현대인의 생활필수품이 된 스마트폰은 단순히 생활필수품을 넘어 현대인들이 과도하게 몰입하게 되는 대상이 되었 다. 이로 인해 현대인들의 다수는 스마트폰 중독 현상에 노출되게 되었다. 그러나 이러한 대상 중독 현상은 대상물 자체의 문제를 넘어 이를 이용하는 대상자들의 심리적 특성에 따라 서로 다를 수 있다. 이로 인해 본 연구에서는 대학생들을 대상으로 이들의 스마트폰 중독에 영향을 미치는 요소로써 대학생들의 성인 애착과 내현적 자기애의 특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 스마트폰 중독 척도, 성인 애착 척도, 내현적 자기애의 척도를 각각 사용하여, 스마트 폰 중독, 성인 애착 및 내현적 자기애 수준을 측정하였다. 그리고 스마트폰 중독 정도를 종속변수로 하고, 성인 애착 정도와 내현적 자기애 정도를 독립 변인으로 하는 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 불안 애착과 내현적 자기애의 과민/취약성 요인이 스마트폰 중독에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 대학생들의 스마트폰 중독 현상 을 이해하기 위해서 이에 영향을 미치는 대상자들의 심리적 특성 요소들의 영향에 따라 서로 다른 접근방법이 요구됨 을 시사한다.

In this study, a survey was conducted among university students (119 men and 134 women) in Chungbuk province using questionnaires to investigate the variables and eating patterns related to the use of food delivery apps. A survey was conducted from March 22, 2019 to April 3, 2019. Of the total respondents, 77.2% reported that they had ordered food at least once using food delivery apps on smartphones. Further, 63.3% of the total subjects had ordered food delivery through smartphone apps once or twice a month, and the most preferred cuisine for food delivery was fast food, followed by Bunsik (Korean street food/snack), western food, and Chinese food. The average satisfaction scorefor food delivery apps was 3.8 points, and the satisfaction score was the highest with the convenient ordering process (4.0), followed by good taste (3.9) and good portion (3.8). The subjects who used smartphone food delivery apps three times or more a month showed a significantly higher frequency of instant food intake (p=0.0132), dining out (p=0.0282), and late-night eating (p=0.0047) than the subjects who ordered food using delivery apps less than three times a month. In conclusion, these study results may be applied as baseline data for dietary education among university students.

Since the appearance of smartphones, the smartphone market has been in fierce completion by new technologies and marketing trends. The smartphone market is now somewhat saturated, and the manufacturers are trying to improve their position in the market through the repurchase of existing customers and the influx of competitors. At the same time, customers have their own purchasing criteria for smartphones. Therefore, manufacturers need to determine new technology and marketing trends based on customer purchasing trends and usage characteristics. The aim of this study is to analyze the quality attributes of smartphones. We conducted a survey on 220 respondents, and divided the respondents into several groups by purchasing trends and usage characteristic through cluster analysis. The groups are analyzed and compared based on the Kano model for the quality attributes of smartphone. The analysis result are as follows. Firstly, purchasing trends divide responders into groups that prefers high-end premium smartphones and those that take into account practicality in terms of purchasing trends. Secondly, usage characteristic divide responders into three groups: those with clear usage pattern, those who prefer ease of use, and the rest, and we find out that those with clear usage pattern are important customer in viral marketing. Lastly, Kano analysis is revealed the ‘Slow/ hi-speed camera’, ‘Private mode’, ‘Widget’, ‘Health care’ are attractive quality attributes.

The Location Based Service is growing rapidly nowadays due to the universalization of the use for smartphone, therefore the location determination technology has been placed in an important position. This study suggests a method that can provide the estimate of users’ location by using PDR method and smartphone geomagnetic sensor data. This method assists the measure of enhancing the accuracy of indoor localization. Moreover, it is to study ways to provide the exact indoor layout for evacuating the workers in emergency such as fires and natural disasters.

The LBS(Location Based Service) technology plays an important role in reducing wastes of time, losses of human lives and economic losses by detecting the user's location in order by suggesting the optimal evacuation route of the users in case of safety accidents. We developed an algorithm to estimate indoor location, movement path and indoor location changes of smart phone users based on the built-in sensors of smartphones and the dead-reckoning algorithm for pedestrians without a connection with smart devices such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Furthermore, seven different indoor movement scenarios were selected to measure the performance of this algorithm and the accuracy of the indoor location estimation was measured by comparing the actual movement route and the algorithm results of the experimenter(pedestrian) who performed the indoor movement. The experimental result showed that this algorithm had an average accuracy of 95.0%.

본 연구는 전문대학생의 스마트폰 중독이 사회적 지지에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 사회복지를 전공하는 전문대학생 200명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 데이터는 SPSS(ver. 24.0) 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 스마트폰 중독의 하위 요인 중에서 병적몰입은 사회적 지지에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 스마트폰의 병적몰입 중독 성향이 낮을수록 사회적 지지는 높아질 것이라 할 수 있으며, 스마트폰 중독이 자존감 지지와의 관계는 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 스마트폰 중독의 하위 요인 중에서 통제상실은 자존감 지지에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 스마트폰의 통제상실 중독 성향이 낮을수록 자존감 지지는 높아질 것이라 할 수 있겠다. 본 연구는 앞으로 사회복지사가 될 학생들에게 본인 및 클라이언트에 대한 영향을 줄 수 있는 스마트폰 중독 경향 및 사회적지지에 대한 보다 다양하고 체계적인 프로그램과 지속적인 관심이 필요함을 보여준다.

This research has been conducted to develop a prevention module of collision and balance lost in electric wheelchairs. Ultrasonic sensors were used for detecting obstacles. Giro and acceleration sensors were used for measuring the tilt angle of wheel chair frame. Kalman filters were employed for filtering high-frequency noise of acceleration sensor and removing zero drift of the Giro sensor. The presence and location of obstacles were detected, and their information was sent to the user smartphone. When the tilt angle of the wheelchair frame exceeded a certain value, a warning signal was set to operate. Raspberry Pi camera module was used to transfer rear view image data to the smartphone to help the driver acknowledge obstacles in the rear side. A DSP processor with high computing performance was necessary to realize a real-time processing of the sensor and image data. Our research showed that a prevention module of collision and balance lost connected to a smartphone can be realized at a considerable low price.

본 연구의 목적은 예비영유아교사의 행복감, 스마트폰 중독, SNS 중독의 관계에 대하여 알아보는 것이다. 연구 대상은 경기도 소재 4년제 및 3년제 영유아교육 관련학과에 재학 중인 남녀 대학생 220명이었다. 수집된 설문조사 결과는 SPSS 20.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 예비영유아교사의 행복감, 스마트폰 중독, SNS 중독 정도로는 행복감에서 외적행복의 평균이 3.64(SD=.54)로 가장 높았으며 내적행복이 3.32(SD=0.73), 조절행복이 3.08(SD=0.69)로 나타났고, 스마트폰 중독에서는 내성에 대한 평균이 2.10(SD=.73)으로 가장 높았으며, 일상생활장애가 2.10(SD=.73), 금단이 2.09(SD=.71)이었으며, 가상세계지향의 평균이 1.67(SD=.63)로 가장 낮았다. SNS 중독에서는 몰입 및 내성에 대한 평균이 2.26(SD=.57) 로 가장 높았으며, 조절실패 및 일상생활장애 2.14(SD=.56), 부정정서의 회피 2.11(SD=.56)이 었으며, 가상세계지향의 평균이 1.87(SD=.48)로 가장 낮았다. 둘째, 예비영유아교사의 행복감, 스마트폰 중독, SNS 중독의 상관관계에서는 행복감이 높을수록 스마트폰 중독과 SNS 중독은 낮게 나타났고, 내적 행복감이 높을수록 몰입 및 내성, 가상세계지향성 및 금단에 대한 중독성은 낮아진다는 결과가 나왔다.

Background: Numerous studies have used smartphone applications to measure the range of motion in different joints. In addition, studies measuring the active range of motion (AROM) of the craniocervical joint have revealed high reliability. However, the subjects in these studies were all healthy subjects. No study has yet been conducted to measure the inter-rater reliability for the AROM of the craniocervical joint in stroke patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the AROM of the craniocervical joint using a smartphone. Methods: The participants included 21 subjects who had strokes (17 males and 4 females). Two raters evaluated six types of craniocervical AROM, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, rotation to the hemiplegic side, and rotation to the non-hemiplegic side, using a goniometer and a smartphone to investigate inter-rater reliability. The inter-rater reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The inter-rater reliability of the smartphone was good for extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, and rotation to the hemiplegic side [ICC(2,k)=.86∼.88] and excellent for flexion [ICC(2,k)=.95]. The inter-rater reliability for rotation to the non-hemiplegic side was moderate [ICC(2,k)=.72]. Conclusion: These results suggest that the smartphone offers high inter-rater reliability for measurements of the craniocervical AROM in patients with stroke.

In recent years, the use of smartphones is becoming more common with the pace of development of society, and the development of technologies utilizing smartphones is proceeding rapidly. Although most LBS technologies are used in combination with a GPS system, there is a disadvantage that it is difficult to receive GPS signals according to the characteristics of buildings. Therefore, in this paper we conducted a study on the smartphone users’ indoor position estimation only using the built-in sensor of smartphone without a connection with smart devices, and it showed that the accuracy was increased.

본 연구는 부모의 스마트폰 중독이 유아의 놀이성에 미치는 영향에서 유아의 스마트기기 이용수준의 매개효과를 밝히고자 했다. 이를 위해 만 3∼5세 유아와 그들의 어머니 259명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 R version 3.5.1과 Mplus Version 7.4 Base Program Single-User을 이용하여 분석했다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모의 스마트폰 중독은 유아의 놀이성에 부적인 영향을 미쳤으나 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준에는 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 유아의 놀이성에 대해 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준은 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 부모의 스마트폰 중독과 유아의 놀이성의 관계에서 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준도 부분 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 스마트 기기를 사용할 수밖에 없는 현대인의 삶에서 유아의 스마트기기 이용 수준이 유아의 놀이성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인임을 시사한다.

Background: At present time, smartphones have become very popular and powerful devices, and smartphone applications with the good validity have been designed to assess human balance ability. Objects: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of smartphone acceleration in the assessment of postural control ability for six different conditions. Methods: Twenty healthy college-aged individuals volunteered. Static balance ability was measured twice with one-day interval using smartphone application and 3D motion capture system under the six different conditions. Results: Dominant frequencies for each test condition did not show significant differences except for two conditions. The intra-rater correlation coefficient between the first and second tests showed high correlations in six conditions(r>.70, p<.05). Smartphone acceleration and the acceleration calculated from the 3D marker position data showed high correlation coefficient(r>.80, p<.001). Conclusion: Acceleration recorded from a smartphone could be useful assessment variables for balance test in the clinical field.

본 연구는 어머니의 놀이신념 및 참여와 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입 간의 관련성을 살펴봄으로써, 디지털 시대를 살아가는 현대 유아기 부모의 바람직한 역할 및 놀이지도 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 만 3-5세 유아 어머니 267명을 대상으로 놀이신념 및 참여도, 자녀의 스마트폰 몰입수준을 알아보고 그 관계성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 어머니의 놀이 신념 중 놀이지지 신념이 학습중심 신념보다 높았으며, 놀이신념 수준이 높은 것에 비해 놀이참여 수준은 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 배경변인 중 취업유무, 자녀수, 월 소득, 학력 등에서 놀이신념의 차이가 있었고, 자녀의 출생순위에 따라 놀이참여 빈도수준이 다르게 나타났다. 스마트폰 과몰입 수준은 어머니의 연령대에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 어머니의 놀이신념과 놀이참여, 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입 간의 관계에서 어머니의 놀이지지 신념과 스마트폰 과몰입 간에 부적 상관을 보였으며, 학습중심 신념과 스마트폰 과몰입 간은 정적 상관이 나타났다. 또한 어머니의 놀이참여에서 평일과 주말 놀이시간, 놀이참여 빈도, 놀이참여 수준이 높을수록 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입은 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

Mobile shopping motivations affects the interaction between mobile shoppers and mobile retailers. This study examines how mobile shopping motivations affect value co-creation, customer equity drivers, and customer lifetime value through a structural equation model. Mobile shopping motivations as mobile shoppers’ needs are time saving, right purchase and money saving. To meet mobile shoppers’ needs, mobile shoppers, mobile retailers, and other customers are willing to collaborate. Value co-creation that Yi and Gong (2013) scaled includes customer participation behaviour such as information seeking, information sharing, responsible behaviour, and personal interaction, and customer citizenship behaviour such as feedback, helping, advocacy, and tolerance. The results indicate that mobile shopping motivations are significant determinants of value co-creation behaviours, implying that mobile shopping motivations are driving factors of value co-creation. Customer participation behaviour has significant effects on value equity and brand equity while customer citizenship behaviour shows positive effects on brand equity and relationship. As for customer lifetime value, relationship equity has significant positive effect, while value and brand equity had no significant influence. This study also shows that mobile shopping motivations affect both value equity and relationship equity of mobile shopping apps by improving information sharing, responsible behaviour, and personal interaction, feedback, helping, and advocacy. Value equity and relationship equity also have significant effects on customer lifetime value. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications for their findings.

Introduction The study chooses smartphone applications which have update experience as the study case to analysis if it will cause customer attrition. Application updates aims to make up the bugs which may cause bad effects on using, while in fact, most changes will be resisted by customers. We adapt three elements to collect data about the attitude of customers toward applications update, the conclusion illustrates, customers will resist changes in some conditions and cause customers attrition. Therefore, application developers should focus on the personal emotional reaction and cognitive evolution as well as predict what may influence the customers normal use after the applications update to make correct update decisions. In order to define the relationship between variable and result., we take smartphone application which had experienced update as examples and choose fsQCA as the methodology to analysis. Literature Review Resistance to change is a psychological process, Brehm（1966）claims customers resist to change origins from their believe that they have rights to control free, when this rights be challenged, this resistance behavior will happen due to they want to protect their own rights. Some scholars distinguished the concept of resistance to change: when receptors in the low involvement or limited cognize, their resistance behaviors is likely to be considered as the passive resistance; otherwise, the behaviors would be recognized as active resistance (Nabih,1997). Bagozz and Lee（1999) think that functional barrier is an important factors which influence the degree of innovation receptance, when customers think products after update cannot meet their function needs will cause resistance to change. Resistance always occur passively, bemuse of the disturb of the former habits of using (Ram &Sheth 1989), and former studies also indicate that prejudice towards changes is one of significant factors. Because changes are uncertainty, Fiske and Taylor（1991）claims that uncertainty can make people hate changes and Whitson and Galinsky（2008）consider aversion will be the strong driver of resistance to change to reduce uncertainty and risk. In terms of a company, the cost of maintaining a old customer is much lower than these of develop a new user, Actually, customer attrition is response of entrepreneur revenue and the vital section in development of companies. The famous american honesty management scholar Frederic Reichheld’s research indicates that when the extension of the commercial relationship of entrepreneur and customers, companies can acquire fatter profit through the relationship. Conclusions This study chooses fsQCA as methodology to define the relationship between resistance to change and customer attrition instead of using structural equation modeling. Sometimes, even customers have right cognitive evolution towards changes, when they find their efficiency be influenced by it, they also resist to change; while adverse emotional reaction also has an adverse effect on customer retention though they build positive cognitive evolution about changes. there is a remain circumstance of lossing of customers that when customers hate changes and they find their efficiency be influenced by update, the honesty of this product will also decrease. This three condition all contribute to customers attrition which should be paid more attention by companies.

본 연구에서는 전문대학생들의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 파악하고자 하였다. 전문대학생들의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준이 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향을 밝히는데 목적을 두었다. 수집된 285부의 자료는 SPSS WIN 22.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 첫째, 전문대학생의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 스마트폰 중독의 일반적 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 둘째, 전문대학생의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 자아존중감, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 셋째, 스마트폰 중독에 영향을 미치는 자아존중감, 자아분화 수준의 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 전문대학생들의 자아존중감이 낮아질수록 전문대학생들의 스마트폰 중독 정도 가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 전문대학생들의 자아분화수준이 낮을수록 스마트폰 중독 정도가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 스마트폰으로 야기되는 문제들을 개선하고 건강하고 바람직한 스마트폰 사용 습관을 위한 프로그램의 기반이 되고자 한다.

The Location Based Service is growing rapidly nowadays due to the universalization of the use for smartphone, and therefore the location determination technology has been placed in a very important position. this study suggests an algorithm that can provide the estimate of users' location by using smartphone sensors. And in doing so we will propose a methodology for the creation and update of indoor map though the more accurate position estimation using smartphone sensors such as acceleration sensor, gyroscope sensor, geomagnetic sensor and rotation sensor.