본 연구는 방사선 형질전환 차조기와 백출복합물(차조기 복합물)이 퇴행성관절염 관련 매개체에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 MIA(monosodium iodoacetate)로 퇴행성관절염을 유도한 랫드로 평가 하였다. 차조기 복합추출물을 2주 동안 25, 50, 100 ㎎/㎏/day의 용량으로 경구 투여하고 랫드의 우측 관절 내 공간에 MIA를 주입한 후 동일 용량을 4주 동안 지속 투여하였다. 이후, 혈청 바이오마커와 무 릎 관절 분석의 형태학 및 조직병리학적 분석에 기초한 치료 효과를 평가하였다. 대조군 랫드와 비교하였을 때 차조기 복합추출물은 혈청 내 염증 및 골 대사 마커(TNF-α, MMP-3, COX-2, PGE2, COMP, Aggrecan)의 생성량을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 이와는 반대로 연골 흡수 매개체인 CTX-2 생성을 증가시켰으며, 방사선 형질전환 차조기는 무릎 연골과 활막을 효과적으로 보존하였다. 그 결과, 차조기 복합물은 퇴행성관절염 증상을 개선하였다. 따라서, 차조기 복합물은 퇴행성관절염 관리를 위한 식품 소재로 사용될 수 있다.

본 연구는 방사선 육종 차조기와 백출 복합물의 조골세포 분화 활성 및 파골세포 형성 억제를 조사하였다. 차조기와 백출 복합물은 MG-63 세포에서 ALP 활성 및 arlizarin red 염색을 확인하였고 조골세포 형성의 영향은 RAW 264.7 세포에서 TRAP 활성과 TRAP 염색을 진행하였다. 세포 독성 시험에서 차조기와 백출 복합물은 50 ㎍/㎖ 농도 이하에서 안전한 것으로 확인되었다. ALP 활성 및 골석회화 형성 능력은 대조군보다 활성이 낮았으나, 파골세포에서 TRAP 활성을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, 효과적으로 TRAP(+) 다핵세포를 억제하였다. 따라서 차조기와 백출 복합물은 골 흡수 억제 활성을 향상시켜 뼈 관련 질환의 예방 및 치료에 효과적인 것으로 보여진다.

멸종위기종 꾸구리의 번식생태를 밝히기 위하여 2010 년 3월부터 2011년 2월까지 한강 지류인 섬강에서 연구 를 진행하였다. 비산란기의 암컷과 수컷은 형태적으로 차 이가 없었으나 산란기에는 체장에 대한 체고와 체폭, 배 지느러미 기점거리, 뒷지느러미 기점거리 등에서 차이를 보여 구별되었다. 성비(♀ : 􀕵)는 1 : 1.01이었고, 산란기는 수온 15~25􀆆C인 4월말부터 6월 중순으로 추정되었다. 포란수는 평균 2,134±930개였으며, 성숙난의 크기는 0.88 ±0.04mm였다. 산란장소는 느린 여울부인 유속 13~24 cm sec-1, 수심 12~18 cm의 3~10 cm의 자갈과 돌이 깔 려있는 곳으로 추정되었다. 실험실 수조에서 Ovaprim을 주사하여 산란행동을 유도한 결과, 14~15시간 후에 암 컷과 수컷이 수면 근처에서 1 : 1로 산란하였다.

Background : This study was carried out to introduce Atractylodes macrocephala as a new income element in Gangwon area and to develop the technology necessary for stable quality seedling production. Methods and Results : For the production of high quality seedlings of Atractylodes macrocephala, seedling growth characteristics were investigated according to the types of plug cell size and seedling raising period. Atractylodes macrocephala seeds were sown on February 14, 2018 in 72, 105, 128, 162, and 200 plug trays. The emergence period after sowing was March 2, and the final occurrence rate was 76.6 - 79.5%. The number of days of emergence took 18 to 20 days from sowing date. Growth of seedlings tended to be better with less number of plug trays, such as seedling height, seedling width, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number. On the other hand, roots (net formation) increased rapidly as the number of plug trays increased. After 60 days, the matured seedling rate was good at 75.5 ± 8.4% for the 200 plug tray and 72.5 ± 4.1% for the 162 plug tray. The net formation ratio of matured seedling was the best in 60 days of seeding in 162 plug trays. The rooting rate was 98.0 ± 2.1 - 99.3 ± 1.2% when seeded for 60 days or more regardless of the type of plug tray. Conclusion : In order to produce efficient and stable seedlings in the cultivation of Atractylodes macrocephala in Gangwon area, it was considered to be advantageous for 60 days of seedling settling in the plug trays of more than 162 and less than 200.

Background : Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae and should be cultivated in field soils with good water dripping due to plant characteristics. However, cultivating farmers mainly have recently been cultivated in paddy soil due to their regional characteristics, which causes the decrease in yield due to poor drainage. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the cultivation in high ridge and subsoil breaking effect for stable paddy soils cultivation technology of A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Soil was paddy soils in the fall of 2017, and the pH (1 : 5) was 6.61 ± 0.15 as a result of chemical and physical properties. EC was 0.49 ± 0.05 dS/m, and organic matter content was 28.69 ± 69 g/㎏ and effective phosphoric acid was 306 ± 17.8 ㎎/㎏. As a result of the soil layering survey, the surface layer was 0 - 26 ㎝ deep as paddy soil mounded with sandy loam in the past. In the surface layer, there was a light layer after 17 ㎝ depth, and volume density was 1.71 ± 1.3 g/㎤. The porosity of the plow pan was 33.41 ± 2.34%. The cultivation methods were cultivation in high ridge (30 ㎝ or more) and level row (10 ㎝ or less) at 2 levels and 3 repetitions. In subsoil breaking, the depth of the plow pan was increased from 17.1 ± 0.5 ㎝ before treatment to 31.1 ± 3.6 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 24.8 ± 1.5 ㎜. In the case of rotary plowing, the depth of the plow pan was 17.1 ± 1.9 ㎝ before treatment and 26 ± 2.4 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 25.8 ± 2.9 ㎜. The medium growth characteristics of A. macrocephala per treatment showed the tendency of increase in plant length, culm length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and fresh weight in level row cultivation after subsoil breaking. Root growth of cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking tended to be good with rhizome weight of 11.6 g per hill. The survival percentages were 98.8 - 100% and the bolting rate was 93.4 - 96.2% Conclusion : In cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking in the paddy field of Gangwon area, the decrease of yield of A. macrocephala due to drainage was expected to be alleviated, but final conclusion should be drawn after analyzing soil temperature and soil moisture data.

Background : During 2016 to 2017, Bacterial Rot symptom has been observed on Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. in Yeongju-si, Mungyeong-si, Jecheon-si and Eumseong-gun. This experiment was carried out to identify pathogenic bacteria that has not been reported up to now from A. macrocephala and to test pathogenicity of isolated bacteria against A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Nine types of representative bacteria strains depending on colony size and color were isolated from surface disinfested symptomatic tissue that was macerated and streaked onto lysogeny broth (LB) medium with agar. Fungi were not recovered from any tissue that was surface disinfested and placed into acidified potato dextrose agar. Only one strain cause dark brown leaf rot symptom on A. macrocephala leaves soaked in bacterial suspensions. Potted A. macrocephala plants were used to test for pathogenicity. Inoculum was prepared by suspending the bacteria in sterile distilled water (SDW) for a final concentration of approximately 105 CFU/㎖. Suspensions were sprayed until runoff onto three replicate plants. Control plants were sprayed with SDW until runoff. Plants maintained in a dew chamber with 100% relative humidity at 30℃. After 3 days, leaf rot lesions developed on all inoculated plants; lesions later turned dark brown and appeared similar to symptoms observed in the field. Plants treated with water developed no symptoms. Same bacteria re-isolated onto LB from symptomatic tissues. Conclusion : On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain isolated from A. macrocephala was identified as Pseudomonas viridiflava. Biological assay method using Potted plants confirmed the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas viridiflava. This is the first report of bacterial rot caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava on A. macrocephala.

Background : Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) has been generally harvested in 1-2 years after seedstock planting. Recently, seed is used increasingly for planting in spring and rhizome is harvested in 1 year. In 1 year open field culture, seed harvesting rate is low below 30% and supply and demand of seed is so hard. This study was carried out to improve seed harvesting for stable seed supply and demand in Atractylodes macrocephala Methods and Results : Seed of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi was directly sown in open field, under tunnel and rain shielding condition in mid-April. Tunnel was installed from prebloom, mid-september to seed harvesting time, November using 240 ㎝ wires for 120 ㎝ by interval and 20 ㎝ by height in furrow to assure insect pollination and wind fertilization. In rain shielding condition, plant height was highest as 38.2 ㎝ and number of branches, number of nodes, and content of chlorophyll were higher as 7.8 ea/plant, 8.7 ea/plant, and 65.4 respectively compared to open field and under tunnel. Flowering time was earliest as 23rd September in rain shielding condition and in open field and under tunnel was 26th September. There is no blossom rot in rain shielding condition while blossom rot occurrence was highest in open field by 5 in degree. Seed setting rate was highest as 42.0% in tunnel cultivation and seed weight per plant and 1,000 seed weight were highest as 3.7 g/plant and 22.3 g respectively. Total seed yield was higher as 58% and 65% in tunnel and rain shield condition respectively compared to 29 ㎏/10 a of open field. Tunnel cultivation for seed production of Atractylodes macrocephala is more beneficial for lower installation cost. Conclusion : Tunnel cultivation for seed production of Atractylodes macrocephala is more beneficial due to low blossom rot degree by 1, higher 1,000 seed weight and seed setting rate as 19.0 g and 42%, increased seed yield, and lower installation cost.

Background: The roots of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi contain atractylone, which is used to suppress appetite and indigestion caused by gastrointestinal disturbance. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of several organic compost on the growth and root yield of A. macrocephala with organic fertilizer.Methods and Results:When organic fertilizer was applied basally, the average yield of 10 a was 184.6 ㎏ in the HA (Hwanggeumjidae, organic material mix), 171.3 ㎏ in the GG (Gyunbaeyangchegreen, bacterial cuture filtrate) and 175.0 ㎏ in the CF (Customary fertilization, control) each other in practice of CF had no statistical significance. Atractylenolide I was significantly greater in the HA (0.036%) than the GG (0.034%) or CF (0.023%). With regard to the amount of organic fertilzer, 10 a yield ws the most common of 203.0 ㎏ at 2.0 times of the organic 1 (HA), conventional fertilization of 134.0 ㎏ and 173.0 ㎏ of no application was a statistically significant. Organic fertilizer 1 was 1.5 to 2.0 times, organic fertilizer was 2 to 1.5 times that were most suitable.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicated that HA and GG are the most suitable for the organic cultivation of A. macrocephala. The content of atractylone I was highest under the HA treatment and lowest under the CU (Chamjoa, oil cake), TG (Totogreen, plant oil cake) and HG (Heuksalgreen, Castor oil cake) treatment.

Background : According to medicinal plant standard culture, flower organ should be removed but there is no detail information on flower organ removal in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. This study was carried out to examine effect of flower organ removal on the increase of roots yield in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. Methods and Results : ○ Experiment variety : Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. ○ Treatment : ① Flower organ non-cutting ② Flower organ cutting ○ Planting date : April, 2015/ April 25, 2016 ○ Planting distance : 30×20cm/ 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng & Medicinal Plant Research Institute(Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : The fresh rhizome yield of F. O. C. at a bud treatments were increased 21.0% ∼50.0% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. The fresh rhizome yield of F. O. C. at a flower treatments were increased 17.4%∼34.6% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. The fresh weight of above-ground parts of F. O. C. treatments were decreased 77.2%∼65.7% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. F. O. C.(=Flower organ cutting) / F. O. N. C.(=Flower organ non-cutting).

Background : ‘baek-chul’(White atractylodes rhizome) widely used in traditional herbal remedies in Asia. A. Japonica and A. Macrocephala are used as ‘baek-chul’ in Japanese Pharmacopoeia but only A. Macrocephala is used as ‘baek-chul’ in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Based on morphologic observation A. japonica has small infloresence diameter, white flowers and gynodioecism, whereas A. macrocephala has large inflorescence diameter, red flowers ,monoecism and developed rhizomes. but The distinction of these isn't easy. SSRs are very useful molecular markers for species identification. In this study, genetic diversity and identification between A. Japonica and A. Macrocephala were confirmed by SSR marker. Methods and Results : DNAs were extracted from leaf tissue of A. Japonica, A. Macrocephala and A. Japonica × A. Macrocephala (Breeding varieties, ‘Dachul’) using DNeasy plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilen, Germany). these plants cultivated from RDA(Eumseong) and used for PCR amplification. The relative concentration of the extracted DNA was estimated Nano Drop ND-1000 (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, De, USA) And final DNA concentration was adjusted to 5.5ng/μL. In this study 8 primer pairs were tested on 4 A. Japonica, 4 A. Macrocephala, 2 ‘Dachul’. These primers showed high polymorphism among and within four populations of A. macrocephala.(Zheng et al.). We detected interspecific and intraspecific SSR polymorphism by 3 primer pairs. Conclusion : The results showed that these markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis as they distinguished among Atractylodes spp. and also A.Macrocephala. This work is intended to serve as the basis for the breeding of new varieties in white atractylodes rhizome.

Background : Bai Zhu is generally harvested in 1-2 years after seedstock planting. Recently mainly in Guemsan, Bai Zhu is harvested in just 1 year after planting in spring . According to medicinal plant standard culture, Bai Zhu should be directly sown by 20cm distance in April. This study was carried out to find out proper planting date. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ○ Treatment : Planting Date ① Late march ② Early april ③ Middle of april(control) ④ Late april Plantind density : ① 30×10cm ② ① 30×20cm ○ Planting type : Direct Seeding ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : Number of lateral branches in 30×10cm was more in late march than late April and aerial part growth was superior as planting date was earlier. Emergence rate was higher in middle of April and late April and aerial part weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight rate, and dry root weight were superior as planting date was earlier. Dry weight yield increased as 38.3% in late March compared to middle of April. Dry weight was havier as 36.2% in planting time of late March and early April than planting time of middle of April and late April. Total income was higher in planting time of late March and early April than planting time of middle of April and late April.