The spray characteristics of two working fluids operating with a bi-fuel injector were investigated. A bi-fuel injector simultaneously sprays two working fluids, both of which possess different properties. An effervescent atomizer containing two separated aerator tubes was employed as the bi-fuel injector. Vegetable oil and kerosene were the working fluids. The mixing ratio and ALR were the experimental parameters. The mixing ratio is the mass fraction of vegetable oil in the total amount of working fluids. The ALR represents the ratio of the atomizing gas to the working fluid mass flow ratio. In order to examine spray characteristics, the spray angle, droplet size distribution, cumulative volume fraction, Sauter Mean Diameter and span factor were measured using a high resolution video camera and a Laser Diffraction Particle Analyzer. From the experimental results, spray angle is decreased with as the ratio of kerosene to vegetable oil in working fluid is increased. Regardless of ALR, SMD was the smallest when the only working fluid was kerosene and uniformity was the most stable when the only working fluid was vegetable oil.

The spray characteristics of two working fluids operating with a bi-fuel injector were investigated. A bi-fuel injector simultaneously sprays two working fluids, both of which possess different properties. An effervescent atomizer containing two separated aerator tubes was employed as the bi-fuel injector. Vegetable oil and kerosene were the working fluids. The mixing ratio and ALR were the experimental parameters. The mixing ratio is the mass fraction of vegetable oil in the total amount of working fluids. The ALR represents the ratio of the atomizing gas to the working fluid mass flow ratio. In order to examine spray characteristics, the spray angle, droplet size distribution, cumulative volume fraction, Sauter Mean Diameter and span factor were measured using a high resolution video camera and a Laser Diffraction Particle Analyzer. From the experimental results, spray angle is decreased with as the ratio of kerosene to vegetable oil in working fluid is increased. Regardless of ALR, SMD was the smallest when the only working fluid was kerosene and uniformity was the most stable when the only working fluid was vegetable oil.

바이오항공유 제조 공정 내 수첨업그레이딩 공정의 운전조건 선정은 반응물로부터 얻고자 하는 주생성물인 탄화수소 화합물에 대하여 바이오항공유로서 원하는 탄소수 분포의 물성을 갖도록 하기 위한 중요한 인자이다. 본 연구에서는 식물성 오일 유래 노말 파라핀계 탄화수소 화합물에 대한 수첨 업그레이딩 반응이 0.5 wt.% Pt/Zeolite 촉매 하에서 수행되었으며, 이를 통해 크래킹 반응과 이성질화 반응이 동반됨으로써 바이오항공유로서 물성을 갖는 탄소수 분포인 C8-C16에 해당하는 노말 파라핀계와 이소 파라핀계가 혼합된 탄화수소류 화합물이 제조되었다. 반응온도, 반응압력, 반응물 몰비와 공간속도를 변화하여 얻어진 생성물의 수율 및 조성을 분석하였다. 상기 공정 조건에 대한 정보는 수첨 업그레이딩 반응특성의 이해뿐 아니라 향후 증류를 통한 바이오항공유 제조에 도움을 줄 수 있다.

스테인레스 스틸에 대한 도료수지의 기계적 특성은 SEM, FT-IR, 인장특성, 그리고 [NCO]/ [OH]의 mole %, 입도분석에 의해 측정하였다. 친환경적인 도료에 관한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 스테인레스 스틸 등의 금속에 코팅하는 무용제 도료를 합성하였다. 폴리올, MDI, 충진제, 실리콘 계면활성제, 촉매 등이 함유된 기존 도료수지보다 식물성 오일이 함유된 폴리올, MDI, 충진제, 실리콘 계면활성제, 촉매로 이루어진 합성 도료 수지의 코팅이 내구력과 강도가 양호하였다. 견고한 도료 수지의 기계적 특성은 식물성 오일이 함유된 폴리올로 합성된 폴리우레탄 코팅의 접촉각이 더 컸으며, [NCO]/[OH]의 mole%가 증가함에 따라 강도가 증가하였다. 결론적으로 식물성 오일이 함유된 친환경 도료가 스테인레스 스틸 같은 금속물질의 부식방지용 코팅에 좋은 물질이다.

In this study, we investigated the change of physical properties associated with the temperature of vegetable mixed oil and fat in order to produce vegetable oil and fat suitable for plant meat production. The canola oil and coconut oil were mixed at various weight ratios, and the phase change temperatures by the ratio of two oils were measured using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G") and viscosity were measured using a rheometer at 20-40°C and 0.4 Hz-100 Hz. Storage modulus (G') at constant frequency (10 Hz) was measured in a continuous section of 10-50°C. As the coconut oil content increased, the peak of the melting point moved to the lower side. The viscosity was higher in order of canola oil, mixed oil, and coconut oil, and the viscosity showed a tendency to decrease as the temperature increased. In the liquid state, it showed a tendency to increase after the value of storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") decreased from 0.634 Hz-1 Hz. The conversion time point of storage modulus (G') of continuous temperature change is consistent with the melting point temperature of DSC, as the passed start at 10°C, storage modulus (G') increased with an exception of canola oil. Using these results, we will pursue to produce a mixed plant oil applicable to the production of vegetable meat.

바이오디젤은 식물성유지, 동물성유지 그리고 폐식용유를 전이에스테르화 반응을 시켜 만들어진 것으로 경유를 대체할 수 있는 연료이다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 원료의 식물성유지 (대두유, 폐식용유, 유채유, 면실유, 팜유)로부터 얻어진 바이오디젤의 연료 특성을 알아보았다. 다양한 식물성유지 원료로부터 얻어진 바이오디젤은 지방산메틸에스테르 함량, 동점도, 인화점, 필터막힘점, 글리세린 함량을 분석하였다. 바이오디젤의 품질기준과 시험방법은 한국 표준과 유럽 표준인 EN14214에 따라 시험하였다. 대두유, 폐식용유, 유채유, 면실유 바이오디젤은 불포화지방산이 많이 포함되어 있는 반면에 팜유 바이오디젤은 포화지방산이 많이 함유되어 있다. 저온특성, 동점도, 산화안정도와 같은 바이오디젤의 연료 특성은 지방산메틸에스테르의 구성 성분과 관련이 깊다.

참기름은 높은 항산화활성 및 항암작용 등의 우수한 영양학적 가치를 지니는 반면 비싼 가격으로 인하여 가짜 참기름의 유통이 범람하여 이를 판별할 수 있는 분석 방법의 확립이 요구되는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 질량분석기를 바탕으로 한 전자코를 이용하여 대두유가 혼합된 참기름을 제조하여 진위 판별을 시도하기위하여 각각의 유지를 전자코를 이용하여 분석, 통계처리하였다. 혼합 참기름의 휘발성 향기성분으로부터 생성되는 ion fragment 중 40-160 amu에서 각 시료 간에 차별성이 높은 fragment (m/z)를 선택하여 해당 intensity값을 판별 분석한 결과, 참기름 및 대두유는 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. 참기름 및 대두유, 옥수수유, 들기름을 각각의 순수한 상태로 향기성분 분석을 한 결과 서로 다른 위치에서 정확하게 분리됨을 알 수 있었고, 대두유와 옥수수유의 경우 타 기름과는 달리 순수한 공기 성분과 비슷한 위치에서 확인되는 것으로 휘발성 향기성분의 감응도가 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 미량의 대두유가 혼합된 참기름은 첨가된 대두유의 농도에 비례하여 제1판별함수값(DF1)과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 참향후 참기름의 위조 여부를 검증하는 방법에 하나로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Transesterfication of vegetable oils and methanol with alkaline catalyst was carried out to produce biodiesel fuel by continuous process. The process consists of two static mixers, one tubular reactor and two coolers and gave 96~99% of methyl ester yield from soybean oil and rapeseed oil. Experimental variables were the molar ratios of methanol to vegetable oil, alkaline catalyst contents, flow rates, mixer element number. The optimum ranges of operating variables were as follows; reaction temperature of 70℃, l:6 of molar ratio of methanol to oil, O.4%(w/w) sodium hydroxide based on oil, static mixer elements number of 24 and 4 min. residence time.

This study was performed observe the effect of vegetable oil on the liver of 0.5% cholesterol-fed rats. In this experiment, male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The rats were divided into 5groups which were fed differently either for 8 weeks: basal diet, 20% sunflower oil diet, 20% soybean oil diet, 20% rapeseed oil diet.,20% coconut oil diet. The total cholesterol, triglyceride level in the liver were showed tendency of increase with increasing of P/S ratios. Bile acid excretion in the fecal increased with increasing of P/S ratios. The value of TBA in the serum and liver were increased in proportion to the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid. The liver fatty acid of coconut-fed group showed larger variation than fatty acid of the cocount oil. The fat chang of sunflower oil diet in the liver showed the largest change.

The purpose of this study was to develop a functional and valuable dairy product with high conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content through a fermentation method utilizing vegetable oil and probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Bifidobacterium breve KCTC 3419 was selected as a standard strain for high efficiency conversion of the CLA c9,t11. This standard strain was mixed in a definite ratio of 4:3:3 with Lactobacillus sakei LJ011 isolated from kimchi and the commercially available YF-L812 culture to generate a high-efficiency CLA conversion starter stock for use in fermented milk production. CLA conversion by safflower seed oil fermentation by the starter stock yielded the highest CLA containing fermented milk. The pH level, titratable acidity, and number of lactic acid bacteria in the fermented milk were altered to suitable levels during the fermented milk production process. The CLA content of CLA-fermented milk was maintained at 0.1% of the total CLA content during the storage period of 2 weeks.

The effect of the metal oxide catalyst in the dimerization of waste vegetable oil was investigated. The high efficiency and recyclability has allowed different metal oxides to be used as catalysts in numerous synthetic reactions. Herein, clay, aluminum, titanium, calcium, magnesium and silicon oxide micro/nanoparticles are used in a Diels-Alder reaction to catalyze the production of the dimer acids. The metal oxides assist the electron transfers during cyclization to produce the desired product. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to verify the production of dimer acids. For the confirmation of cyclization, compounds were analyzed using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. From the analysis, silylated or pristine clay showed its effectiveness as a catalyst in dimerization. Furthermore, alumina and alumina/silica composite showed successful performance in the reaction to yield cyclic dimer acids. These result suggested that metal oxides and montmorillonite might be used in synthesis of dimer acids for the recycle of waste vegetable oils.

Esterification of soybean oil with methanol was investigated. First of all, liquid-liquid equilibriums for systems of soybean oil and methanol were measured at temperatures ranging from 40 to 65oC. Profiles of conversion of soybean oil with time were determined from the glycerine content in reaction mixtures for the different kinds of catalysts, such as NaOH, CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2. The effects of dose of catalyst, cosolvent and reaction temperature on final conversion were examined. Esterification of waste vegetable oil with methanol was investigated and compared to the case of soybean oil. Solubility of methanol in soybean oil was substantially greater than that of soybean oil in methanol. When the esterification reaction of soybean oil was catalyzed by solid catalyst, final conversion was strongly dependent on the alkalinity of the solid catalyst, and increased with the alkalinity of the metal. Hydroxides from the alkali metals were more effective than oxides. When Ca(OH)2 was used for the esterification catalyst, maximum value of final conversion was measured at dose of 4%. When CHCl3 as a cosolvent, was added into the reaction mixture of soybean oil which catalyzed by Ba(OH)2, maximum value of final conversion was appeared at dose of 3%. When waste vegetable oil was catalyzed by NaOH and solid catalysts, high final conversion, over 90%, and fast reaction rate were obtained.