Royal jelly (RJ) is exclusive food that is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker honeybees, and it is well known to be a necessary for the growth of the queen honeybee Although fresh royal jelly have been demonstrated to enhance wound healing, the wound healing effects of water soluble royal jelly (WSRJ) have not been elucidated. We investigated whether WSRJ promotes the migration, attachment, and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) during in vitro wound healing. HDFs were treated with 1-5ug/ml WSRJ and RJ for up to 24hr following wound formation. Cell migration was assessed by measuring recovery from wound margin, while cell attachment and proliferation were determined by MTT assay. By observing the numbers of cell attached, we confirmed that not only WSRJ but also RJ did not affect on the initial cell adhesion. WSRJ (5 ug/ml) enhanced cell migration rate approximately 84.3% in HDFs at 24hr, whereas RJ (5 ug/ml) increased cell migration rate 71.3% in HDFs at 24hr, which is similar to cell migration rate of WSRJ 1 ug/ml (73.7%). In cell proliferation assays, WSRJ induced an increase in the number of HDFs, compared with control and RJ. In conclusion, WSRJ promotes cell migration with increased cell proliferation in an in vitro wound healing model.
항균, 항염증, 진통, 면역증강 효과 등 다양한 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 봉 독은 최근 화장품과 가축적용 항생제의 원료로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 봉독 의 pH에 대한 안전성을 확인하기 위하여 각기 다른 pH가 봉독의 성분과 효능에 미 치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 봉독채집장치((주)청진바이오)를 사용하여 채집 한 정제봉독을 pH2, pH3, pH4, pH5, pH6, pH7, pH8 그리고 pH9 buffer에 녹인 후 동결건조를 통해 건조봉독을 회수한 후 SDS-PAGE를 이용하여 봉독의 성분변 화를 확인하였다. 봉독의 생리활성 변화를 알아보기 위하여 피부 상재균인 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 최소발육저지농도 (MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration)를 측정하였으며, 사람 피부세포인 HDF(human dermal fibroblast) 를 이용하여 MTT (3-[4.5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay를 실행하였다. 봉독의 주요 단백질 성분인 포스포리파아제 (Phospholipase, 14.5kD), 히알루니다아제 (hyaluronidase, 38kD)과 포스포모노에스테라아제 (Acid Phosphomonoesterase, 55kD)는 모든 pH에서 변화가 없었다. Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 최소발육저지농도는 pH2, pH6은 11μg/ml로 나타났으며, pH3, pH4, pH5, pH7, pH8 그리고 pH9에서는 9μg/ml로 나타났다. 피부세포 증식율은 농도 1ng/ml에서 104~119%의 증식율을 보여 pH가 봉독에 영향을 주지 않는 것으 로 확인되었다.. 이러한 결과로 미루어 pH에 따른 봉독의 성분 및 생리활성은 모든 pH에서 안정성이 유지되는 것으로 사료된다.
Royal jelly (RJ) is one of the most attractive functional foods that have been a commercial product, especially in dietetics and cosmetics in many countries. However, RJ has been evoked with dermatitis, acute asthma and anaphylaxis because of major RJ proteins. Therefore, to access water soluble royal jelly (WSRJ) that removed allergy-induced proteins as an effective whitening agent for cosmetics and potential external treatment for topical use, we investigated its ability to inhibit melanin biosynthesis.
B16F1 cells were treated with 10 nM α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α -MSH) for 48hr, and then were treated with various doses of WSRJ for 36hr. WSRJ (1-10ug/ml) inhibited direct tyrosinase activity and cellular tyrosinase activity, which lead to the decrease of melanin synthesis in α-MSH stimulated B16F1 melanoma cells. In addition, we examined RT-PCR and Western blotting for melanogenesis-related genes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1) and 2. WSRJ suppressed mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2 in α-MSH stimulated B16F1 cells, and similar to positive control, arbutin. Our findings suggest that WSRJ induced the downregulation of melanogenesis by inhibiting tyrosinase, TRP-1 and 2 activations. It may serve as a new candidate in the new skin-whitening agents.
Propolis, bee glue is a sticky substances, which is used to prevent corruption of the ones who broke into the hive, and which is known as a substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms within the hive. In order to use this propolis, is required to extract the active ingredients from the raw propolis. Mainly goes through the process of extraction with ethanol. Propolis is registered as health functional food for food and drug safety with a valid registration which is anti-oxidant effects and anti microbial effects of oralflora.
Inthis study, in order to determine the antioxidant effect of propolis produced in various regions collected 58 regions. Antioxidant effects were tested by DPPH free radical scavenging effects method.
Asa result, the propolis concentrations by 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000㎍ were 43, 73, 78, 82, and 73%, in Gangwon province, Gyeonggi Province, 57, 83, 83, 79, and 71%, Chungcheong Province, 55, 80, 80, 76, and 68%, Jeolla province 48, 75, 78, 78, and 71%, Gyeongsang province 47, 77, 81, 79, and 71%, respectively. More than a certain concentration was to determine antioxidant falling rather. These results can be said to suggest if you use the edible excess should be avoided.
논산딸기시험장에서 시설하우스 내에서 시험 중인 시설딸기에 대하여 프로폴 리스를 농도별로 처리하여 경도, 당도, 산도 및 잿빛곰팡이의 이병과율을 비교하였 다. 경도는 Propolis처리 1일 후 1,000배 처리시 무처리대비 증가하였으나 7일후에 는 유의성이 없었고, 고온기 처리시 250배와 500배처리에서 무처리 대비 7일정도 경도 증가하였다. 당도는 Propolis처리 1일 후 무처리대비 감소하는 경향을 보였으 나 7일 후에는 증가하였고, 고온기 처리시 무처리와 큰 차이는 없었다. 산도는 Propolis처리 1일후에는 무처리와 유의성이 없었으나 500배처리는 7일후 감소하 는 경향을 보였다. 과실의 착색은 Propolis처리시 무처리 대비 L은 같았으나 a(적 색)와 b(황색)는 감소하는 경향이었고 처리간 유의성은 없었다.
현재 국내에서 채종용 양파의 수분을 위해 파리류가 사용되고 있으나, 개화적기 공급부족, 파리류 생산시 발생하는 악취 및 비위생성 등으로 많은 민원이 발생하고 있다. 이와같은 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 채종용 양파 소형망실(1.3m×2.3m×1.8m) 에서 기존에 사용 중인 파리류와 서양뒤영벌을 이용하여 화분매개효과를 조사한 결과, 서양뒤영벌이 70배 정도나 적었음에도 불구하고, 화분매개효과가 동등하거 나 다소 좋았다. 따라서 채종용 양파의 수분을 위해 뒤영벌이 파리류를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 소형망실에서 적정한 뒤영벌의 봉군은 일벌 50~80마리이 었다. 조생종 양파품종인 ‘샐러드-5’, ‘연신황’과 중만생품종인 ‘콜러서스’를 대상 으로 파리류와 뒤영벌의 화분매개효과를 조사한 결과, 서양뒤영벌이 파리류에 비 해 동등하거나 다소 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 또한 화분매개효과에 있어서 뒤영벌 은 품종간의 차이가 없는 반면, 파리류는 품종 간에 차이를 보여주었다.
Currently, flies are used to pollinate Welsh onion for seed production. However, the use of flies for pollination has caused problems in Welsh onion seed production due to sanitation issues, smell, and the difficulty of feeding the flies. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pollination with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), flies (e.g., houseflies, flesh flies, blue bottle flies), mason bees (Osmia cornifrons), honeybees (Apis mellifera) and blowflies (Lucilia illustris) in a small net screen house (2.2m×1.7m×2.5m) for onion seed production. Although the number of flies was about three times than that of other insect pollinators, fies and bumblebees showed equivalent pollination ratios, but the remaining three insect species showed lower values. For the percentage of seed set per umbel, the number of seeds per flower and umbel, bumblebees and flies showed similar results. These results showed that pollination by bumblebees can be used as an alternative approach in breeding Welsh onion. An analysis of the most appropriate colony of bumblebees for use as pollinators for breeding Welsh onion in a small net screen house showed that colony of fifty to eighty bees was the most efficient level. The visiting time on the flower and spending time from a flower to another flower of B. terrestris worker on small net screen house was 2.2 seconds and 1.8 seconds, respectively.
Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.
Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.
To improvement the fruit quality of the korean raspberry fruit, 3 species of bee, Bombus terrestris, Apis mellifera and Osmia cornifrons were used for pollination in korean raspberry fruit field from Korea. This study was also conducted using 3 kinds of methods for pollination effect, natural condition, net-house and control method. Blooming time of korean raspberry fruit shows always in the middle of the May, foraging behavior of bees used in this examination showed different tendency each other. Especially pollinating time of B. terrestris was 2.73sec and transfer time between flower was 2.64sec. Rate of korean raspberry fruit setting pollinated with B. terrestris, A. mellifera, O. cornifrons were showed 83.1%, 80.5%, 77.5% respectively. And, rate of fruit setting of the untreated control and the control (natural condition pollination) were 36.2% and 76.0%. Therefore, korean raspberry fruit set in the case of B. terrestris compared control was superior to 230%, 109% in contrast to natural pollination showed, A. mellifera and O. cornifrons were no significant difference over natural pollination. The quality of the products of korean raspberry fruit pollinated with B. terrestris showed the highest quality as a result fruit diameter 19.5±0.85, fruit weight 2.7±0.32, sugar content 11.2±1.48 Brix%, seed no. of 86.8±10.15. The rate of productivity increase using the Bombus terrestris was 21% in contrast to natural pollination.
For the investigation of the stability of purified bee venom(PBV) during the treatment in the temperature range of 50℃ to 120℃ for 24 hours, respectively, melittin contents, antibacterial effects, and cell regenerations were investigated. The changes in the melittin contents of PBV were not significantly different by treatment temperature below 70℃ for 24 houes and 80℃ for 4 hours. However the melttin contents is great decline after 24 hours above 80℃ for 24 hours. Antibacterial effects is not change below 80℃ for 4 houes but significantly decrease above 80℃ for 24 hours. Cell regenerations of PBV on human dermal fibroblast decreased at 80℃ for 24 houes, showing a significant difference from the below 80℃ for 4 houes. Through the temperature stability of PBV results of this study, it was treated that the melittin contents, antibacterial effects and cell regeneration effects of PBV could be maintained above 80℃ for 4 hours.
류마티스 관절염은 염증성 자가 면역 질환으로써 질병이 진행됨에 따라 염증세 포가 증가되며 인접한 연골 및 뼈의 파괴를 일으킨다. 또한 염증성 사이토카인의 분 비가 증가됨에 따라 연골 및 뼈의 세포 외 기질 분해를 촉진시킨다. 세포 외 기질 단 백질은 류마티스 관절에 증식되어있는 활막세포, 염증세포 등의 이주와 분화를 조 절함으로써 염증반응의 발생에 밀접한 관계가 있다. 또한 최근 골 대사에 있어서 중 요한 조절 기전의 하나로 Wnt 경로가 밝혀지면서 이에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행 되고 있다.
Wnt의 억제제인 DKK-1은 뼈 형성과, 뼈와 관련된 질병, 암과 다발성 골수종 환 자에게서 높게 발견된다. 본 연구에서는 멜리틴을 이용하여 Wnt의 억제제인 Dkk1 를 차단시킴으로써 Wnt 경로를 활성화시켜 류마티스 관절염의 염증성 사이토카 인과 섬유모세포 유사 활막세포의 이동 조절을 관찰하고 그 기전을 조사하였다. 그 결과 류마티스 관절염 활막세포에서의 염증반응과 이주 조절기전을 확인하고 봉 독의 주요성분인 멜리틴을 이용하여 DKK-1 억제에 의한 Wnt 신호 활성화 기전을 규명하였다.
외래 등검은말벌은 2003년 부산지역에서 첫 발견되어 2008년부터 양봉장 피해 가 발생되고 있다(Jung, 2008). 양봉장 피해 지역은 중남부지역의 칠곡군과 중서부 지역의 구례군까지 범위가 확대되고 있다. 특히 부산지역의 경우 첫 발생지로 일부 양봉장 주변부에 말벌집 한 해 약 50여군의 등검은말벌의 벌집을 제거하는 것으로 조사되었다. 칠곡군의 경우 같은 지역이라도 양봉장위치에 따라 발생정도에 차이 를 보이고 있었다. 농가 양봉장의 등검은말벌 방제 방법으로는 양봉사가 설치된 경 우에는 전면부에 그물망을 설치하여 봉군으로의 침입에 의한 피해를 방지하고 있 었으며, 또한 끈끈이트랩, 유인트랩, 포충망 채집, 배드민턴채포살, 농약도포후 방 사 등의 방법을 이용하는 것으로 조사되었다.
아주까리누에(Samia cynthia ricini)는 산누에나방과의 곤충으로 인도의 아삼과 벵갈 지방이 원산지로 주로 아주까리 잎을 먹으며 연 2세대 생산되는 누에와 달리 최대 6세대까지 생산이 가능한 다화성 곤충이다. 본 연구에서는 아주까리누에의 기능성 성분을 식의약 소재로 개발하기 위하여 아주까리누에와 일반누에의 이화 학적 특성을 비교하였다. 분석에 사용된 누에는 5령 3일이 경과된 아주까리누에, 백옥잠 유충을 동결건조 하여 사용하였다. 이화학적 특성은 일반성분, 무기성분, 아미노산, 지방산 등을 분석하였다. 일반성분 분석 결과 수분 15~19%, 조지방 13~17%, 조회분 6.5%, 조단백 34.3%로 나타났고 무기성분은 칼륨 2.5%, 인 0.9%, 칼슘, 마그네슘 0.3%를 함유하였다. 총아미노산은 아주까리누에가 7.4%로 백옥 잠보다 2%이상 높은 경향을 나타냈으며 주요 아미노산은 Glutamic acid 1.36%, Threonine 0.99%, Serine 0.9% 등 이었다. 지방산 조성비를 확인한 결과 linolenic acid가 가장 많은 함량을 보였고 palmitic acid, oleic acid가 뒤를 이었다.
Insect cuticular melanization is regulated by the prophenoloxidase (proPO)- activating system, which is also involved in the innate immune reaction. Here, we demonstrate how the differentiation of the proPO-activating system is regulated toward a cuticular melanization or innate immunity function in silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae. Our results indicate that the differential and spatial regulation of key components, such as the proPO-activating factor, tyrosine hydroxylase, and porPOs, primes the proPO-activating system for either cuticular melanization or innate immunity. This dual strategy for cuticular melanization in development and innate immunity upon infection demonstrates a two-pronged defense mechanism that is mediated by the priming of the proPO system.
As demand for Tenebrio molitor increases in animal feed market, improvement of mass-rearing indoor system became more crucial. This study is aimed at establishing the technology for conserving genetic resource of Tenebrio molitor, and increasing the technology utilization. This year, in advance, this experiment was designed for examining the developmental characteristics of eggs and larvae. To research the developmental characteristics under different temperatures, eggs, larvae and papae were treated at 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C. At 25°C, larvae were exposed to various photoperiod conditions, LD 14:10, 12:12, and 10:14. The results show that the temperature range which affected hatching was 15~32.5°C. To achieve 70 percent or higher hatching rate 17.5~27.5°C was required. Furthermore, hatching occurred within 10 days, when the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C. In regard of larval development, shorter developmental period, and higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed in 25~27.5°C. The shortest larval period was recorded at 14L:10D. At 10L:14D, in contrast, pupae showed the lowest chance of eclosion. Overall, larval development was optimal in long-day condition.
A Tenebrio molitor larva that is called mealworm is widely used as feed for raising a pet. Also, it is the insect that would be produced as the edible food for human. For these reasons, many researchers are revealing about physiologic characteristic of Tenebrio molitor to make good use of it. However, morphological characteristic of different larval stage is not specifically indicated and researchers have different opinions about the average number of Tenebrio molitor’s instar until now. This study, therefore, was carried out to examine the physiological and morphological characteristics of Tenebrio molitor larva in different larval stages, and the average number of Tenebrio molitor’s instar. As a result, all of the Tenebrio molitor larvae had 7~8 days during their incubation period and 3~4 days during the 1st instar period. After the 1st instar, there were comparatively large differences in the number of days in each instar. Before emergence, most of the larvae comparatively showed 15th~17th instars, particularly, the largest rate of pupae (28.83%) was observed in the 17th instar. In terms of the body length of each Tenebrio molitor larval stage, the body length was gradually increased by the 17th instar. Beyond the 17th instar, however, the body length was smaller than 17th instar. In the 1st instar, the larva had white color, and the color gradually changed into brown from the 2nd instar. Through this study, we could identify the accurate incubation period, 1st instar period, the average number of instar, body length and the color change in different larval stages. These results would be used as a fundamental data for further study about the physiological and morphological characteristic of each instar period.
7 new sericinjams are in breeding by the hybridization of silkworm genetic resource, that is, ND strain and the parent silkworm, and the feature of new sericinjam was classified by a cocoon color. According to cocoon color, sericinjam showed two kind of color including the light green and yellow. D601, D704 and D707 with the light green silk were a difference to density of color. Also D703, D705, D751 and D752 with the yellow silk showed a difference to density of color. As investigating the pupation rate which means the healthiness of the silkworm, D601 was highest with 93%, and D703 was lowest with 65.6%. The ratio of the sericin silk showed some difference every breed, and D601 among them was highest with 91%. There is close correlation between sericin cocoon quantity and the dried silkgrand weight. The weight of the dried silkgrand for sericinjams which were compared with baeokjam was low about 2.5 ~ 7.9 times. Among sericinjams, D601 was lowest, and D707 was highest. The pure sericin content of sericinjams was an above 96%, and sericin content of per one cocoon was low 1.4 ~ 2.5 times than baeokjam. Blood of silkworm which makes the light green silk exhibited anti bacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
누에분말중에 들어있는 성분인 1-deoxynojirimysin(1-DNJ)은 α-glucosidase의 활성을 억제하여 소장에서 혈액으로 포도당이 흡수되는 것을 억제하는 기능이 있 다. 이러한 기능 때문에 1-DNJ는 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨환자들에게 혈당강하제로 이용되고 있다. 또한 1-DNJ는 간염바이러스 등 외막형성 바이러스의 증식을 억제 하므로 항바이러스성 소재에 대한 가능성도 연구되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 혈당강 하 및 항바이러스성 기능을 갖는 1-DNJ의 누에 유전자원 중의 계통별 함량, 그리고 누에 교배조합에 의한 1-DNJ 함량 변화를 비교하였다.
1-DNJ의 함량은 누에 유전자원의 지리적 및 계통별로 차이를 보였다. 일본종은 JF가 0.536%로 가장 높았으며, 잠303이 0.249%로 가장 낮았다. 중국종은 C108이 0.519%로 가장 높았으며, 중27이 0.242%로 가장 낮았다. 유럽종은 록191이 0.595%로 가장 높았으며, AP가 0.254%로 가장 낮았다. 그리고 미분류종의 CRE 가 0.653%로 가장 높았으며, J037은 0.297%로 가장 낮았다. 그리고 유전형질인 혈 색, 견색, 그리고 난색에 따른 1-DNJ 함량 변화는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 일본종 누에를 이용하여 교배조합(F1)을 작성한 후의 1-DNJ의 함량 변화를 비교한 결과, 교배조합에 따른 1-DNJ의 함량 변화가 확인되었다.
따라서 이러한 누에 유전자원의 계통별 및 교배조합에 따른 1-DNJ 함량 변화는 누에 품종육성 및 누에분말을 이용한 기능성 소재 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 것으 로 생각된다.
뽕나무 주요 해충 중의 하나인 뽕나무이 방제에 사용되었던 DDVP 농약이 생산 중지되었으나 대체 약제가 개발되지 않고 있다. 안정적 누에 생산을 위하여 뽕나무 이 방제에 적용 가능한 친환경자재인 님 추출물, 고삼 추출물, 데리스 추출물과 디 노테퓨란 수화제, 플로니카미드 입상수화제를 시험재료로 5령 3일 누에의 안전성 과 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 처리시기는 급상 3일, 7일, 14일전 3처리와 살포농도는 추천농도와 배량을 처리하였다. 2령 누에에 급여하여 사육한 결과는 님 추출물, 데리스 추출물, 플로니카미드 입상수화제는 급상 3일전 처리에서 추천 농도에서의 사망률은 0~1.7%, 배량은 1.8~3.3%를 나타내어 누에 사육에 안전하 였다. 그러나 고삼 추출물과 디노테퓨란 수화제는 급상 14일전 배량 처리에서도 100% 사망률을 나타냈다. 이와같은 결과로 누에 사육에 안전한 님 추출물, 데리스 추출물, 플로니카미드 입상수화제를 급상 7일전에 처리하고 1령 3일부터 5령 3일 까지 급상하며 발육특성을 조사하였다. 발육기간은 처리 자재에 따른 차이가 없었 으며, 사망률은 님 추출물 0.3%, 데리스 추출물 1.4%, 플로니카미드 입상수화제 1.0%로 낮은 수준이었다. 또한 5령 3일 누에 무게는 데리스 추출물과 플로니카미 드 입상수화제는 무처리 대비 95% 수준이었고, 님 추출물은 82% 수준으로 낮게 나 타났다. 따라서 데리스 추출물과 플로니카미드 입상수화제는 안정성과 성장률을 볼 때 뽕나무이 방제에 사용 가능한 약제로 판단되다. P299