The sustainable development of livelihood is of great significance to improve the livelihood of farmers. It‘s necessary to broaden farmers’ livelihood strategy choices. Intangible cultural heritage tourism diversifies livelihoods and improves stability of farmers‘ lives. Taking Yangjiabu Folk Art Park and Red Sorghum Movie City as research objects, this study uses sustainable livelihood analysis framework, in-depth interviews, and participatory observation methods to explore the impact of intangible cultural heritage tourism on sustainable livelihoods, providing reference for rural development in need of enriching livelihood strategies. The research finds that different paths of intangible cultural heritage tourism lead to different accumulation of livelihood capital. Therefore, when planning and developing intangible cultural heritage tourism, rural areas should solve the shortage of livelihood capital brought by different types of development paths, promoting sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism and farmers’ livelihoods. Secondly, in the process of rural development of intangible cultural heritage tourism, there is a mutual transformation and substitution, mutual influence and restriction relationship between different livelihood capital. Rural development of intangible cultural heritage tourism needs to consider the relationship between various livelihood capital, ensuring they can promote each other and coordinate development.

This study was to evaluate the values of Korean native sweet sorghum as a new feed crop for ruminants. Sweet sorghum was the Muan native species (Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science), and cultivated from May to October 2021 at Sangji University (Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Korea). There were a non-treated group (Con), a recommended amount treatment (RD) and a treatment with double the recommended amount (Double RD) by an oil cake fertilizer. Plant height was measured at weekly intervals for 12 weeks after planting sweet sorghum seedlings, and was a significant difference in the order of Double RD, followed by RD and Con in 7 weeks (p<0.05). Feed values and sugar contents were measured in 7, 9, and 11 weeks. Crude protein of Double RD was higher than that of the other treatments in 7 and 9 weeks (p<0.05). Crude fat was higher at Double RD than the other one in 9 weeks (p<0.05). ADF and NDF of Double RD were higher than the other one (p<0.05). When it was compared to corn and sudangrass hybrids grown on farms, Crude protein was lower in sweet sorghum than other crops (p<0.05), and crude fat was higher in sweet sorghum than corn (p<0.05). Crude fiber, ADF and NDF were higher in sweet sorghum compared to corn and sudangrass (p<0.05). The sugar contents of sweet sorghum were 4.07 ± 0.12∼7.63 ± 0.21 brix, and showed higher than corn and sudangrass hybrid (p<0.05). The rumen in situ digestibility of sweet sorghum was 30.73∼38.13% at the 9th and 11th weeks, and showed higher than that of corn and sudangrass hybrids (p<0.05). Therefore, it is considered that Korean native sweet sorghum has sufficient value as a new forage crop for ruminants, and good value as yield, nutrients and digestibility, when the grass height is 273.33~332.50 cm.

본 연구는 우리나라에서 수수-수단그라스 교잡종 (sorghum bicolor L.: SSH)에 대해 극단기상과 정상기상 간 생산량을 비교할 목적으로 수행하였다. SSH 데이터 (n=1,025)는 농촌진흥청의 신품종 적응성 실험보고서(1979 ―2019)로부터 수집하였다. 기상자료는 기상청으로부터 평균기온, 최저기온, 최고기온, 최대 강수량, 누적 강수량, 최대풍속, 평균풍속 및 일조시간을 10일 기준으로 계산하 여 수집하였다. 극단기상과 정상기상 간 구별을 위해 상 자 그림을 이용하여 탐색하였다. 극단기상과 정상기상 간 생산량 차이는 5% 유의수준 하에서 t-검정 및 ANOVA를 통해 확인하였다. 그 결과, 극단기상은 극단적으로 강한 바람을 동반한 봄 가뭄, 극단적으로 높은 강우량을 기록 하는 여름장마와 가을장마가 두드러졌다. 예측 생산량 피 해(kg/ha)는 각각 1,961―6,541, 2,161―4,526 및 508― 5,582로 나타났다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 SSH에 대한 취 약성 및 피해 산정에 도움이 되는 기초자료로서 극단기상 과 정상기상 사이의 생산량 차이를 확인하는 데 의의가 있다.

This experiment was conducted to confirm the possibility of preparing Sorghum×sudangrass hybrid artificial hay using far-infrared rays in Korea. The machine used in this experiment is a drying device based on far-infrared rays, and is designed to control temperature, air flow rate, far-infrared radiation amount, and air flow speed. The Sorghum×sudangrass hybrids harvested in late September were wilted in the field for one day, and a drying test was performed on them. Conditions for drying were performed by selecting a total of 7 conditions, and each condition induced a change in radiation amount in a single condition (42%) and two steps (4 treatments) and three steps (2 treatments). The speed of the air flow in the device was fixed at 60 m/s, and the run time was changed to 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The average dry matter (DM) content was 82.84%. The DM content was 59.94 and 76.91%, respectively, in drying conditions 1 and 3, which were not suitable for hay. In terms of drying rate, it was significantly higher than 80% in the 5, 6 and 7 treatment, and power consumption was slightly high with an average of 5.7 kw/h. As for the feed value according to each drying condition, the crude protein (CP) content increased as the drying time increased, and there was no significant difference between treatments in ADF, NDF, IVDMD and TDN content. In terms of RFV, treatment 1, which is a single condition, was significantly lower than the complex condition. Through the above results, it was determined that the drying conditions 4 and 5 were the most advantageous when considering the drying speed, power consumption, and quality.

In this study, we attempted to compare the quality characteristics of korean traditional wines with different amounts of corn and sorghum. These samples were analyzed for pH, total acidity, ethanol contents, total polyphenol, total flavonoid and tannin contents, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The pH of fermented wines ranged from 3.83 to 4.64 and the total acidity of samples ranged from 0.30~0.63% on the 12th day of fermentation period. After 12 days of fermentation, the alcohol content of sorghum and corn fermented wines ranged between 11.6~15.5%. The a value(Redness) of fermented wines was the highest at 8.13 in B treatment and the a value decreased as the rate of corn addition increased. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents had the highest values(162.64 and 18.44 mg/100 mL, respectively) in the E treatment which is the fermented wines of 25% Sorghum and 75% Corn. The ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples were 71.06~74.57% and 15.46~36.20% respectively. Antioxidant activity was higher in fermented wines with sorghum and corn than in control. As a result, this study provides useful scientific information that quality characteristics of fermented wines containing sorghum and corn and forms a basis in the food and wine industry.

Intercropping cereals with legumes is known to improve forage production and crude protein yield. Sorghum × sudangrass hybrids (SSH) have excellent dry matter content and high cultivation temperatures. In this study, we investigated the growth characteristics, forage productivity, and feed value of intercropping SSH with different legumes in rice paddy fields. We used five treatments in this study SSH monocropping and four intercropping treatments of SSH with, lablab, cowpea, sesbania, and two cultivars of soybean (Chookdu 1 and 2). SSH plant height was not significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments. However, the plant heights of lablab, cowpea, and sesbania were significantly higher than those of the two soybean cultivars. The total dry matter yield (kg/ha) was significantly higher in SSH monocropping than in intercropping; among the intercropping treatments, the one with SSH and Chookdu 2 yielded the highest total dry matter yield. The SSH feed value was significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments, although there were no differences between the intercropping treatments. Among the intercropped legumes, lablab showed the highest neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents, and cowpea had the highest crude protein content. These results reveal that intercropping SSH with legumes in paddy fields could be a promising cultivation technique to maintain stable forage productivity.

This study aimed to determine the trend in dry matter yield (DMY) of a new sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (SSH) in the central inland regions of Korea. The metadata (n=388) were collected from various reports of the experiments examining the adaptability of this new variety conducted by the Rural Development Administration (1988–2013). To determine the trend, the parameters of autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) were estimated from correlogram of Autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial ACF (PACF) using time series modeling. The results showed that the trend increased slightly year by year. Furthermore, ARIMA (1, 1, 0) was found to be the optimal model to describe the historical trend. This means that the trend in the DMY of the SSH was associated with changes over the past two years but not with changes from three years ago. Although climatic variables, such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine were also considered as environmental factors for the annual trends, no clear association was observed between DMY and climates. Therefore, more precise processing and detailed definition of climate considering specific growth stages are required to validate this association. In particular, research on the impact of heavy rainfall and typhoons, which are expected to cause damage in the short term, on DMY trends is ongoing, and the model confirmed in this study is expected to play an important role in studying this aspect. Furthermore, we plan to add the environmental factors such as soil and cultivation management as well as climate to our future studies.

This study analyzed the quality characteristics of Soksungjang combined with sorghum koji, according to the amount of sorghum added and the length of the fermentation period. The moisture content of Soksungjang was the lowest in the control group when there was no sorghum koji added, but gradually increased as the amount of added sorghum koji increased. The reduction in the sugar content of sorghum Soksungjang did not change according to the fermentation period of the control group, but increased alongside the fermentation period when sorghum koji was added to Soksungjang. The amino nitrogen content increased from 67.20-80.73 mg% from the beginning of the fermentation period to 173.13-383.60 mg% at the end of the fermentation period, and the total polyphenol content increased from 260.25-351.28 mg% from the beginning of the fermentation period to 567.28 mg%-674.93 mg% to the end of the fermentation period. DPPH radical scavenging activity also increased as the fermentation period elapsed, and ABTS radical scavenging activity increased and then decreased slightly over the fermentation period. The antioxidant activity was the highest in the Soksungjang mixture with a 10% concentration of sorghum koji.

Sorghum×sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, SSH) is one of the most important summer forage crop and it is widely used for silage in Korea. Agriculture is highly dependent on the climate condition and experiencing significant loss of productivity due to climate change. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation analysis between productivity of forage SSH and climatic factors in Central Northern region of South Korea for 3 years (2017 to 2019). Plant height and dry matter yield of SSH were significantly higher in Gyeonggi-do than Ganwon-do. The productivity of SSH is more closely related with temperature than other climatic factors. Maximum temperature and Growing degree days in May and June showed a positive correlation. However, correlation between production of SSH and precipitation was not clear in this study, but rainy days showed a negative correlation (0.42). In conclusion, temperature is most important climatic factor to the maintenance of plant yield.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of discrimination 12 different cultivar of sorghum × sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum genus) seed through near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The amount of samples for develop to the best discriminant equation was 360. Whole samples were applied different three spectra range (visible, NIR and full range) within 680-2500 nm wavelength and the spectrastar 2500 Near near infrared was used to measure spectra. The calibration equation for discriminant analysis was developed partial least square (PLS) regression and discrimination equation (DE) analysis. The PLS discriminant analysis model for three spectra range developed with mathematic pretreatment 1,8,8,1 successfully discriminated 12 different sorghum genus. External validation indicated that all samples were discriminated correctly. The whole discriminant accuracy shown 82 ~ 100 % in NIR full range spectra. The results demonstrated the usefulness of NIRS combined with chemometrics as a rapid method for discrimination of sorghum × sudangrass hybrid cultivar through seed.

본 연구는 수수 × 수단그라스 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 적정 수확 시기 및 수확 후 재생과정에서 요구되는 적정 질소 시비 수준을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 포장 실험은 2017부터 2018년까지 실시했으며, 시험구 배치는 난괴법(RCBD)으로 여름 수확 후 질소 추비 수준을 달리하여(0, 50, 100, 150 kg N/ha; 0N, 50N, 100N, 150N) 처리하였다. 재생과정에서 canopy height은 2017년 여름 수확 후(DAT, day after summer harvest treatment) DAT23에서 DAT48로 경과함에 따라 약 3.0배, 2018년 DAT26에서 DAT48로 경과함에 따라 약 2.9배 신장하였다. 엽록소 함량은 재생과정 초기 질소 무처리구와 질소처리구간 유의한 차이가 나타났으나, DAT48 이후 처리 간 차이는 없었다. 여름 수확은 2017년 파종 후 61일 뒤, 2018년 파종 후 83일 뒤 각각 이루어졌으며 건물수량은 8.6Mg/ha, 11.0Mg/ha로 차이를 보였다. 생육시기별 2차 수확의 건물수량은 2017년의 경우 생육이 진전됨에 따라 꾸준히 증가하였으며, 2018년에는 DAT76까지 증가하였다. 2017년 DAT107에서 무처리구(9.0Mg/ha)에 비해 질소 처리구(12.3Mg/ha)에서 1.4배 높았으며, 무처리의 수량이 낮았던 2018년 DAT113에서는 무처리구(2.3Mg/ha)에 비해 질소 처리구 (5.6Mg/ha)로 2.5배 높았다. 수확물의 바이오에탄올 품질을 나타내는 바이오에탄올 수율(TEP)는 생육 후기 cellulose와 hemicellulose 비율 감소로 일부 줄어들었으나, 전체적인 TEP변화는 생육시기나 추비수준과 관계없이 5% 이내로 큰 차이는 없었다. 총 바이오에탄올 수량(total TEY)은 2017년 DAT107에서 7,944L/ha, 2018년 DAT76에서 7,163L/ha로 추정되었다. 따라서 TEY를 높이려면 수확물의 단위면적당 건물중을 증가시키는 재배방법이 필요하다. 여름 수확 후 충분한 재생을 위해서 필요한 질소 추비 수준은 100kg N/ha 이상이었으며, 2차 수확은 여름 수확 실시 후 2개월 이상 경과 한 이후 실시해야 한다.

잡곡의 Fusarium 곰팡이독소의 오염 조사를 위해, 총 244개 잡곡시료(귀리, 수수, 율무, 기장)를 수확기 포장에서 2017년과 2018년에 수집하였다. 데옥시니발레놀(DON), 니발레놀(NIV), 제랄레논(ZEA)은 면역친화컬럼법과 UPLC를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 푸모니신(FUM)은 QuEChERS 방법과 LC-MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 잡곡 시료 중 귀리의 NIV 오염수준은 120.0-3277.0 μg/kg로 다른 잡곡에 비해 가장 높았다. 율무에서는 DON이 최대 730.0 μg/kg 검출되었다. 기장의 NIV과 ZEA의 오염빈도는 각각 61.5% 와 57.9%로 높았으나 평균 오염량은 각각 75.6 μg/kg과 21.5 μg/kg로 안전한 수준이었다. 잡곡 시료 중 수수는 DON, ZEA, FUM의 오염빈도가 가장 높았으며, 2 종 이상의 Fusarium 독소 중복 오염률이 70.0%로 잡곡 평균 29.9%에 비해 높았다. 잡곡 재배포장에서 Fusarium 독소 오염을 안전하게 관리하기 위하여 독소 발생 모니터링과 함께 오염예방기술 개발 연구가 수행되어야 할 필요가 있다.

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and feed value of Sorghum×Sudangrass hybrid for silage according to the drainage depths in the paddy field of lowland. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with four treatments and three replication. The drainage depths of four treatments were 0cm, 20cm, 40cm and 60cm, respectively. Plant length, leaf length and leaf number were not significantly different, but leaf width increased as the higher the drainage depth(p<0.05). The number of dead leaf was higher in the order of 60cm > 0cm ≥ 40cm ≥ 20cm treatment(p<0.05). Green degree was higher in the order of 20cm > 40cm > 0cm > 60cm treatment(p<0.05). Stem diameter and stem hardness increased significantly as drainage depth increased from 0cm to 60cm(p<0.05). Also, fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield increased as the higher the drainage depth(p<0.05). Crude protein and TDN content were the highest in 40cm treatment(p<0.05). Crude ash was higher in the order of 20cm > 40cm > 0cm > 60cm treatment(p<0.05). ADF and NDF content were the highest in 0cm treatment(p<0.05). Total mineral content was higher in the order of 20cm > 0cm > 40cm > 60cm(p<0.05). Free sugar content(fructose, glucose and sucrose) was the highest in 0cm treatment(p<0.05). Total amino acid(EAA+NEAA) was higher in 40cm than the other treatments(p<0.05). There is a difference in the content of ingredients(crude protein, TDN, mineral, free sugar and amino acid) according to the treatments. But considering dry matter yield and TDN yield, Sorghum×Sudangrass hybrid cultivation is advantageous to set the drainage depth of about 60cm in the paddy field of lowland.

This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to identify the suitable sowing and harvesting dates of summer crops in the mountain of Yeongnam, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows: corn hybrid (Z. mays, Kwangpyeongok) of sowing (May 8, 19, and 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30); sorghum×sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor, SS405) of sowing (May 27, June 19 and June 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30). In corn hybrid, ear rate and dry matter (DM) yield decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date. Otherwise, ear rate and DM yield increased (p<0.05) with the postponement of harvesting date. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date, but neutral detergent fiber content increased (p<0.05). In sorghum×sorghum hybrid, plant length and DM yield with the postponement of harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content with the postponement of harvesting date decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that sowing corn hybrid in early May and sorghum×sorghum hybrid in early June then harvest in the middle of August was recommend to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

Appropriate water level is the primary factor for the optimal yield of crop plants. The required water level varies according to the variety of the crops. In the present study, we investigated the optimum requirement of groundwater level(GWL) to grow sorghum and adzuki bean under paddy field soil. Here, we cultivated sorghum and adzuki bean using lysimeter filled with paddy soil under GWL 0 cm(NT) and GWL(20, 40 cm) where GWL 20 cm is maintained as a waterlogging condition. The plant growth promoting attributes were measured on the first day after treatment(0 DAT), 10 DAT and 20 DAT. The results showed that the growth parameter such as shoot length, leaf length, leaf width, and stem thickness of both sorghum and adzuki bean were constantly increased and were found higher at GWL 40 cm(except stem thickness and leaf width in sorghum at 20 DAT). The physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance were also found higher at GWL 40 cm in all DAT. In addition, the elements like P and K contents in adzuki bean, and Ca content in sorghum were constantly increased and was found higher in GWL 40 cm at all DAT. These results suggest that the GWL of 40 cm is appropriate for production of sorghum and adzuki bean especially in case of paddy soil.

동계작물인 보리를 재배한 후 하계작물인 수수, 기장 및 피를 대상으로 하여 조사료 생산량과 그에 따른 사료가치를 분석하여 보리와 적합한 하계작물의 최적의 작물조합을 선정하기 위하여 실시한 결과 다음과 같다. 1. 초장은 하계작물 모두 1차 및 2차 수확할 때보다 호숙기가 가장 컸으며, 수확시기에 따른 수분 함량은 1차 수확할 때 가장 높았고 호숙기에 수확할 때 가장 낮은 함량을 보였다. 2. 보리의 건물수량은 10 a 당 1,343 kg였으며 보리와 하계 작물를 작부체계에 따른 건물수량은 수수의 경우 1차 및 2차 수확보다 호숙기에 수확할 때 10,018 kg으로 가장 많았으며, 기장과 피 역시 출수기와 재생 후 수확 시 보다 호숙기에 수확할 때 건물수량이 더 많았다. 3. ADF 함량은 수수는 1차 및 2차 수확 시 보다 호숙기 때가 낮았지만 기장과 피는 호숙기가 더 높은 ADF 함량을 보였다. NDF 함량은 3작물 모두 1차 및 2차 수확 시 보다 호숙기에 더 많은 함량을 보였으며, 조단백질 함량은 1차 및 2차 수확할 때가 호숙기에 수확할 때보다 함량이 더 높았다. 4. 건물 수량에 대한 조단백질 총생산량은 수수의 경우 1차 및 2차 수확할 때보다 호숙기에 수확할 때 약 761 kg으로 가장 많았으며, 기장과 피는 출수기와 재생 후 수확 할 때가 호숙기 보다 상대적으로 높은 함량을 보였다. 5. 가소화양분총량은 3작물 모두 수확시기에 따른 함량 차이는 보이지 않았다.