Field drying remains the primary bottleneck to consistent alfalfa haymaking under Korea’s humid, rain-prone summers. This study evaluated how dry matter (DM) yield and tedding frequency shape seasonal drying trajectories and leaf shatter in Cheonan during 2024. The experiment was conducted in May, June, August, September, and October 2024 with three DM yield levels (3, 5, and 7 ton/ha) and three tedding regimes (no tedding, once daily, and twice daily). Favorable May–June weather enabled swaths to reach <20% moisture within 100 h, whereas in September–October, moisture commonly remained ≥50%, indicating conditions unsuitable for dry hay. Yield effects on drying were generally small except in August, when re-wetting events accentuated between-group differences. Tedding effects were season-dependent: treatment differences emerged after rainfall in August and were evident in September, with twice-daily tedding producing the lowest moisture among tedding treatments. Leaf dropout rose with greater tedding frequency and higher DM yield; significant tedding effects were detected in June and September, and twice-daily tedding often exceeded no-tedding for leaf losses, particularly at 7 ton/ha. Collectively, omitting tedding is a viable option for May–June hay (4 days to ~20% moisture), while for post-June harvests, tedding offers limited drying benefits and may elevate leaf shatter; ensiling is therefore recommended when drying conditions are suboptimal.

본 연구는 비교 분석 방법론을 적용하여 중‧한 양국의 음악 저작권 집중 관리 시스템의 핵심 특성, 상이점, 그리고 공동으 로 당면한 문제점들을 심층적으로 고찰한다. 분석 결과, 중국은 「저작권법」을 근간으로 '법정 강제와 행정 주도'의 모형을 구축하고, 중국음악저작권협회(MCSC)를 통해 법정 이용 허락 과 집중 이용 허락 기제를 통합 운용한다. 한편, 한국은「저작 권법」및「저작권 집중 관리법」에 기반하여 이중 구조의 시스 템을 세우고, 한국저작권위원회(KOMCA)의 감독 권한과 한국 음악저작권협회(KOMCA)의 시장 중심적 운영을 결합하여 강 제 시행과 다원적 경쟁이 함께 이루어지는 양상을 보인다. 양 국 시스템 간의 주요 차이는 권리 관리의 근본적인 논리에서 기인한다. 중국은 행정 주도를 통한 통일성 확보에 방점을 두 는 반면, 한국은 권리 분류에 기반한 창작자의 자율적 선택 특 성을 강조한다. 이러한 분석 결과를 통해 양국이 공통적으로 마주하는 세 가지 주요 문제점을 파악할 수 있다. 첫째, 회원 가입 문턱이 높게 설정되어 비회원 저작물 관리의 난항을 겪는 점이다. 둘째, 디지털 기술 발전 환경에서 저작권 권리 규제 및 감독이 복잡성을 띤다는 점이다. 셋째, 관리 수수료 분배 과정 의 투명성 부족 문제이다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 양국이 디지 털 시대에 부합하는 저작권 보호 시스템을 구축하고 산업 발전 과 창작자 권익 간의 조화를 이루는 데 학술적인 참고을 제공 한다.

Presently, the majority of cancer treatments are non-specific, leading to undesirable side effects from intense medications. This issue may be addressed through the revolutionary advancement of nanotechnology, which enables the control of materials at the nanoscale. By offering advantages such as customized drug delivery, minimized dose-associated side effects, and extended drug circulation times, nanotechnology has significantly impacted cancer therapy over recent decades. Due to their unique combination of superior optical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, carbon-based nanoparticles are emerging as promising tools in cancer research. These nanoparticles also offer ease of modification and a large surface area, making them ideal for efficient drug delivery. These nanoplatforms can serve as carriers for multiple types of molecules, enabling targeted and controlled delivery of pharmaceuticals, nucleotides, and diagnostic agents. The synthesis techniques and functionalization approaches of carbon-based nanostructures, both covalently and noncovalently bound, will be explored in detail within this review. In addition, the properties of carbon nanostructures, their potential for delivering anticancer drugs and genetic material, as well as their antibacterial capabilities, will be analyzed. Lastly, the challenges associated with utilizing carbon nanostructures and future perspectives will be discussed.

This study aimed to validate the Revised Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument (Re-STMI) for high school and university students and examine the differences between the two groups. Data were collected from 475 high school students and 340 university students. Analyses were conducted using the Rating Scale Model of Item Response Theory and traditional Classical Test Theory methods including internal consistency reliability and independent-sample t-tests. The findings are as follows: First, the Rating Scale Model analysis indicated that students with higher levels of systems thinking were more likely to choose the highest score (5) for each item, and the item distribution exhibited a normal pattern around the mean item difficulty. Average systems thinking ability was higher among university students (1.21) than among high school students (0.94). Second, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis showed that the items functioned equivalently across the two groups. Third, the internal consistency reliability of the instrument, based on Classical Test Theory, was high (Cronbach’s = .866). Additionally, the independent samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores between the groups (p< .001). Based on these results, the instrument was verified to be valid through both Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory frameworks. Therefore, the Re-STMI can be utilized in future research on systems thinking in various educational contexts.

This study proposes a hierarchical optimization methodology for two-stage gear systems using Monte Carlo enhanced Genetic Algorithm (MCeGA). The approach integrates reliability-based design with genetic algorithms to overcome the inherent randomness of traditional GA methods. A two-phase optimization framework was developed. The system incorporates Unity engine for real-time 3D visualization and interactive design evaluation. Key design constraints including contact ratio, gear ratio, and meshing conditions were parameterized according to ISO 6336 and AGMA 2101 standards. The proposed framework enables application-specific optimal gear configurations through Pareto analysis and weighted optimization, providing engineers with practical design solutions for various industrial requirements.

In this study, static and dynamic analysis verification was performed to apply the fuel cell system to the E-PTO of the Wire aerial vehicle. First, structural analysis was performed to improve the weak points that occurred. Next, vibration analysis was performed on the fuel cell system for which structural safety review was completed according to the wide-band irregular vibration test standard. The analysis results showed that resonance occurred in a specific frequency band and local stress was high, so stiffness reinforcement was performed. After reinforcing the stiffness, stress was reduced through a decrease in transient response characteristics and resonance phenomenon.

This study proposed and empirically validated an integrated conceptual model combining protection motivation theory (PMT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain the policy acceptance of special evacuation stair installation and the evacuation intentions of users in deep subway stations. An online survey was conducted among metropolitan subway riders (18 items total, 15 core items), and data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 26.0 for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), multiple regression, K-means cluster analysis, and chi-square tests. EFA confirmed a four-factor structure—awareness, perceived feasibility and trust, behavioral intention, and policy acceptance—with Cronbach α ≥ 0.78 for all factors. Regression results indicated that attitude and perceived behavioral control significantly predicted behavioral intention (p < 0.001) that in turn demonstrated strong explanatory power for policy acceptance (p < 0.01). Cluster analysis identified three user typologies (“high awareness–high acceptance,” “moderate awareness–moderate acceptance,” and “low–awareness–low acceptance”), and chi-square tests revealed significant group differences in prior training and in-depth guidance participation (p < 0.05). The findings suggested that the integrated PMT–TPB model effectively captured the determinants of evacuation stair acceptance and intention, providing a foundation for tailored communication and training strategies.

4차 산업혁명, AI, 학령인구 감소, 융복합교육 및 무전공 확대 등 급변하는 교 육 환경 속에서 국내 대학들은 교양교육 관련 전담 기관의 위상과 기능, 구조를 재정립하고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 대학 교양교육의 체계적이면서도 탄 력적인 운영을 위한 거버넌스에 초점을 맞추어 관련 주요 현황 및 사례, 운영 유 형 및 발전 과제 등을 제시하였다. 2025년 3월과 8월, 대학 교양교육 거버넌스 운 영 현황을 조사하고 관련 문헌 및 자료 등을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 교양교육 거버 넌스의 유형은 크게 학부대학형, 칼리지형(교양대학 등), 교육혁신본부형, 교양교 육본부형, 총장직속학부형, 교양교육원형 등이 있었다. 이는 대학별로 교양교육 조직의 다양성을 보여주는 구조적 특징임을 알 수 있었다. 교양교육의 안정적 운 영을 위해서는 조직의 독립성 확보, 기관(장)의 위상 강화, 제도적 기반 구축, 교수 자 참여 확대 및 협력 거버넌스 등이 필요함을 확인하였다. 이와 함께, 대학의 전 략 및 학사 기획과 교양교육 조직 간의 연계 역시 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 는 교양교육 거버넌스의 주요 현황과 쟁점을 정리하여 대학 교양교육의 질적 개선 과 발전 방안을 모색함으로써 향후 고등교육 정책의 실효성을 제고하는 데 대한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 주요 선진국의 아동·청소년 공공 전달체계를 비교 분석하여, 한국 전달체계의 구조적 문제를 진단하고 개선 방향을 제시하였다. 분석 결과, 대부분 국가는 아동·청소년을 통합된 정책 대상으로 설정하고 있으 며, 보편주의 복지 또는 다부처 협업 모델을 통해 서비스의 효율성과 연 계성을 제고하고 있다. 반면, 한국은 부처 간 분절성과 중복, 지역 간 이 질적 운영으로 통합적 접근이 제한되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 정책 대상 의 통합, 중앙-지방 간 역할 재정립, 법·제도 기반 정비 등 체계적이고 단계적인 전달체계 개편의 필요성을 제안하였다.

본 연구는 19세기 러시아 작가 표도르 도스토예프스키의 소설 『카라마 조프가의 형제들』을 20세기 미국 정신과 의사 머레이 보웬의 가족체계이 론으로 분석한 학제간 연구이다. 소설 속 핵심 사건인 존손살인을 둘러 싼 카라마조프가의 문제를 보웬이 주장하는 가족체계의 역기능으로 접근 해 보려는 것이 연구의 목표이기도 하다. 보웬의 가족체계이론에 따르면, 카라마조프가는 만성불안이 지배하는 감정체계로, 분화수준이 낮은 아들 들이 서로 융합관계를 형성하고 이 과정에서 맺은 삼각관계로 아버지를 죽이는 역기능이 발생했다. 이러한 가족구성원 전체의 기능적 문제로 접 근하는 방식은 등장인물 각각의 알리바이를 추적하면서 누가 진짜 범인 인지를 모색하고, 회개와 갱생을 촉구하던 기존의 연구 방식에 새로운 이정표가 되어줄 것이다. 아울러 인륜을 저버린 한 가족에 대한 세밀한 묘사를 통해 당대 러시아 현실을 진단하고 미래 비전을 제시하고자 했던 작가의 세계관을 이해하는 데도 좋은 잣대가 되어줄 것이다.

There have been meaningful changes in column stirrup spacing by KDS 41 20 00 in 2022, which is to decrease one of the spacing limits from the minimum section dimension to half of the minimum section dimension. Decreased column stirrup spacing increases the seismic shear resistance of columns and the seismic performance of the entire building. Among the effects of the column stirrup spacing change, this study focused on deformation compatibility in the seismic design of building frame system buildings with ordinary shear walls for seismic design category D. The beams and columns in building frame systems shall satisfy moment and shear strength, or deformation capability induced by seismic design displacement for satisfaction of the deformation compatibility. The commentary of KDS 41 17 00 describes that the deformation compatibility check can be ignored if the members in moment frames are upgraded to intermediate section details. The study showed that the deformation compatibility of columns was satisfied without additional consideration if the building frame systems were designed by the decreased column spacing in KDS 41 20 00. However, beams adjacent to walls needed further consideration, such as the recommendation of commentary in the code.

This study evaluates a lightweight authentication protocol for medical IoT systems, identifying vulnerabilities in encryption and key exchange. It proposes enhancements like ECIES and digital signatures, along with improved resource management and insider threat mitigation measures. These aim to strengthen security and protect medical data. Future research should explore quantum-resistant cryptography and AI-driven adaptive security.

This study evaluates a lightweight authentication protocol for IoMT systems, revealing vulnerabilities like node cloning and insider threats. It proposes enhancements including PUFs, homomorphic encryption, and RBAC/ABAC. Optimized session management and lightweight cryptography are also suggested to improve security and resource use. Future research should explore quantum-resistant cryptography and AI-based adaptive security policies for enhanced resilience against evolving threats.