The current survey form of grassland has not played its role in managing the grassland effectively because of the ambiguous questionnaire items and the absence of method and time of the investigation. Therefore, this study was conducted to clarify and add the items for effective of grassland management. The survey form of grassland was regulated in Article 16 of the Enforcement Rules of the Grassland Act (Survey on Grasslands Management Status, etc.). The five contents that needed improvement were the grassland owner, the survey timing and method of established grassland, grassland used livestock, grassland usage condition, and grassland grade. In the improved survey form of grassland, the grassland owner was changed to the grassland manager. In addition, ‘Survey by each land’ was added to the improved survey form in which the managers can survey each land. The dimension of each grassland establishment method was deleted in the grassland establishment time and method. In the livestock using grassland, the number of livestock and the area where livestock are used were added, and the number of other livestock was added, too. The grassland grade was decided as the combined score by three evaluation categories; grassland usage, the ratio of forage production in grassland and kinds of forage. The high, middle, and low grades were over 8, 6~7, and under 5 points in the combined score, respectively. The results show that the changed survey form of grassland can make grassland management more efficient by materializing the subject of grassland management and the survey terminology and methods.

The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) will provide all-sky spectral survey data covering optical to mid-infrared wavelengths with a spatial resolution of 6.′′2, which can be widely used to study galaxy formation and evolution. We investigate the galaxy-galaxy blending in SPHEREx datasets using the mock galaxy catalogs generated from cosmological simulations and observational data. Only ∼0.7% of the galaxies will be blended with other galaxies in all-sky survey data with a limiting magnitude of 19 AB mag. However, the fraction of blended galaxies dramatically increases to ∼7–9% in the deep survey area around the ecliptic poles, where the depth reaches ∼22 AB mag. We examine the impact of the blending in the number count and luminosity function analyses using the SPHEREx data. We find that the number count can be overestimated by up to 10–20% in the deep regions due to the flux boosting, suggesting that the impact of galaxy-galaxy blending on the number count is moderate. However, galaxy-galaxy blending can marginally change the luminosity function by up to 50% over a wide range of redshifts. As we only employ the magnitude limit at Ks-band for the source detection, the blending fractions determined in this study should be regarded as lower limits.

이 연구는 국내 체류 외국인 유학생들의 성공적인 학업 적응 방안에 대해 제언하기 위해 충남 J대학 유학생 230명을 대상으로 학업, 대학생 활, 학업 적응 관련 요구 등에 대한 설문조사를 하였다. 외국인 유학생들 은 한국 기업에 취업하기 위해 한국의 대학에서 유학 생활을 하고 있는 데, 학업 과정에서 언어와 문화 적응에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이러한 어 려움은 주로 동일 언어권 유학생들 간 의지를 통해 해결하고 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 또한 수강 신청 과목 선택, 기숙사와 같은 거주 환경에서 다른 문화권 학생과의 생활, 취업 및 단기 아르바이트 정보 획득 등에서 어려움을 겪고 있었다. 유학생들의 학업 적응에서 가장 필요한 것은 튜 터링, 멘토-멘티, 한국어능력을 위한 한국어수업 등과 같은 한국어 능력 향상 프로그램이었다. 유학생들의 성공적인 대학생활과 학업 적응을 위 해서는 대학뿐만 아니라 지역사회도 많은 관심을 가져야 한다. 또한 유 학생들을 지역특화인재로 육성하는 시스템을 구축하고 특화된 교육콘텐 츠를 제공해서 보다 안정적으로 대학생활과 학업에 집중할 수 있도록 해 야 한다.

Currently, Japan is undertaking a nationwide project to measure and map radioactive contamination around Fukushima, as part of the efforts to restore normalcy following the nuclear accident. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) manages the Fukushima Environmental Safety Center, located approximately 20 km north of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Minamisōma City, Fukushima Prefecture. In collaboration with the JAEA, this study involved conducting comparison experiments and analyses with radiation detectors in high radiation environments, a challenging task in Korean environments. Environmental radiation surveys were conducted using three types of detectors: CZT, NaI(Tl), and LaBr3(Ce), across two contaminated areas. Dose rate values were converted using dose rate conversion factors for each detector type, and dose rate maps were subsequently created and compared. The detectors yielded similar results, demonstrating their feasibility and reliability in high radiation environments. The findings of this study are expected to be a crucial reference for enhancing the verification and supplementation of procedures and methods in future radiation measurements and mobile surveys in high-radiation environments, using these three types of radiation instruments.

메타버스는 탐험, 사회적 상호 작용, 창의적 표현이 가능한 오픈 월드를 특성으로 하며, 대표적인 메타버스 플랫폼인 로블록스는 십대에게 다양한 게임을 제공하고 있다. 십대 청소년은 엔터테인먼트뿐만 아니라 커뮤 니케이션, 가상 구매, 일탈을 위해 게임에 참여한다. 이에 따라 십대 유저와 아바타 간의 관계를 연구는 계속 되었다. 본 연구는 러시아 십대 유저를 대상으로 로블록스 플레이어의 게임 동기와 아바타의 동기화 사이의 연관성을 조사한다. 본 논문을 위해 러시아 십대 청소년 133명을 대상으로 게임 동기와 아바타 동기화 부문 에 대한 20개의 문항으로 구성된 온라인 설문조사를 실시했다. 그 결과 게임 동기와 아바타 동기화 사이에 상관관계가 나타났다. 일례로 일탈을 위해 로블록스를 하는 유저는 아바타를 자신(아바타-나)과 같다고 인식 하는 것으로 나타났으며, 사회적 동기를 갖고 로블록스를 즐기는 유저는 아바타를 하나의 도구로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 아바타를 '나'로 인식하는 것은 모든 게임 동기와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 논문의 연구 결과는 아바타의 외형이 아바타 동기화와 높은 관련이 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 유저가 아바 타를 어떻게 인식하는 지를 이해하는 것은 메타버스 내에서 보다 안전하고 사용자 친화적인 온라인 환경을 조성하고 더 많은 플레이어를 끌어들이는 데 있어서 매우 중요한 요소임을 확인하였다.

River estuaries are dynamic and productive ecosystems with high regional biodiversity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a useful approach to assessing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate fish community characteristics and species diversity in two river estuary ecosystems, the Taehwa River and Changwon Stream. We further compared conventional and eDNA metabarcoding analyses of the fish communities. The conventional survey was performed in May, July, and October 2022, while the eDNA analysis was conducted only in May. We observed various fish species with different life histories, including carp, goby, and marine fish. We also found that migratory fish, such as dace Tribolodon hakonensis, sweetfish Plecoglossus altivelis, and eel Auguilla japonica, occurred in the Taehwa River, suggesting high river connectivity. Marine fish species were predominant in the Changwon Stream, as this river is located close to the sea. The diversity indices showed that the Taehwa River generally had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity values than the Changwon Stream. A total of 9-19 species were detected in the conventional survey for the three sites, whereas 11-18 species were found from eDNA analysis. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of eDNA was similar to or higher than that of the conventional method. Our study findings suggest the efficiency and efficacy of eDNA-based fish community monitoring, although with some shortcomings in applying the genetic marker to Korean fish, including no clear-cut distinction for Korean endemic species and/or genetically closely related species groups.

This study was conducted to investigate whether there were differences in eco-friendly food, home meal replacement (HMR) purchases, and eating-out behavior according to the level of agri-food consumer competence. The data for the study were extracted from main food consumers (n=3,321) in the 2022 Food Consumption Behavior Survey. The competence index was divided into awareness-attitude-practice items, and three groups were classified by competence level. The results showed an agri-food consumer competency score of 70.62, with the highest score for awareness (73.96), followed by practice (69.28) and attitude (66.18). The frequency of purchasing eco-friendly food was higher in the excellent group compared to other groups, and quality and price satisfaction was higher with higher competency (p<0.001). Regarding HMR, the results showed that the shortage group had the lowest HMR consumption rate, and satisfaction decreased as competence decreased (p<0.001). The main reason for eating-out was to enjoy food in all groups (59.0%), followed by a lack of cooking time in the excellent group (15.7%) and hassle with food preparation in the moderate and shortage groups (17.3%, 16.6%) (p<0.001). In short, agri-food consumption competency showed differences by contents and components, and differences in food purchases and eating-out behavior by competency level were found.

The limitation in deriving the species richness representing the entire country of South Korea lies in its relatively short history of species field observations and the scattered observation data, which has been collected by various organizations in different fields. In this study, a comprehensive compilation of the observation data for plants held by agencies under the Ministry of Environment was conducted, enabling the construction of a time series dataset spanning over 100 years. The data integration was carried out using minimal criteria such as species name, observed location, and time (year) followed by data verification and correction processes. Based on the integrated plant species data, the comprehensive collection of plant species in South Korea has occurred predominantly since 2000, and the number of plant species explored through these surveys appears to be converging recently. The collection of species survey data necessary for deriving national-level biodiversity information has recently begun to meet the necessary conditions. Applying the Chao 2 method, the species richness of indigenous plants estimated at 3,182.6 for the 70-year period since 1951. A minimum cumulative period of 7 years is required for this estimation. This plant species richness from this study can be a baseline to study future changes in species richness in South Korea. Moreover, the integrated data with the estimation method for species richness used in this study appears to be applicable to derive regional biodiversity indices such as for local government units as well.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to improve the service life of asphalt pavement using basalt aggregate in Jeju Island by evaluating the performance of asphalt pavement through analysis of material and structural aspects. METHODS : To evaluate the performance of Jeju Island's asphalt pavement, cracks, permanent deformation, and longitudinal roughness were analyzed for the Aejo-ro road, which has high traffic and frequent premature damage. Cores were collected from Aejo-ro sections in good condition and damaged condition, and the physical properties of each layer were compared and analyzed. In addition, plate cores were collected from two sections with severe damage and the cause of pavement damage was analyzed in detail. RESULTS : About 45% of the collected cores suffered damage such as layer separation and damage to the lower layer. The asphalt content of surface layer in the damaged section was found to be 1.1% lower on average than that in the good condition section, and the mix gradations generally satisfied the standards. The density difference between the cores of each layer was found to be quite large, and the air voids was found to be at a high level. CONCLUSIONS : Test results on the cores showed that, considering the high absorption ratio of basalt aggregate, the asphalt content was generally low, and the high air voids of the pavement was believed to have had a significant impact on damage. High air voids in asphalt pavement can be caused by poor mixture itself, poor construction management, or a combination of the two factors. Additionally, the separation of each layer is believed to be the cause of premature failure of asphalt pavement.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 작업치료에서 과거와 비교하여 인지재활의 발전현황을 조사하고, 현재 인지평가와 인지중재에서 문제와 제도적 난제를 밝히며, 한국의 인지재활 발전을 위해 전략적 방향성을 제시하는 등 정책 제안을 도출하기 위함이다. 연구방법: 본 연구의 최초 조사대상자는 현재 작업치료 현장에서 직무수행을 하고 있고, 인지재활에 관심 있는 대한인지재활학회 정회원 3,448명을 선정하였다. 연구기간은 2022년 9월부터 2023년 2월까지 이루어졌 다. 이들 중 본 조사에 적극적으로 참여하여 성실하게 답변한 154명의 참가자가 최종 조사대상이다. 조사도구는 선행연구에서 인지재활 발전현황과 문제점 및 향후 발전방안을 델파이 조사를 통해 도출하고 타당성을 갖춘 104개 항목을 5점 리커트 척도로 정량화하여 사용하였다. 결과: 인지재활은 작업치료에서 지속적 발전을 거듭하였다. 법적으로 작업치료 업무범위로 보장을 받았고, 전문성 확보를 위한 전문 교육이 강화되었으며, 인지재활을 시행하는 기관과 치료사가 늘어났다. 그러나 작업수행 기반 인지재활 평가도구와 작업치료 시간 내 평가가능한 평가도구 개발이 필요하다. 제도적으로는 인지재활 의료보험 수가 확대와 인지재활 가이드라인 개발이 필요하다. 임상현장의 작업치료사들은 인지요소별 중재보다 작업수행 기반의 기능인지가 임상현장에서 실현되는 것이 필요하다고 인식하였다. 결론: 인지재활은 작업치료사의 주요 직무이고 지속적으로 발전하였다. 인지재활 발전을 위해 지난 과거부터 해결하지 못하고 난제로 남아있는 의료보험 수가 등의 제도 문제의 해결이 시급하다. 작업치료 현장의 발전을 위해서는 인지평가도구, 중재기술, 기능인지 중심 인지재활 적용 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구는 근대 서양인들과 현대 서양인들의 아리랑에 대한 인식을 알아보고 서양인들을 위한 아리랑 교수모형을 설계하는데 목적을 둔다. 연구방법으로는 논문과 서적 등을 통해 근대 서양인의 아리랑에 대한 기록을 살펴보고 근대 서양인들의 아리랑에 대한 인식을 살펴보았다. 그리고 현대 서양인들의 아리랑에 대한 인식을 살펴보기 위해 아리랑 에 대한 설문을 7문항으로 구성하여 서양인을 대상으로 온라인 설문조 사를 실시하였다. 설문의 결과 응답자 37명 중 54%가 아리랑 노래를 알고 있다고 하였으나 아리랑의 주제 및 한국인에게 아리랑은 어떤 의 미인가에 대해서는 잘 알고 있다고 말하기 어려웠다. 이러한 결과로 교 육의 필요성을 인식하고 서양인들을 대상으로 한 아리랑 교수모형을 설계하여 13과정으로 이루어진 교육적 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 민족지학적 주제인 아리랑을 서양인을 대상으로 한국문화 교육 측면에 서 연구하였다는데 그 의의를 둘 수 있을 것이다.

The public safety management guidelines were introduced in 2019 and continue to be dedicated to advancing comprehensive measures for public safety management, with a primary focus on prioritizing the safety and well-being of the public within governmental institutions. To achieve this goal, our previous study developed a establishment procedure of risk assessment-based safety inspection system for public institutions that order construction projects and applied it to highway construction projects to evaluate its effectiveness. To enhance the practicality of the establishment procedure, it is essential to collect and analyze feedback from stakeholders regarding its performance and suitability. This study conducted a survey involving 200 participants who had experience with the establishment procedure, and performed statistical analyses to evaluate its performance and applicability. The survey results indicated that the participants reported a high level of satisfaction (scoring 4 and above on a 5-point Likert scale) in several areas: specialization of safety inspection items for different types of work (with a satisfaction rate of 65%), the evaluation process for safety ratings (64.5%), and their willingness to recommend the procedure to other institutions (75.5%). In the factor analysis with Varimax rotation, two factors emerged: (1) a specialization factor related to safety inspection items, and (2) a grading factor associated with safety evaluation results. Regression analyses of these factors unveiled significant positive relationships with improvements in safety and health performance, including the prevention of fatal accidents, heightened safety responsibility, and raised safety inspection standards. The establishment procedure of safety inspection system developed in our previous study can play a crucial role in reducing accidents resulting in fatalities and injuries at construction sites, ultimately contributing to a safer working environment for all involved parties.

To investigate residual pesticide levels in agricultural products contained in Meal-kits, 27 Meal-kit products were collected from marts, Meal-kit shops, and online stores in Incheon City, South Korea. Seventy-six vegetable and thirty-seven mushroom products were analyzed for residual levels of 339 pesticides. Residual pesticides were detected in 23 out of 76 vegetables and were not present in the 37 mushroom products. The residual pesticide detection rate was 20.4% (23/ 113 cases). The pesticides famoxadone 0.034 mg/kg (standard: 0.01 mg/kg or less, PLS) and fenpyroximate 0.302 mg/kg (standard: 0.01 mg/kg or less, PLS) exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRL). This survey revealed that various types of pesticides remain in agricultural products in Meal-kits. Due to the nature of Meal-kit products, there is no separate standard for residual pesticides in agricultural products. Therefore, continuous monitoring of residual pesticides is necessary.

The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of the Phase 1 Final Status Survey (FSS) Final Report results and overall conclusions which conduct that the Zion Nuclear Power Station (ZNPS) facility and site meets the 25 mrem(0.25 mSv)per year release criterion as established in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulation (NRC) 10 CFR 20.1402 “Radiological Criteria for Unrestricted Use”. The FSS results provided assessment and summarize that any residual radioactivity results in a Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) to an Average Member of the Critical Group (AMCG) that does not exceed 25 mrem per year, and the residual radioactivity has been reduced to levels that are as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The release criterion is translated into site-specific Derived Concentration Guideline Levels (DCGLs) for assessment and summary. ZionSolutions, a decommissioning service provider, estimates that a total of four (4) FSS Final Reports be generated and submitted to the NRC during the decommissioning project. ZionSolutions established the Characterization/License Termination (C/LT) Group, within the Radiation Protection division, with sufficient management and technical resources to fulfill project objectives. The C/LT Group is responsible for the safe completion of all surveys related to characterization and final site closure. Approved site procedures and detailed Technical Support Documents (TSD) direct the FSS process to ensure consistent implementation and adherence to applicable requirements. The development and planning phase was initiated in 1999 by the “Zion Station Historical Site Assessment” (HSA) and the initiation of the characterization process for FSS. Develop the information necessary to support FSS design, including the development of Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) and survey instrument performance standards. DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements derived from the DQOs process that clarify technical and quality objectives. The next step, FSS design utilizes the combination of traditional scanning surveys, systematic sampling protocols and investigative/judgmental methodologies to evaluate survey units relative to the applicable release criteria for open land sample plans. To aid in the development of an initial suite of potential radionuclides of concern for the decommissioning of ZNPS, the analytical results of representative characterization samples collected at the site were reviewed. At this FSS design step, the Radionuclides of Concern (ROC) are determined. As Co-60 and Cs-137 account for 99.5% of the analysis results of concrete core sampling data form ZNPS’s Containment Building and Auxiliary Building, they are determined and used as the basic ROC in the survey design. Additionally, site information is described and Historical Site Assessment (HSA) is performed. Data collected for the initial HSA will be used to establish the initial regional survey unit and corresponding MARSSIM classification. Next, an assessment of the collected data is performed using the DQO process, and a survey methodology is established by selecting a sampling method and measuring instrumentation. These result judgments provide guidance for C/LT Engineer to interpret findings using the Data Quality Assessment (DQA) process, which analysis Recorded data, Missing values, Deviation from established procedure, and Analysis flags. In conclusion, FSS is the process used to demonstrate that the ZNPS facility and site comply the radiological criteria for unrestricted use specified in 10 CFR.20. The purpose of FSS Sample Plan is to describe the methods to be used in planning, designing, conducting, and evaluating the FSS.

A disposal of radioactive wastes is one of the urgent issues in worldwide. Considering upcoming plans for decommissioning of nuclear power plants, this problem is unavoidable and should be discussed very thoughtfully before long. There are variety of methods to deal with radioactive wastes, including Incineration process, conventional gasification process and plasma gasification process and so on. Among them, plasma gasification process is in the limelight due to its ecofriendly features and very large volume reduction effects. So, lots of countries like Japan, Taiwan, Russia, Bulgaria are already utilizing commercial plasma melting facilities and researching their own characteristics & disposal abilities and so on. Within the scope of this paper, I would like to introduce other countries current status of plasma melting facilities, and reach the conclusion on the directions to go for realistic radioactive wastes treatment.

This study aims to analyze the variations in online clothing purchasing patterns based on demographic attributes and purchasing behavior. The survey subjects comprised individuals in their 10s to 50s who had prior experience with online shopping. The survey was conducted in Gyungnam from May to June 2022. A total of 397 questionnaires were analyzed using the χ2-test statistical method. The analysis of clothing purchase type based on demographic characteristics revealed differences in terms of gender, marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation. Notably, when analyzed by demographic characteristics and clothing purchase types, monthly online purchase frequency displayed significant differences in marital status, age, and occupation. Similarly, monthly purchase amounts through online platforms exhibited significant variations based on marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation. The online fashion platforms, when examined in relation to demographic characteristics and purchase types, showed significant differences across all variables. Clothing purchases by consumers seeking individuality and differentiation exhibited significant differences in age, occupation, and purchase types. Furthermore, the reasons for choosing online platforms for clothing purchases varied significantly based on age and occupation. These findings indicate diverse purchasing behaviors on online platforms influenced by demographic characteristics. These findings can be valuable for effectively segmenting the online fashion market.