글로벌화 이후에도 하도급생산시스템은 시장주의자의 예상과 반대로 여러 산업에 걸쳐 여전히 편재 (遍在)하고 있는데 이는 이 準기업형태를 통해 형성된 사회관계로 축적된 경험과 기억이 구성원들 사이의 섬세한 의사소통체계를 만들며 이를 토대로 구축된 여러 루틴이 기업의 실행능력을 높이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 하도급기업의 인사이론 개발을 위해 이들 기업 간 협력과 성과에 대하여 협력적 거래정책이 반영 된 전략적 파트너십 지향 인사관리모델 관점에서 예측하고 WPS2017, 2019, 2021을 이용하여 검정하였다. 분석결과, 첫째 협력적 하도급거래정책 초기치와 혁신활동 초기치 간 정(+)의 회귀관계가 있는 것으로 검정되었다. 시간에 따른 협력적 하도급거래정책 변화와 혁신활동 변화 간 정(+)의 회귀관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째 시간에 따른 혁신활동 변화와 영업이익률 변화 간 정(+)의 회귀관계가 있는 것으로 분석 되었다. 셋째 시간흐름에 따른 협력적 하도급거래정책 변화와 혁신활동 변화 및 영업이익률 변화 사이의 완전매개모델은 통계적 유의성이 검출되었다. 이는 협력적 생산네트워크가 시장논리로 자율적 적응이 적 용된 경우와 달리 인간동기를 개인적 이윤동기에서 사회적 차원으로 수정하면서 관련 메커니즘을 작동시 킨다는 점을 시사한다. 향후연구는 기업 간 협력과 성과를 설명하는 여러 경합이론을 균형있게 고려한 통합적 시각을 통해 하도급생산네트워크를 면밀히 관찰하고 이들을 둘러싼 다양한 상황들에 대한 실증분 석이 필요하다.

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive lung disease marked by excessive fibrosis and declining respiratory function. While pharmacological treatments help manage symptoms, they offer limited reversal of fibrosis and often have side effects. As a result, interest in rehabilitation approaches such as breathing exercises combined with self-myofascial release (SMR) has increased. These techniques may enhance trunk stability and thoracic flexibility, contributing to improved respiratory function. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of thoracic expansion exercises using SMR techniques on pulmonary function and chest mobility in a patient with PF, and assessed their clinical applicability. Design: Single-subject A-B-A′ design. Methods: A 60s male with idiopathic PF underwent 20 days of intervention. Standard rehabilitation was applied during baseline (A) and follow-up (A′) phases. During the intervention (B), SMR-based breathing exercises were added. Outcomes included Functional Reach Test (FRT), chest expansion, and pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV₁, PEF, FEV₁/FVC). Data were analyzed using the 2SD band method. Results: FRT improved from 23.4 cm (A) to 31.3 cm (B) and 34.2 cm (A′). Chest expansion increased from 1.7 cm to 2.8 cm, and FVC rose from 1.70 L to 2.08 L before dropping to 0.94 L. FEV₁/FVC improved from 80.8% to 86.7% during intervention but decreased at follow-up. Conclusion: SMR-based thoracic expansion exercises may enhance trunk stability, thoracic mobility, and certain pulmonary function indicators in PF patients. These findings suggest potential clinical benefits, warranting further studies to confirm long-term effectiveness.

Background: Loss of sagittal balance can lead to excessive thoracolumbar (TL) kyphosis, which is a postural impairment characterized by an increase in kyphotic curvature in these two regions of the spine. Excessive TL kyphosis has been shown to adversely affects quality of life and activities of daily living (ADL). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate immediate spinal motion and resultant postural changes after the application of single thoracic extension mobilization. This was compared to the application of two extension mobilizations, one of which was applied to the lumbar region in the second group of patients with excessive TL kyphosis. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Methods: A total of 53 participants (71.6 years, 20 male/33 female) were recruited. All participants had greater than 40° of TL kyphosis, as measured with a single gravity-dependent inclinometer positioned over the T1 spinous process. One group received thoracic extension mobilization only, whereas the other group received both thoracic and lumbar extension mobilization. Results: Both groups demonstrated an improvement (decrease) in the thoracolumbar kyphosis angle. The group that received thoracic mobilization alone demonstrated a 6.46° change (P<0.0001), while the group that received both mobilizations demonstrated a change of 11.96° (P<0.0001). Combined mobilization applied to both the thoracic and lumbar regions resulted in a significantly greater change (reduction) in TL kyphosis (5.50°, P<0.0001). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the addition of a second mobilization to the lumbar region results in greater active TL extension and reduced TL kyphosis. Clinicians treating patients with excessive kyphotic curvature should be mindful of the contribution of the lumbar region to loss of sagittal balance. The addition of this simple manual mobilization to the lumbar region appears to yield better short-term improvements in patients with overly kyphotic spinal posture.

The expansion of online retail markets has driven the development of personalized product recommendation services leveraging platform-based product and customer data. Large retailers have implemented seller-oriented recommendation systems, where AI analyzes POS sales data to identify similar stores and recommend products not yet introduced but successful elsewhere. However, small and medium-sized retailers face challenges in adapting to rapidly evolving online market trends due to limited resources. This study proposes a recommendation algorithm tailored for small-scale retailers using sales data from an online shopping mall. We analyzed 600,000 transaction records from 13,607 sellers and 95,938 products, focusing on Beauty Supplies, Kitchenware, and Cleaning Supplies categories. Three algorithms—Attentional Factorization Machines (AFM), Deep Factorization Machines (DeepFM), and Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF)—were applied to recommend top 10% weekly sales items, with an ensemble model integrating their strengths. To address class imbalance, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was employed, and performance was evaluated using AUC, Accuracy, Precision, and Recall metrics on separate training and test datasets. The ensemble model outperformed individual models across all metrics, while DeepFM excelled in Precision. These findings demonstrate that ensemble-based recommendation algorithms enhance recommendation accuracy for suppliers in large-scale online retail environments, offering practical implications for small-scale retailers.

齐 is a simplified form of 齊. This thesis examines the evolutionary process and usage patterns of the character 齐, concluding that it exhibits both orthographic and popular forms. These two variants coexisted in ancient documents, though their frequency of use varied significantly. Moreover, the dominant glyph of 齐 differed across dynasties. From the Qing Dynasty through the Republic of China era to the Peoples Republic of China, the official standardisation of 齐 underwent a developmental trajectory from 齊 to 齐, which can be categorised into three distinct phases: the incipient period, the exploratory period, and the finalisation period.

Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display (VR HMD)-based flight simulators have recently emerged as promising tools for enhancing pilot training effectiveness. This study aims to establish a set of evaluation criteria for the development of VR HMD-based flight simulators and to determine their relative importance and priority using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Through an extensive review of the literature, a hierarchical evaluation model was constructed, consisting of three primary criteria and ten sub-criteria. A structured questionnaire was administered to experienced pilots, and the collected data were analyzed using the AHP methodology to assess the relative weights of each criterion. The analysis revealed that the fidelity of system performance is the most influential factor in evaluating VR HMD-based flight simulators. These findings present a structured evaluation framework and offer practical insights for guiding the strategic development and optimization of VR HMD-based flight training systems.