간행물
한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집
- 발행기관 한국응용곤충학회
- 자료유형 학술대회
- 간기 반년간
- 수록기간 2000 ~ 2024
- 주제분류 농수해양 > 농학 농수해양 분류의 다른 간행물
- 십진분류KDC 495DDC 595
권호리스트/논문검색
한국응용곤충학회 50주년 기념 국제 심포지엄 (2011년 5월) 233건
21.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae parasitized young larval of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Parasitized larva exhibit significant immunosuppression and fail to metamorphose to pupal stage. Especially, during last instar of parasitized P. xylostella, massive nutrients divert from host to wasp development. HTIF (host translation inhibitory factor) encoded in C. Plutella bracovirus (CpBV) play a crucial role in suppressing host usage of amino acids. However, its inhibitory activity is selective by discriminating mRNAs based on their 5’UTR secondary structures. Our RT-PCR and proteomic analysis indicated that arginine kinase mRNA was inhibited by HTIF, but imaginal disc growth factor was not. Arginine kinase and IDGF were persistently expressed in parasitized P. .xylotella with the gradual decrease at the late parasitisation period. Expression of arginine kinase and IDGF were also tissue specific in the gut/epidermis and haemocyte but not in fat bodies. Subsequent analysis of these gene functions by RNA interference explained the benefit of parasitoid for the mRNA discrimination by HTIF.
22.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Western blot analysis using acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-specific antibody was conducted to determine whether AChE gene (Tuace) duplication actually results in overproduction of AChE in Tetranychus urticae (TuAChE). The protein quantities of TuAChE in seven field-collected mite populations were precisely correlated with the copy numbers. To investigate the effects of each mutation on AChE insensitivity and possible fitness cost, eight variants of TuAChE were in vitro expressed using the baculovirus expression system. Kinetic analysis revealed that the Ala391Thr mutation did not change kinetic properties of AChE, whereas the Gly228Ser and Phe439Trp mutations significantly increased the insensitivity to monocrotophos. Moreover, when the Gly228Ser and Phe439Trp mutations are present together, insensitivity increased over a thousand-fold, showing that both mutations confer resistance in a synergistic manner. Presence of the mutations, however, reduced catalytic efficiency of AChE considerably, suggesting an apparent fitness cost in monocrotophosresistant mites. Reconstitution of the multiple copies of AChE having different compositions of mutations revealed that the catalytic efficiencies of the six-copy and two-copy AChEs (resembling the AD and PyriF strains of mite, respectively) were still lower but comparable to that of wildtype AChE. These finding clearly suggested that multiple rounds of Tuace duplication was needed to compensate the reduced catalytic activity of AChE caused by mutations.
23.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Olfaction as an important sensory modality in insects is essential for identification of hosts, mates, oviposition sites, and food resources in nature. In the cockroach, both olfactory sensitivity in the antennae and the formation of shortand long-term olfactory memories exhibit daily fluctuations that are regulated by the circadian system. An important problem is to characterize the signalling systems and molecules that are involved in this regulation of olfactory reception and olfactory behaviour. Recent results suggest that insect olfactory systems are modulated by both biogenic amines and neuropeptides. However, it remains elusive how these molecules modulate olfactory system in the peripheral systems. In the present study, our aim was to characterize the structure and organization of these signalling systems in the peripheral olfactory system of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. This work illuminated that tachykinin and its receptors regulate olfactory sensitivity in the antennae of the cockroach. Injections of tachykinin peptides caused decreases in the amplitude of the electroantennoogram (EAG), cells that produce tachykinin were localized in the antennae, and olfactory receptor neurons expressed tachykinin receptors. Interestingly, the tachykinin expressing cells also express receptors for the biogenic amine, octopamine and injections of octopamine also cause reductions in EAG amplitude. These results suggest that both octopaminergic and tachykinin peptide signalling pathways are important regulators of olfactory reception in the cockroach. We propose the hypothesis that octopamine regulates the release of tachykinin from cells in the antennae that, in turn, modulate the sensitivity of olfactory receptor neurons.
24.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the most serious pest in seed potato and various vegetable cultivation. The imidacloprid-resistant strain (IR) was over 200-fold more resistant to imidacloprid compared to a susceptible strain (S) as judged by LC50 values. The IR showed cross resistances to other neonicotinoid insecticides. IEF and 2DE analyses revealed that general esterase isozyme patterns in IR were almost identical to those of S. Nevertheless, a significantly overexpressed protein spot was detected in IR. To identify differentially expressed genes in IR, comparative transcriptome analyses based on GS-FLX were conducted using total RNAs extracted from both IR and S strains, which generated ca. 290 Mb reads for each strain. Generally, most nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes, such as alpha 2 and beta 1, were more transcribed in S than in IR. In contrast, only alpha 5 subunit gene was 1.8 fold more expressed in IR. Seven ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes were newly identified in A. gossypii, among which only ABCC9 gene was highly expressed in IR. Therefore, this ABCC subfamily, a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance, could be one of the main factors associated with imidacloprid resistance in A. gossypii.
25.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae inhibits pupal metamorphosis of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Two questions are raised : (1) which parasitic factor(s) is responsible for the antimetamorphosis and (2) how the parasitized larvae are altered in endocrine signals. This study addressed both questions. When C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), a parasitic factor of the wasp, alone was injected to nonparasitized P. xylostella larvae, it significantly inhibited pupal metamorphosis in a dosedependent manner. Corpora allata (CA) and prothoracic gland (PTG) were compared in both nonparasitized and parasitized P. xylostella. In both groups, size and shape of CA were not different. However, PTG was detected on prothoracic tracheal trunk in nonparasitized larvae, but not detected in parasitized. CpBV injection to nonparasitized larvae inhibited the growth of PTG. Transcriptional factor, broad complex, was partially cloned and expressed in nonparasitized P. xylotella. In parasitized or CpBV-injected larvae, broad complex gene was not expressed during late larval stage.
26.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are a group of insect double stranded DNA viruses and symbiotically associated with host endoparasitoid wasps. Their segmented genome is located in host chromosome(s) in a proviral form. Viral replication is initiated at the ovary during late pupal stages. Little is known about the factors involved in the viral replication. This study analyzed the ovarian transcripts of an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, by 454 pyrosequencing and subsequent gene annotation. Out of 2,226 contigs and 12,457 singletons, 50 transcripts categorized in DNA replication, coat proteins, and viral origins were selected as putative viral replication factors. The selected genes were analyzed in their expressions according to host wasp development. Quantitative real-time RT-PCRs showed that some of the selected genes were expressed during the viral replication at late pupal stage. Using RNA interference, five putative genes were tested in their implication in the viral replication by analyzing viral DNA amplification, structure of ovarian calyx, and parasitism. RNA interference of contig#1004 (broad complex) or contig#174 (a viral DNA polymerase gene) significantly inhibited DNA amplification without any impairment of viral formation, and subsequently resulted in significant reduction in the wasp parasitism. This study reports that two wasp genes (or not encapsidated viral genes) are implicated in the viral DNA amplification and viral coat protein production during the polydnaviral replication.
27.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
최근 신소득 과수로 블루베리를 재배하는 농가가 급증하고 있으며, 필요한 묘목 을 공급하기 위하여 외국에서 다양한 품종의 블루베리가 수입되고 있다. 지금까지 블루베리는 국내에서 비교적 병해충이 적고 재배하기가 쉬우면서 과실을 팔아 높 은 소득을 올릴 수 있어 인기있는 작목이 되었다. 최근 화성시 소재 블루베리재배지에서 잎이 흑변하면서 말리고 타들어가는 증 상을 보이는 것이 원예특작과학원에 민원 의뢰되어 조사를 실시한 결과 미국과 캐 나다에서 블루베리에 피해를 주는 해충인 블루베리혹파리 (가칭) (Dasineura oxycoccana)가 피해를 주는 것을 확인하였다. 이 종은 국내 기록되지 않은 북미원 산의 해충으로 국내 블루베리재배지에서 처음으로 발견되어 보고하고자 한다. 유 충은 블루베리 나무의 눈을 가해하여 생장점을 고사시키며, 꽃눈에 피해를 주면 과실이 열리지 않는 큰 피해를 줄 수 있다. 전국 조사를 실시한 결과 경북 상주, 전 북 고창, 경기 평택 등에서도 해충의 발생을 확인하였으며, 묘목 수입 시에 번데기 상태로 유입된 것으로 추정되고 있다. 동정은 유충의 유전자 바코드를 분석하여 유럽 및 미국의 블루베리혹파리 유전 정보와 비교하였으며, 사육을 통해 수컷 성 충을 확보하여 형태적으로도 일치하는 것을 확인하였다.
28.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
In this study, we reared box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, with artificial diet and identified sex pheromone. Insect F-II and leaf of box tree were used to make artificial diet. Box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, is the most serious pest of box tree in Korea, and was recently introduced into Europe. The pheromone components of this moth have been identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11- 16:OH) in Japan. In this study, we identified pheromone components of this species by using GC and GC-MS. Three same components, such as (Z)-11- hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexdecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH) were also indentified in Korean population, but there was a little difference in ratios. The ratios of these three compounds of Japanese population and Korean population were 5:1.25:1, and 5:0.96:0.2, respectively. The ratios of Z and E-11-hexadecenal were similar, but the ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecenol was lower compared to Japanese population. In field bioassay, (Z)-11-hexadecenal or (E)-11-hexadecenal alone was not attractive to males, but the mixture of Z11-16:Ald and E11-16:Ald was attractive to males. The most effective ratios of Z11-16:Ald and E11-16:Ald was 5:1. Other ratios such as 1:1 and 1:5 (Z:E) was not attractive to males. The attractiveness of Z:11-16:OH will be tested in near future.
29.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
An entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), is a potent pathogen against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities were measured in both immune-associated tissues of hemocytes and fat body S. exigua. Upon the fungal PLA2s were significantly activated in both hemocytes and fat body. Considering inhibitory activity of BZA, we posed a hypothesis that BZA against PLA2 activity of hemocyte, resulting in shutdown of eicosanoid biosynthesis, subsequently inducing immunosupression, which leads to enhance Bb pathogenicity. This study directly analyzed the inhibitory activity of BZA on PLA2 extracted from different immune-related tissues. At low micromolar range, BZA significantly inhibited PLA2s of hemocytes, fat body, and plasma, in which most PLA2 activity was found in hemocytes. Interestingly, an immune signal receptor, Se-Toll, was related with PLA2 activation. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-Toll significantly inhibited PLA2activity while nonspecific RNAi did not inhibit the PLA2 activity. The RNAi of Se-Toll also significantly suppressed hemocyte nodule response against Bb challenge. In addition, the fungal infection significantly induced activation of PLA2 activity, which would lead to production of immune mediating eicosanoids. This study addressed the synergistic effect of BZA on Bb pathegenicity by its inhibition of PLA2 activity, which was linked with Toll signal pathway.
30.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are transmembrane cell surface molecules recognized in apophotic cells, bacteria and lipopolysaccharide. With no physiological information on SRs in insects except SR-CI of Drosophila melanogaster, a putative SR gene was cloned and characterized in Spodoptera exigua. A partial S. exigua SR gene was obtained from hemocyte transcripts and exhibited high homology with type C. Its expression was confirmed in all developmental stages. Among different tissues, S. exigua SR was expressed highly in hemocytes. To confirm change in SR expression by infection, Escherichia coli was injected to fifth instar and RNA was extracted after 10 hours. SR expression in hemocytes of E. coli injected larva was not significantly different from the control but SR expression in fat body of E. coli injected larva was higher than the control. It is expected that SRs of S. exigua are related with immune responses against bacteria such as E. coli. To address its function, S. exigua SR expression was suppressed by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
31.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus sp., symbiotic to Steinernema monticolum was investigated in its insecticidal activity. The bacteria induced septicemia of two lepidopteran insects (Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua), a coleopteran insect (Tribolium castaneum), and a hemipteran insect (Riptortus clavatus) when they were injected into hemocoel. The bacterial culture broth contained immunosuppressive factor(s) that inhibited hemocyte nodulation in response to heat-killed bacteria. The immunosuppressive activity appeared to be caused by inhibition of two main immune-associated enzymes, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phenoloxidase (PO). HPLC analysis of the bacterial culture broth contained several PLA2 inhibitors. The bacterial culture broth significantly enhanced Bt pathogenicity. There results support a novel insect pest control strategy using eicosanoid-biosynthesis inhibitors.
32.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
환경조절열처리는 일명 CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system)로 특정 해충의 생존 한계에 해당하는 고온을 처리하면서 방역효과를 극대 화하는 기술로써 수확 후 소독 처리 기술인 메틸브로마이드 훈증처리를 대체할 친 환경 수확 후 소독 기술로 개발되고 있다. 복숭아심식나방(Carposina sasakii)은 수출국의 검역 대상 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 사과를 일부 외국으로 수출할 경우 검역대상으로 지목받고 있는 복숭아심식나방에 CATTS 기술을 적용하였고, 이에 따른 수출용 후지 사과의 품질을 조사하였다. 소독 처리에 사용된 CATTS는 시간 당 16℃씩 증가하여 기기의 내부 온도가 46℃가 되었을 때 이산화탄소 15%, 산소 1% 환경 조건을 맞추어 주었고, 과실 내부의 온도가 44℃에 도달하였을 때 소독 처리를 시작하였다. CATTS 소독 처리는 0 분, 30 분, 60 분, 75 분, 90 분, 120 분, 150 분과 180 분으로 나누어 처리하였다. CATTS 소독 처리 후 후지 사과는 상온 (25℃) 조건에서 1 일, 7 일과 14 일 저장하였고, 저온(1℃) 조건에서 1 일, 7 일, 14 일, 30 일, 60 일, 75 일, 90 일과 120 일 저장하였다. 저장 시기별로 사과 품질을 조사하였다. 사과 품질은 이화학 품질 특성(경도, 당도와 산도), 호흡 속도(에틸렌, 이산화탄소)와 외부･내부 갈변율을 조사하였다. 이화학 품질 특성과 호흡 속도에 따른 차이가 없었으며, 60 분 처리 시간을 기준으로 처리 시간과 저장 기간이 증가 에 비례하였다.
33.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The sex pheromone of Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger), a major pest of peach trees in many regions of northeast Asia, was identified. Two major components from the pheromone gland extracts of female moths are E3,Z13-18:OAc and Z3,Z13-18:OAc, and the average ratio of these components is about 4:6, respectively. In addition to the major components, four minor components, Z13-18:OAc, E2,Z13-18:OAc, E3,Z13-18:OH, and Z3,Z13-18:OH also were identified from pheromone gland extracts. Field tests showed that E3,Z13-18:OAc and Z3,Z13-18:OAc are essential for attraction of male S. bicingulata moths, and males are optimally attracted to the blend ratio found in pheromone gland extracts of conspecific females. Addition of the minor glandular components (Z13-18:OAc, E2,Z13-18:OAc, E3,Z13-18:OH, and Z3,Z13-18:OH) did not affect captures of males to the primary binary blend. Thus, the blend of E3,Z13-18:OAc and Z3,Z13-18:OAc at the natural ratio can be used for monitoring populations of this species.
34.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Three insect pests internally feed pome fruits in Korea. These include oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta), plum fruit moth (Grapholita dimorpha) and peach fruit moth (Carposina sasakii). Molecular markers discriminating these three species were developed using PCR-RFLP technique. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes were analyzed to locate polymorphic loci. Six mtDNA regions (CO-Ⅰ, CO-Ⅱ, CB, 16SrRNA-12SrRNA, ND3, ND4) of G. dimorpha were cloned and sequenced. These six sequences of G. dimorpha were aligned with those of C. sasakii and G. molesta to determine polymorphic restriction sites. Predicted PCR-RFLP markers were confirmed with known insect samples. With the validated PCR-RFLP markers, field male adults collected in traps baited with rubber sept lures impregnated with different ratios of major sex pheromone components of G. molesta were analyzed.
35.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Sun-Ran Cho, Jin-Won Jeong, Youn-Ho Shin, Young-Uk Park, Seung-Hwan Yun, Changmann Yoon, Hyun-Na Koo, Gil-Hah Kim
In this study, we compared global proteome profiles and the expression pattern of defense-related genes in Chinese cabbage when infested by Myzus persicae and Plutella xylostella. Four-week-old Chinese cabbage was exposed to each insect for 24 h, and then proteins and total RNA were extracted from leaves. To elucidate the herbivore-induced differentially expressed proteins in Chinese cabbage, proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and visualized by staining with Coomassie G250. Approximately 1600 protein spots were separated and 249 protein spots showed reproducible changes in expression. Among them, nine proteins whose expressions were markedly up-regulated in M. persicae-infested group were identified using matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The identified herbivore-responsive proteins (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase, ATP synthase CF1, putative mismatch binding protein Mus3, and integrase core domain-containing protein) were involved in regulation of photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and DNA repair. The expression levels of chitinase, b-1,3-glucanse, peroxidase, PR1, and PR4 in herbivore-infested Chinese cabbage were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results clarify the response of Chinese cabbage to two herbivore attack at the protein level.
36.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The toxicity of imperatorin (1) and osthol (2) identified in Cnidium monnieri seed and four structurally related compounds to third instar larvae of insecticidesusceptible (KS-CP strain) and field-collected (DJ-CP colony) of Culex pipiens pallens was examined. Results were compared with those of to conventional mosquito larvicide, fenitrothion and temephos. Based on 24-h LC50 values, imperatorin was 1.9, 3.7, 4.2, 12.4, and 15.1 times more toxic than isopimpinellin, isoimperatorin, osthole, xanthotoxin, and bergapten against KS-CP larvae, respectively. Overall, these compounds were less toxic than either fenitrothion or temephos. However, these compounds did not differ in toxicity against larvae from the two Culex strains, even though the DJ-CP larvae exhibited high levels of resistance α-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, fenthion, and chlorfenapyr (resistance ratio, 94-1179). This finding indicates that the isolated compounds and the pyrethroid, organophosphorus, and pyrrole insecticides do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross-resistance.
37.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus echinopus) is damage garlic, shallot, onion in the bulbs, corms, tubers. It has recently become a serious problem because of the continuous use of acaricides resulting in resistance among bulb mite population. Thus, there is need to find alternative control measures to suppress bulb mite population. Initial screenings were performed using 352 isolates of pathogenic fungi from Korea soils. As results, 9 strains of acaropathogenic fungi were cadavers of bulb mite supporting fungal conidiation. These isolated were identified as 8 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (4-1, 4-3-1, 4-3-2, 4-8-1, 4-4-1, 4-14-2, 4-16-1,and 4-31-2), 2 strains of Beauveria bassiana (4-4-2) by microscopic examination and genetic sequencing of the ITS region. However, ITS sequence analysis was consistent with the Metarhizium anisopliae (4-1, 4-3-1, 4-4-1, 4-31-2; a, 4-8-1, 4-14-2, 4-16-1; b, 4-3-2; c). Therefore, genetic diversity of selected in vitro isolates was characterized by Universally Primed (UP) PCR. The divided with Metarhizium anisopliae 4strain by UP-PCR. Of the 5stain isolation tested, 5stain resulted in mortality rates ≥20% within 6 days and all fungal treatment was detected mycosis. Thus these species of acaropathogenic fungi can be considered promising for biological control of bulb mite.
38.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The green peach aphid(Myzus persicae) and sweet-potato whitefly(Bemisia tabaci) biotype Q are serious pests in hot pepper and cucumber. To optimize the formulation type of Clothianidin 1.8% granule, coated and extruded granule formulation types were tested against green peach aphid in hot pepper and sweetpotato whitefly in cucumber. Clothianidin 1.8% granules were incorporated in soil before transplant of hot pepper and cucumber. At recommend dose(540g ai/ha), the efficacy of Clothianidin 1.8% coated and extruded granules were 83.3% and 94.4% and continued until 50 days and 70 days against green peach aphid, respectively. Against sweet-potato whitefly, the efficacy of Clothianidin 1.8% coated and extruded granules were 65.7% and 96.3% at 32 days in cucumber, respectively. Clothianidin 1.8% extruded granule was safe on crops (hot pepper, cucumber, melon, cabbage etc.) at 540g ai/ha (recommend dose) and 1080g ai/ha. The results suggested that Clothianidin 1.8% extruded granule is promising as a best insecticide against green peach aphid and sweet-potato whitefly, because of the high efficacy and low phytotoxicity.
39.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Seung-Hwan Yun, Young-Uk Park, Sun-Ran Cho, Jin-Won Jeong, Youn-Ho Shin, Changmann Yoon, Hyun-Na Koo, Gil-Hah Kim
The American serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests world wide. In this study, we determined electron beam doses for inhibition of normal development of the L. trifolii and investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on DNA damage and p53 stability. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were irradiated with increasing doses of electron beam irradiation (six levels ranges from 30 to 200 Gy). At 150 Gy, the number of adults that developed from irradiated eggs, larvae and pupae was lower than those of untreated control. Fecundity and egg hatchability decreased depending on the doses applied. Reciprocal crosses between irradiated and unirradiated flies demonstrated that males were more radiotolerant than females. Adult longevity was not affected in all stages. The levels of DNA damage in L. trifolii adults were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. Our results indicate that electron beam irradiation increased levels of DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, low doses of electron beam irradiation led to the rapid appearance of p53 protein with in 6 h; however, it decreased after exposure to high doses (150 Gy and 200 Gy). These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced not only abnormal development and reproduction but also p53 stability caused by DNA damage in L. trifolii. We conclude that a minimum dose of 150 Gy should be sufficient for sterilization of L. trifolii.
40.
2011.05
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
two different sizes of yellow sticky traps (small trap: 9.6×8.0cm; large trap: 9.6×16cm) for sampling greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), adults in four commercial cherry tomato greenhouses. The patch size of GHWF immatures between plants was also estimated using visual counts. Two variogram models were fitted to the empirical variograms developed from the data collected by each sampling method. All the variograms reached the sill indicating the presence of spatial dependence among the spatial data obtained by the two sampling methods. For GHWF adults on sticky traps the range of variogram (a measure of attractive distance) was not different between the two trap sizes. This result indicated that the attractive distances of the two different yellow sticky traps were very similar. The ranges of the variograms for the visual count of immatures on plants were always less than those for adults, indicating that the attractive distance of the traps for GHWF adults extends beyond the patch size for immatures on cherry tomato plants. These data have implications for developing sampling plans for the management of GHWF in tomato greenhouses.
