 뿐 아니라 다양한 맥락과 외부 요인의 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 정서처리에 영향을 미치는 요인들과 그 효과의 양상을 파악하기 위하여 생물형운동자극을 사용한 정서변별과제를 시행하였다. 첫 번째 과제에서는 분노, 행복, 또는 중립 정서를 지닌 단서자극과 함께 제시된 빨강, 초록, 흰색, 또는 노란색 중 하나의 색과 분노 또는 행복 정서를 지닌 표적자극을 비교하여, 단서자극에 비해 표적자극이 나타내는 정서를 판단 하도록 하였다. 두 번째 과제에서는 정서 중립 자극만을 사용하여 색의 효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 표적자극의 특정 색과 정서 간 연합이 관찰되었다. 즉, 빨간색은 분노정서, 초록색은 행복정서 처리를 촉진하는 것으로 보였다. 또한, 단서자극과 표적자극의 정서가 일치할 때 표적자극 정서의 변별 정확도가 높았으나, 빨간색과 분노정서가 조합된 조건에서는 단서자극 정서의 영향을 받지 않았다. 두 번째 과제에서는 표적자극의 색에 의해 착각적인 정서반응이 나타남을 관찰하였다. 본 연구를 통해 기존에 주로 사용된 얼굴자극이 아닌 생물형운동자극을 이용해 자극의 정서처리 과정에 영향을 미치는 맥락 및 색 요인의 효과를 구체적으로 확인하였으며, 가능한 후속연구 및 임상적 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

This study examined the eating habits and preferences of foods according to the age of children with autism spectrum disorders and identified the nutritional needs of parents to support their healthy eating habits and provide basic data for the development of educational programs. A survey of 100 parents of children with autism spectrum disorders was conducted on their children’s snack intake, food preferences, and parents’ nutrition education needs. As a result, there were four times more boys than girls, and the body mass index differed according to age (p<0.001). Most children ate snacks more than once a day, and parents found that they wanted to develop nutritious snacks that could replace high-protein, low-calorie meals with the minimal use of additives. For the food preference, there was a significant difference in grains and starches, vegetables/seafood and fruits, milk and dairy products (p<0.05), fats and sugars, and Korean fermented pastes (p<0.01) between the two age groups. Regarding whether nutrition education was required, many parents had a high demand for nutrition education (4.24±0.70), and the intention to participate was 3.62±1.09. The most important content to be dealt with in parent education was ‘Inducing a change in bad eating habits and behaviors’, which was the highest (63%), and mostly face-to-face education was preferred. In conclusion, young children require diet education, and older children need to focus on weight control and obesity.

This study aims to classify parents by considering important factors in the management of foodservice for children. An offline survey was conducted by enrolling 583 Korean parents whose children attended public or private kindergartens in Seoul. The important factors required for managing foodservice for children are meal service resources, menu management, and food allergy. Considering these factors, parents were grouped into 3 clusters: the allergy important group, environment important group, and high concern group. Evaluation of the demographic characteristics revealed a significant difference between clusters with respect to type of kindergarten. Parents perceived that a private kitchen is more required than a private dining room, and perceptions about the need for a private kitchen and dining room were significantly different among the clusters. Furthermore, the results reveal significant differences between clusters, when considering the need to support meal service. Therefore, the government needs to consider characteristics of the parent cluster if they plan to support the kindergarten foodservice. We believe that this study can be used as supportive data to establish a working policy.

Despite the importance of the EPS-TOPIK(Employment Permit System-Test of Proficiency in Korean) exam for those who aim to work in Korea under the EPS system, not enough studies have been done on the subject of EPS-TOPIK exam and the official Textbook. In addition, studies on representation of nationality and skin color in textbooks are rare compared to such studies on gender representation. This study investigates the Textbook which hasn't been researched enough, on the matter of representation not only based on gender but also on nationality and skin color. This study analyzes the Textbook quantitatively with the focus on the 20 main characters and qualitatively on the illustrations and texts, and suggests that the Textbook should properly represent its users who intend to work in Korea under the EPS system. Stereotypes based on nationality, preference of so-called ‘Korean’ skin tone and gender inequality should be rejected. The chapter on sexual harrassment in workplace should be revised to go against victim-shaming and to contain helpful contents for sexual harrassment survivors.

In den Zeiten der Globalisierung und Internationalisierung unserer Lebens- und Arbeitswelt ist interkulturelle Kommunikations- und Handlungskompetenz essentiell Der schulische Deutschunterricht steht im Zuge der Globalisierung vor neuen Herausforderungen. Er muss neben der Ausbildung rein sprachlicher Qualifikationen auch auf den ständig wachsenden Austausch mit anderen Kulturen vorbereiten. Interkulturelles Lernen, das der Entwicklung interkultureller Kompetenz dienen soll, ist daher auch Bestandteil von Lehrplänen. Ziel der vorliegender Arbeit ist es, einen Lehrplan zum Erwerb interkultrueller Kompetenz im schulischen Deutschunterricht zu entwickeln. Für die Entwicklung von dem Lehrplan zum um Erwerb interkultrureller Kompetenz werden zunächst einen Dialogtext im Restaurant aus dem Schulbuch ‘Deutsch 1’ ausgewählt, und im interkulturellen Kontext analysiert. Als Ergebnisse sind im schulischen Deutschunterricht zwei Lehr- und Lernmethoden denkbar, um eine interkulturelle Kommunikation anzuregen. Dazu gehören diskursanalystische Lernmethode und Kulturassimilator.

우리나라 폐기물관리법(구폐기물관리법)에서는1997년 재활용 규정을 제정한 이후, 사업장일반폐기물 중 석탄재, 점토점결주물사, 광재 및 무기성오니 등은 성토재 등으로 재활용할 수 있도록 해왔다. 그러나 해당 폐기물에는 아연, 납, 불소 등의 성분이 현행 토양오염 우려기준을 초과하는 경우가 있어, 과거 적법한 절차를 거쳐 폐기물을 재활용하였더라도 토양환경보전법에 따라 부지정화를 시행하는 사례가 종종 보고된다. 과거 폐기물을 성토재 등으로 재활용한 지역의 부지정화를 시행하는 경우, 토양과 폐기물은 최대한 분리/선별한 후에 각각 토양환경보전법과 폐기물관리법에 따라 처리하는 것이 원칙이다. 또한, 토양정화 비용과 폐기물처리 비용이 차이를 고려할 때, 경제적인 측면에서도 토양과 폐기물을 분리하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 하지만, 앞서 언급한 석탄재 등의 폐기물은 육안상 토양과 구별이 어렵고, 물리적 성상(입도 및 밀도) 또한 토양과 유사하기 때문에 일반적인 방법으로는 선별이 불가능한 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 TPH, 아연, 비소 등이 1지역 토양오염우려기준을 초과하는 폐기물 재활용지역을 대상으로 XRF분석을 실시하였고, 조사결과를 토대로 오염토양과 폐기물에 대한 분류기준 수립하고 ‘토양환경보전법’과 ‘폐기물관리법’의 적용여부를 판단하는 자료로 활용하고자 하였다. XRF를 이용하여 측정한 주요 성분을 ternary diagram (SiO2, CaO/MgO, Al2O3/Fe2O3/기타)을 이용하여 비교하였으며, 오염토사와 폐기물은 성분비에 따라 구별이 가능함을 확인하였다. 토양오염도 조사결과 폐기물시료의 TPH, 아연, 비소의 농도는 토양에 비해 3~4배 정도 높게 측정되어, 폐기물을 분리/선별하는 것만으로도 토양오염도를 상당 부분 낮출 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

우리나라의 메탄가스 배출량은 2014년 기준 26.6백만톤 CO2eq 수준으로, 이중 약 27% (7.3 백만톤 CO2eq)는 폐기물매립지에서 유출되고 있다. 매립지에서의 메탄유출을 저감하는 가장 이상적인 방법은 매립가스를 포집하여 에너지화하는 “매립가스 자원화” 방식이다. 그러나, 이를 위해서는 가스포집시설, 가스정제시설 및 발전설비 등의 설비투자가 필요하며, 매립가스 발생량이 2~3 N㎥/min (메탄가스 농도 35%~50%)이상의 대규모 매립지에서만 경제성 확보가 가능하다고 알려져 있다. 이런 이유로 230개소의 매립지 중 17개 시설에서만 매립가스 자원화 시설을 운영하고 있으며, 대부분의 중소규모 매립지에서는 메탄유출에 대한 별다른 대책이 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 중소규모의 매립지 5개소를 선정하여 “공기주입을 통한 호기성 매립지 전환” 및 “매립지복토층을 이용한 생물학적 메탄산화 기술”의 메탄저감 성능과 경제성을 검토하였고 “매립가스 자원화”와 비교하였다. 매립가스 자원화를 검토하기 위한 매립가스 발생량은 LandGem 모델을 이용하여 산정하였으며, 폐기물의 성상(메탄잠재발생량 및 메탄발생속도추정)및 매립량은 환경부 통계자료를 이용하였다. 공기주입에 따른 호기성전환 비율은 주입압에 따른 유효반경을 산정하여 추정하였으며, 복토층에서의 메탄산화 효율은 문헌조사를 통해 결정하였다. 기술검토 결과 공기주입과 복토층 메탄산화기술을 조합하는 경우 70~85% 수준까지 메탄유출을 저감할 수 있는 것으로 추정되었으며, 중소규모 매립지의 경우 매립가스 자원화와 비교하여 상대적으로 우수한 경제성을 나타냈다.

This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics and optimal germination conditions in seeds of Arabis pendula L., a traditionally edible and medicinal plant. The external seed shape was circular-obovate with narrow wings and dark brown. The seed length and width were 1.25 ㎜ and 1.47 ㎜, respectively. The seeds were exalbuminous and the embryo was a bent type. Seed germination was the highest (49.7%) at 20°C under dark conditions among the various temperature and light conditions applied. However, under the dark condition, the seedling was weak, overgrown, and the cotyledons were small and folded. To improve the germination and growth of seedlings, the seeds were pre-treated with GA3 solutions of varying concentrations (0, 200, 500, and 1,000 ㎎/L). The seed germination and seedling growth were effectively improved by GA3 pre-treatment. The germination rate was the highest (97.3%), mean germination time was the shortest (8.1 days), and a vigorous growth of seedlings was observed upon pre-soaking the seeds in 500 ㎎/L GA3 solution. In conclusion, the best method for germination was pre-soaking in 500 ㎎/L GA3 (4℃, dark, 24 h) and incubating the seeds at 20℃ for 15 days.

최근 자연재해에 따른 도시내 피해규모가 증가하고 있는 상황에서, 기후변화 및 자연재해 등에 대응하는 회복탄력성 있는 마을(resilient community)에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 회복탄력성 개념과 기존의 마을만들기와 관련된 이론과 실질적 노력을 관련문헌과 마을만들기 사례 등을 통해 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서는 미래의 회복탄력성 있는 마을 만들기 위해 회복탄력성 있는 커뮤니티 계획개념(Resilient Community Planning Framework 또는 RCPF)을 제안하였다. RCPF는 복잡성과 다양성 그리고 미래의 불확실성을 마을만들기계획에 고려해야 한다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 이것은 경제적, 사회적, 환경적, 물리적 요소 그리고 계획과정에서의 다양한 주체의 참여에 영향을 받는다는 것으로 나타났다. 회복탄력성있는 마을만들기를 위해서는 RCPF를 구성하고 있는 주요소에 대한 종합적인 이해와 더불어 이러한 요소들이 상호연결되어 있음을 인지하고 마을만들기를 해야 한다는 것을 보여주고 있다.